Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Valorization of phosphate mine waste rocks as aggregates for concrete

A. El Machi a,⇑, S. Mabroum a,b, Y. Taha b, A. Tagnit-Hamou c, M. Benzaazoua b,d, R. Hakkou a,b
a
Cadi Ayyad University (UCA), Faculty of Science and Technology, IMED-Lab, BP549 Av. A. El Khattabi, Marrakech 40000, Morocco
b
Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Mining Environment & Circular Economy (EMEC) Program, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
c
Université de Sherbrooke, département de génie civil, Sherbrooke, Canada
d
Institut de recherche en mines et environnement (IRME) UQAT, Rouyn-Noranda, Canada

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The phosphate industry produces great amounts of waste-rocks during their mining activities in extrac-
Received 28 June 2020 tion and beneficiation steps. Waste-rocks are stored immediately on extraction sites or in the vicinity of
Received in revised form 23 July 2020 treatment facilities. Different types of waste-rocks are generated, yet this paper discusses the use of
Accepted 14 August 2020
stone-removal waste-rocks as aggregates for concrete. Starting from the chemical and mineralogical
Available online xxxx
composition, those waste-rocks were characterized by different techniques. Common geotechnical tests
were performed to assess the aggregates properties. Then, those aggregates were used in concrete formu-
Keywords:
lation as a full replacement of natural aggregates in order to test their mechanical behavior in comparison
Phosphate waste rocks
Valorization
to a reference concrete, using compressive, flexural and splitting tensile strengths as parameters to eval-
Construction aggregates, concrete uate the concrete performance according to the required standards.
Circular economy Those aggregates indicated a 41% Los Angeles coefficient, 43% Micro Deval coefficient and 5.20% Water
Absorption coefficient. The WRAM concrete has indicated an average of 12 MPa of compressive strength,
1.3 MPa of flexural strength and 2.65 MPa of splitting tensile strength at 28 days.
Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of The International Confer-
ence on Water Depollution and Green Energy 2019.

1. Introduction
The development of infrastructures and civil engineering con-
tinue to increase every year making concrete the most used con-
struction material in the world compared to steel, wood, plastics
and aluminium [1]. Every year, the use of concrete is estimated
>11 billion metric tons [2]. Coarse aggregates occupied 60%–80%
of concrete volume, playing a crucial role in the development of
concrete mechanical properties [3–5]. Beshr et al. stated that fail-
ure planes of high resistant concrete cross the coarse aggregates,
confirming that compressive and splitting tensile strengths were
deeply affected by the nature of these aggregate [6]. The demand
of aggregates for concrete industry is continuously increasing lead-
ing to the depletion of natural resources. To reduce the dependence
on natural aggregates, much researchers studied the substitution
of natural aggregates by industrial by-products as an alternative
way for the construction industry [7-15].
Large quantities of waste rocks, generated during the open pit
mining of the Moroccan phosphate mines, are considered as solid
wastes and deposited without sorting in stockpiles in the vicinity
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: aiman.elmachi@ced.uca.ma (A. El Machi).
of mine sites [16]. These waste rocks represent mainly the interca-
lation layers which host the phosphate-rich layers and the over-
burden; they are characterized by a mix of wide variety of
lithological formations. Phosphate waste rocks are confirmed to
have never undergo any chemical treatment; and it is proven that
they don’t pollute surface or underground water, but they reduce
arable lands, modify topography and disfigure landscapes [17].
Therefore, it should be considered as natural resource of aggregate,
and to enhance the idea of aggregates from Moroccan phosphate
mines are co-products and not waste rocks.
Many solutions have been sought for this major issue in phos-
phate mining, and the recycling as construction material is the
most interesting option to be investigated. Clays composed of paly-
gorskite phase as a clayey mineral from phosphate rocks were used
to elaborate fired bricks, revealing that a pressure of 5 MPa and
heating temperature at 1050 °C for 2.5 h allowed the maximum
mechanical characteristics [16]. While, clays containing montmo-
rillonite mineral could successfully be used as an aluminosilicate
precursor to synthesize geopolymers materials with a compressive
strength of 25 MPa for curing at ambient temperature [18]. In addi-
tion, phosphate waste rocks showed promising geotechnical prop-
erties as material for road constructions [19].

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.404
2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of The International Conference on Water Depollution and Green Energy 2019.

Please cite this article as: A. El Machi, S. Mabroum, Y. Taha et al., Valorization of phosphate mine waste rocks as aggregates for concrete, Materials Today:
Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.08.404
A. El Machi et al.
None researches could be found related to the use of Moroccan
phosphate waste rocks as aggregates for producing concrete. In
this concept, the vision of this paper is to study the feasibility of
using phosphate waste rocks as aggregates in the concrete indus-
try, which will reduce the environmental impact due to the accu-
mulation of these wastes and minimize the consumption of
natural sources by providing a new source of aggregates for
concrete.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Raw materials
The waste rocks were sampled from the stone-removal waste
rocks stockpile in Benguerir mine located in Gantour basin, Mor-
occo. Fig. 1 sums up the followed processing protocol of phos-
phates. This sample is mainly composed of different lithologies of
rocks such as limestones, marls and flintstone which present the
non-exploited layers extracted during phosphate mining opera-
tions. Multiple samples was taken from a large stockpile and
crushed eventually, while the crushing output product was sam-
pled progressively. The samples at this step was mixed together
to achieve homogeneity and obtain waste rocks aggregates mix-
ture (WRAM) sample of 10–20 mm size caliber.
The crushed sand used in the WRAM and reference (RC) con-
crete preparation are extracted from a quarry near Marrakesh,
Morocco. Table 1 summarizes the physical properties of the used
sands in this study.
The reference concrete was prepared using normal coarse
aggregates of two different size calibers of 4–12.5 mm and 12.5–
20 mm (G1 and G2 respectively).
Different properties of those coarse aggregates are summed up
in Table 2. Both concrete mixtures were prepared using superplas-
ticizer to adjust the workability, and Portland cement.
2.2. Concrete design and preparation
The preparation of both WRAM and reference concrete were
performed according to Dreux-Gorisse method [20]. The water/ce-
ment ratio (W/C) and slump were fixed at 0.5 and 140 mm, respec-
tively, which were often used in B25 concrete to insure good
workability settings. More water was added in the case of non-
obtaining the desired slump in order to assess the weakness of
those aggregates which is the high-water absorption ratio in the
vision of producing concrete with good workability settings. The
slump test was performed by pouring fresh concrete in a
300 mm slump cone, after removing the cone, the fresh concrete
tends to subside. The difference between the cone height and the
subsiding fresh concrete is the value of the slump according to
Fig. 1. The processing protocol of phosphate rocks right after extraction in the
Benguerir mine.
2
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
the NM 10.1.061 standard [21]. A maximum cement content of
310 kg/m3 was adopted to obtain the necessary paste volume, in
addition to a total of 1.2% per m3 of superplasticizer to achieve
the desired workability settings.
Fig. 2 is a summary of the WRAM vs reference concrete mix
designs used in the experimental work. During this study, the set-
tings (Workability, mixing and curing) were selected to meet those
of reference concrete manufacturing in order to have a better view
with the comparison.
2.3. Tests and methods
The chemical composition of the waste rocks aggregates
(WRAM) was defined by X-ray fluorescence analysis method using
Epsilon 4 Model, Malvern Panalytical equipment. In addition, crys-
talline phases present in this sample were identified using X-ray
diffraction (XRD) analysis by a Bruker-AXS D8 powder diffractome-
ter with Cu Ka radiation (kKa = 0.154186 nm) operating in the
range of 10° and 80° (2h). QXRD analysis was carried out using Dif-
fracPlus EVA and TOPAS software to identify phases and to quan-
tify the abundance of these phases, respectively. Also, the
microstructure of hardened specimens after mechanical tests at
28 days of curing was studied using a Scanning Electron Micro-
scope (SEM) by TESCAN VEGA3 Emission.
The geotechnical tests such as Los Angeles (LA), Micro Deval
(MDE), water absorption (WA) and surface cleanliness, were per-
formed on aggregates using common geotechnical apparatus.
Los Angeles abrasion test on aggregates is the measure of aggre-
gate toughness and abrasion resistance such as crushing, degrada-
tion and disintegration. The principle of LA abrasion test is to
produce abrasive action by use of standard steel balls which when
mixed with aggregates and rotated in a drum for specific number
of revolutions also causes impact on aggregates. The percentage
wear of the aggregates due to rubbing with steel balls is deter-
mined and is known as LA Abrasion Value. The Micro-Deval abra-
sion test is a test of fine aggregate to determine abrasion loss in
the presence of water and an abrasive charge. This test is suitable
for measuring the amount of weak and soft material in aggregates.
After demolding, concrete cylinders were cured in the moist
chamber equipped according to the NM 10.1.068 standard [22]
with 20 °C ± 2 °C, Relative Humidity = 95%. The mechanical tests
were performed using a hydraulic press with the aim of assessing
the strength of concrete in terms of compressive, flexural and split-
ting tensile strengths following the requirements described in the
NM 10.1.051, NM 10.1.050 and NM 10.1.052 standards [23-25], at
3, 7 and 28 days.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Chemical and mineralogical characterization of aggregates
XRF results revealed that phosphate waste rocks are composed
of a high amount of SiO2 (32.10%) and MgO (9.20%) present in
quartz and dolomite phases, respectively. In addition, P2O5 present
an amount of 7.26%. Diverse oxides are detected with a low per-
centage as seen in Table 3.
A mineralogical characterization was performed closely to the
WRAM, in order to determine the existing phases and their
amount. As shown in Fig. 3, the XRD spectrum of aggregates
showed the presence of quartz and dolomite as major phases.
However, the fluorapatite phase exists confirming the amount of
P2O5 revealed by the XRF analysis. The lithologies which composed
the WRAM sample could be easily recognized by naked-eye geo-
logical characterization thanks to their contrasted properties.
Fig. 4 is a pie diagram of the average mixture composition obtained
A. El Machi et al.
Table 1
Physical properties of fine and crushed sand used in the WRAM and reference concrete mix designs.
Caliber (mm) Finesse modulus
Fine sand <1 2.75
Crushed sand <4 1.9
Table 2
Geotechnical properties of the GI and GII coarse aggregates used in the reference concrete mix.
Los Angeles (%) Flakiness index (%)
G1 20 13
G2 20 7 0.5
Fig. 2. WRAM concrete vs reference concrete mix designs.
by analyzing 8 specimens (Fig. 4b), and a close photography of a
pre-sorted specimen (Fig. 4a).
3.2. Geotechnical and physical properties of aggregates
Before testing the behavior of WRAM as aggregates in concrete,
a geotechnical characterization is necessary. Different tests were
carried out on those aggregates accordingly with the required stan-
dards, in order to determine their intrinsic geotechnical character-
istics. Table 4 is a summary of the performed tests and
requirements.
As shown in the Table 5, waste rock aggregate mixture (WRAM)
have a flakiness index of 9.8% which is acceptable regarding to NM
10.1.155 standard [26], and show a high LA and MDE coefficients
LA of 41%, MDE of 43%, respectively according to the NM
10.1.138 and NM10.1.148 standards [27,28], which supposed to
be due to the high percentage of Limestone and Marls in the mix-
ture, since these two components are the one with more friability.
This statement is in a good agreement with Torgal and Castro-
Gomes, revealing that LA coefficient of three types of limestone
aggregates was in the range between 18 and 37% [29]. In addition,
WRAM has a relatively high WA ratio of 5.20% according to the NM
10.1.273 standard [30], caused by the high susceptibility of lime-
stone to absorb water. It should be noted that calcareous and dolo-
mitic limestone aggregates present the porous aggregates, thus,
they are capable of absorbing a significant amount of water [6].
This result is usually considered unsuitable for obtaining good
quality of concrete [31]. However, the reduced surface cleanliness
index (SC = 2.6%, VB = 12%) is due to accumulation of fine particles
on aggregates surface which could be generated mainly by the
Table 3
Chemical and mineralogical composition of WRAM.
Chemical Composition wt. (%) LOI SiO2
27.11 32.23
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Sand equivalent (%) Bulk density (T/m3) Water absorption (%)
71 2.69 1.11
69 2.71 1.10
Surface cleanliness (%) Bulk density (T/m3) Specific density (T/m3)
0.6 1.44 2.64
1.43 2.64
presence of phosphate fraction which is consistent with the XRD
results showing a significant amount of fluorapatite. Those results
are beyond the requirement of the NM 10.1.169 standard [32].
In order to assess closely those parameters, similar tests were
applied on each fraction on WRAM, and the results confirm the
previous statements. Flakiness index and water content were not
measured on the components separately, because those parame-
ters are only crucial when using the whole mixture in concrete.
Fig. 5 illustrates the size grading of WRAM, G1 and G2 of refer-
ence aggregates, obtained by performing sieve analysis to both
aggregates accordingly with the NM 10.1.700 standard [33]. It
can be observed that all aggregates have continuous grading
curves, which will affect positively the ease of casting the concrete
mix.
3.3. Mineralogical and microstructural characterization of concrete
From the XRD patterns of WRAM concrete after 28 days of cur-
ing showed different crystalline phases. The intense peak around
27° corresponds to quartz present in the sand with high quantity
(Fig. 6). However, dolomite and fluorapatite still exist in the con-
crete from coarse aggregates. In addition to alite (C3S), belie
(C2S), celite (C3A), and brownmillerite (C4AF) which are the major
phases present in Portland cement, gypsum is present in a small
amount and was added to reduce the flash setting of cement
[34]. The hydration of C3S and C2S leads to the formation of port-
landite and C-S-H gel which is an amorphous phase explaining the
missing of Bragg reflections of this phase but it’s presented by the
hump observed in the spectrum. In addition, celite reacts with gyp-
sum in the presence of water to form ettringite phase which is also
detected but traces of gypsum still appeared. Furthermore, when
exposed to ambient air, portlandite (Ca (OH)2) reacts with CO2
to form calcium carbonate which is the undesirable phase leading
to the degradation of cement [35]. The hydration reactions of
cement are given below [36].
The microstructure of both reference and WRAM concrete was
examined using SEM imagery on fracture surfaces after 3 and
28 days. Fig. 7 showed the microstructure and the interfacial tran-
sition zone (ITZ) between the cement paste and limestone aggre-
gate from WRAM and reference aggregate. At an early age of
3 days, microcracks of the largest widths occurred in concretes.
As the curing process progressed, the size of the defects decreased
and their structure was more homogeneous. The reference and
WRAM concrete, after 3 days, showed a dense structure, and no
phase was distinguished. However, microcracks could be seen. At
Al2O3 CaO MgO Fe2O3 P2O5 K2O TiO2 MnO
0.58 23.20 9.20 0.21 7.26 0.10 0.05 0.06
3
A. El Machi et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

3.4. Mechanical properties of concrete

During the experimental study, the reference concrete mix has

Fig. 3. X-Ray diffractogram (kKa = 0.154186 nm) of raw phosphate waste rocks
sample, Q: quartz, D: dolomite, F: fluorapatite.
Fig. 4. (a) Photography of different lithologies on the pre-sorted WRAM sample; (b)
Pie diagram showing the % of components.
3 and 28 days, microcracks were generated around the interfacial
transition zone for WRAM concrete, in addition to the weak bond-
ing between the aggregate and cement paste compared to FC. This
fact will influence the mechanical behavior of concrete in terms of
flexural strength. Furthermore, after 28 days C-S-H gel was pre-
sented by a massive and dense structure observed in both WRAM
and reference concrete with the existence of portlandite in the
form of layers joined together [37]. In addition, the ettringite nee-
dles crystals were observed.
shown good workability settings, as the slump for this case was
about 220 mm without any further water addition. In the other
hand, WRAM concrete mix has provided low workability settings
in the first place, with a slump of 70 mm at 7.75 L of water. Since
the slumps was set to 140 mm in the experiment plan, more water
was added to the mix and it was at the addition of 2.5 L of water
(10.25 L in total). It was found that for obtaining sufficient worka-
bility, the water amount required an increase [38]. As a conse-
quence, the w/c ratio of the reference concrete was 0.5 while it
was 0.66 for the WRAM concrete in the final state before casting.
Fig. 8 is a summary of the collected data of WRAM and reference
concrete. The WRAM concrete shows a low performance compared
to the reference at all ages, and in terms of all measured strengths.
As expected, the compressive strength increased with age in all the
concrete specimens. WRAM concrete has indicated an average
compressive strength of 8.75 MPa at 3 days, 10.50 MPa at 7 days
and 13.50 MPa at 28 days.
In terms of flexural strength, WRAM concrete indicated an aver-
age of 1.1 MPa at 3 days, 1.2 MPa at 7 days and 1.3 MPa at 28 days.
As for the splitting tensile strength, WRAM concrete has shown
average strengths of 1.33 MPa at 7 days and 2.65 MPa at 28 days.
In other hand, the reference concrete indicated an average of
18.25 MPa at 3 days, 23.70 MPa at 7 days and 29.60 MPa at 28 days
in terms of compressive strength; 1.8 MPa at 3 days, 2.1 MPa at
7 days and 2.5 MPa at 28 days in terms of flexural strength;
4.00 MPa at 7 days and 4.50 MPa at 28 days in terms of splitting
tensile strength.
This performance is seemed to be caused by the high w/c ration
used on the WRAM concrete, generating more porosity when the
excess of water is evaporated leading to a decrease of the concrete
strength. It was proved by Yasar et al. study that the compressive
strength was significantly increased with decreasing the water-
cement ratio [38]. But Katz et al [39] have contradicted this state-
ment, revealing that a high w/c ratio in the range between 0.6 and
0.75, the strength of concrete, made by recycled aggregates, was
comparable to reference concrete even at 75% replacement per-
centage, which is in a good agreement with the study results of
Rao et al [40], showing that the strength of recycled aggregates
concrete and reference concrete could be comparable even at
100% replacement when the water-cement ratio was higher than
0.55. In order to deal with this issue, the amount of used superplas-
ticizer should be increased in the step of concrete mix computing,

Table 4
All carried out test according to standards, requirements values and corresponding measured property.

Test name-Abv. Current standard Requirement Unit Measured property

Tests on aggregates
Los Angeles- LA NM 10.1.138 <3 % Aggregate toughness and abrasion
Micro Deval-MDE NM 10.1.148 – % Abrasion loss in presence of water
Flakiness index-FI NM 10.1.155 <20 % Aggregates particle shape
Surface cleanliness-SC NM 10.1.169 <1.5 or < 3 if VB < 10 % Surface cleanliness
Water absorption-WA NM 10.1.273 <2.5 % Amount of absorbed water
Bulk density-BD NM 10.1.021 – T/m3 Bulk density
Specific density-SD NM 10.1.146 – T/m3 Specific density
Finesse modulus-FM NM 10.1.271 1.8 < MF < 3.2 – Coarseness of aggregates
Sieve analysis-SA NM 10.1.700 – – Particle size distribution
Sand Equivalent-SE NM10.1.732 >60 % Abundance of sand vs clay
Tests on concrete
Compressive strength-CS NM 10.1.051 >29 MPa for B25 MPa-KN Maximum load before fracturing
Flexural strength-FS NM 10.1.050 – MPa-KN
Splitting tensile strength-STS NM 10.1.052 – MPa-KN
Slump test NM 10.1.061 H = 300 mm (11.81in), R = 200 mm (7.87 in), r = 100 mm (3.93 in) – Slump cone dimensions
Conservation room NM 10.1.068 20 °C ± 2 °C-RH = 90% – Conservation conditions

4
A. El Machi et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 5
Geotechnical properties of the bulk WRAM concrete and its three components separately (Limestone, Marls, Flintstone).

Los Angeles (%) Micro Deval (%) Flakiness index (%) Water absorption (%) Water content (%) Surface cleanliness (%)
Limestone 52 56 – 7.4 – –
Marls 49 51 – 6.1 – –
Flintstone 18 9 – 0.1 – –
WRAM 41 43 9.8 5.2 0.1 2.6

ing that by comparison, at the same workability of mortar and/or

concrete with tailings, the compressive strength decreased for
the tailings needing more water, and leading to a higher w/c ratio
[41].
In addition, WRAM concrete has indicated an average compres-
sive strength value of 12 MPa after 28 days, which is below the
required value (25 MPa). However, it can be used for construction
of structures requiring relatively low strengths and which can con-
sume large amounts of concrete, such as enclosure walls or side-
walk pavements [42,43].
The valorization of those types of wastes as aggregates in the
concrete industry is certainly a promising way to stop the waste
of a natural aggregate resource which cannot be used just because
it is a byproduct of another ore.

Fig. 5. Sieve analysis curves of WRAM and GI/GII reference aggregates.

(1 mm = 0.039in).

4. Conclusion

It is believed that the WRAM has limited geotechnical proper-

Fig. 6. X-Ray diffractogram (kKa = 0.154186 nm) of WRAM concrete after 28 days;
Q: quartz, P: portlandite, E: ettringite, G: gypsum, C: calcite, C3S: tricalcium silicate,
F: monosulfo-alumino-ferrite.
which will help to respect the conventional w/c which was set in
the beginning of the experimental study (w/c = 0.5), and gain more
slump improving the workability setting of the WRAM concrete
fresh paste.
The waste rock aggregates mixture has shown relatively low
performances when compared to reference aggregates, but the
ratios of the three consisting lithologies explain this issue. The high
WA ratio lead to an increase in the w/c ratio of the concrete, which
causes automatically a decrease in strengths when keeping the
same workability settings. It was later confirmed by the crushing
tests where WRAM concrete came short in strengths at all ages
compared to reference concrete. This statement is in conformity
with the literature, where Gou et al. carried out a review conclud-
5
ties to perform as aggregates for concrete. This is due to the higher
percentage of limestone and marls in the mix with a lower per-
centage of Flintstone. However, a better performance is expected
with the increase of the Flintstone percentage in the mix, which
is the key element among all mix components, since it shows very
interesting geotechnical properties. A study of WRAM concrete
with different Flintstone proportions is expected, in order to deter-
mine which mixture recipe would have the better performance.
Despite the limited WRAM concrete performances during this
study, those parameters had to be assessed in order to put in frame
the performances of the aggregates present in the whole stockpile
from which the sample was took. This approach will help to con-
duct further comparative studies in the future, by controlling the
WRAM mix proportions, since all three types of lithologies consist-
ing this mix (Limestone, marls and Flintstone) could be easily
obtained directly from extraction and excavation of the phosphate
intercalations. In addition, it is obvious that the Flintstone has
promising performances as coarse aggregates, making it the key
element in all three components. Therefore, the future studies
must put under the scope at least four different mixtures, going
from the present one which was tested in this study (Limestone:
49.50%, Marls: 22.33%, Flintstone: 28.16%), and arriving to ultimate
mixture which will mainly consists of Flintsone (Limestone: 0%,
Marls: 0%, Flintstone: 100%), and then it will be easier to determine
the optimal recipe to replace conventional coarse aggregates for
concrete.
The performances of WRAM concrete is low to be used as struc-
tural concrete, but it can be adequate for other usages such as
enclosure walls and sidewalk pavements. This approach can be
also beneficial for mining companies to ensure the manufacturing
of their mine sites sidewalks and enclosure walls, rather than
import same qualification materials from outside.
The next step following this work should be to test Flint as full
replacement to bring insight about its performances since it is the
best performing constituent according to this study.
A. El Machi et al. Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 7. SEM images of (A) WRAM concrete, (B) reference concrete, after 3 days, (C) WRAM concrete, (D) reference concrete, after 28 days.

Fig. 8. WRAM vs reference concrete crushing results showing performances in terms of compressive, flexural and splitting tensile strengths.

6
A. El Machi et al.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
A. El Machi: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Data
curation, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing - original draft.
S. Mabroum: Formal analysis, Writing - review & editing. Y. Taha:
Supervision, Writing - review & editing. A. Tagnit-Hamou: Super-
vision, Methodology, Writing - review & editing. M. Benzaazoua:
Writing - review & editing. R. Hakkou: Supervision, Writing -
review & editing, Project administration, Funding acquisition.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to acknowledge the support through the
R&D Initiative – Appel à projets autour des phosphates APPHOS –
sponsored by Cherifian Office of Phosphate OCP (OCP Foundation,
R&D OCP, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, National Center
of Scientific and technical Research CNRST, Ministry of Higher Edu-
cation, Scientific Research and Professional Training of Morocco
MESRSFC) under the project APPHOS, MAT-HAK-01/2017.
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