Phycology

Bio 333

Time: 10-11 T U (EBR)

9-10 M W (ZAR)

11-12 M W (GAR)

Professor: Dr. Fotoon Sayegh

7th Building (College of Science), office: 1-176

fsaygh@kau.edu.sa

www.kau.edu.sa/FSAYGH

Assessment task

Week Due Percentage of

• 1st examination 4 15%

• 2nd examination 9 20%

• Lab 13 25%

• Final exam 15 30%

• Presentation 4 10%

Reference

• Lee, R. E. (2008). Phycology. Cambridge

U.K., Cambridge University.

Course Content

Unit List of Topics Contact Hours week

1 Introduction to the algae 2 1

2 Environments/found 1 1

6
General characteristics of algae 3

1st examination

3 Algal taxonomy 1 .5

Cyanophyta 3 1.5
Red algae 1 .5

Green algae 5 2.5

2nd examination

Euglenoids 1 .5

Dioflagellates 1 .5

Diatomes 1 .5

Xanthophyceans 1 .5

Phaeophyceane 3 1.5

4 Algal applications 2 1

Total 28 14

‫مقدمة وتعريف بالطحالب‬

Unit One: Introduction and

definition of algae

1. Define "algae"

2. Lists general algae characteristic

3. Identify scientific algal naming

4. Name what algae contains

5. List where algae may found.

Define "algae”?

The algae are thallophyes (plants lacking

root, stems, and leaves) that have :

1. No Vascular tissue

2. Simple organ differentiation (simple

construction

3. Naked reproductive structures

4. Contain chorophyll a & other

photosynthetic pigment.

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‫التسمية العامة وطريقة كتابتها العلمية‬
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‫‪Scientific algal naming‬‬
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‫• في الكتابة العلمية الصحيحة كلمة‬
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‬ ‫)‪ (algae‬تعني مجموعة من‬
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‬ ‫الطحالب مثال‪:‬‬
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‬ ‫طحلب ال ‪ Spirogyra‬وال‬
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‫‪ Chlorella‬هم ‪algae‬‬
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‬ ‫• أما كلمة ‪ alga‬تعني طحلب واحد أو‬
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‬ ‫جنس واحد مفرد مثال‪:‬‬
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‫طحلب ال ‪ Chlorella‬هو ‪alga‬‬
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‬ ‫• أما إذا استخدمت الطحالب كصفة‬
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‫كقول ‪” :‬خاليا طحلبية“ فإننا نقول‬
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‬ ‫‪.algal cells‬‬
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‫الطحالب ماذا تشمل؟‬
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‫?‪What algae contains‬‬
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‫تشمل الطحالب كائنات حقيقية النواة‬ ‫•‬
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‬ ‫‪ eukaryotic‬وكائنات غير حقيقية النواة‬
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‬ ‫‪prokaryotic‬‬
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‬ ‫لذلك تعتبرالبكتريا الخضراء المزرقة‬ ‫•‬
‫النواة
‬ ‫كائنات غير حقيقية‬ ‫كائنات حقيقية النواة‬
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‫طحالب فتسمى ‪ Cyanobacteria‬أو‬
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‬ ‫طحالب خضراء مزرقة ‪Cyanophyta‬‬
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‬ ‫‪or blue-green algae‬‬
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‬ ‫وهناك قسم جديد من أقسام الطحالب أكتشف‬ ‫•‬
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‫حديثا ً ال ‪ Prochlorophyta‬وهو‬
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‬ ‫‪( prokaryotic‬غير حقيقية النواة)‬
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‬ ‫في أن كل الطحالب األخرى ‪eukaryotic‬‬ ‫•‬
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‬ ‫أي كائنات حقيقية النواة‬
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‫أين تتواجد الطحالب؟‬

Where algae found?

• In all environments on the

surface of the globe in which

water is often present or if wet,

even for some time

• They are free-floating in large

bodies of water and they are

called phytoplankton, and they

are the basic base in the food

webs pyramid for these bodies,

as well as in providing large

quantities of oxygen in the

earth.

• Attached to rocks or stuck to

other organisms such as

seaweeds such as Ulva

attached to plants or epiphytes

such as Oscillatoria attached

to Chladophora


• In freshwater

environments such as

rivers, lakes, valleys,

waterfalls, and wells

• Brackish water

environments (estuaries

of rivers in the seas)

• In highly saline waters

such as salt ponds, such

as the Dead Sea

• Even in very hot water,

such as the hot mineral

water that was found in

the Al-Laith and Al-Ahsa

regions

• In the seas it is found in the subtidal zone in

the deep regions

• The intertidal range (e.g. the coastal zone)

under harsh and variable environmental

conditions e.g. snow covered

• Algae are also found in deserts, so a little

moisture is enough for unicellular algae to grow

under the Quartz rock.

• Like found in South Africa

• Algae are also found in the air. Some algae mutate themselves into a

latent microbial form to spread through the air or be carried by water

droplets in moving clouds.

• Some algae may cause diseases to humans, such as the single-celled

green algae called Prototheca, and the infected person must be sick in

the first place in order for his immunity to weaken in order to be infected

with this algae, which causes damage to the skin

• ...an algae that lives in a symbiosis with fungi such as Lichens

• And a symbiotic

relationship with the

beautiful colored

marigolds within its

tissues, such as

zooxanthellae.

• Even some higher plants

grow in them some

types of blue-green

algae and this

relationship is called

endosymbiosis such as

Nostoc with Cycas

‫ خصائص الطحالب‬:‫الوحدة الثانية‬

Unit Two: Algal Characteristics

•Algae shapes

•Cellular structures

•Nutrition

•Reproduction

•Life cycles


‫أشكال الطحالب‬

Morphological shape

Unicellular ‫وحيدة الخلية‬

Flagellate ‫متحركة‬ Non-Flagellate ‫غير متحركة‬

Filamentous ‫خيطية‬ ‫بدائية‬

‫النواة‬

Unbranched ‫ غير متفرعة‬Branched ‫متفرعة‬

Colonial forms ‫مستعمرات‬

‫حقيقة‬

‫النواة‬

non-motile ‫ متحركة‬motile‫غير متحركة‬

Multinucleate ‫مدمج خلوي‬

‫ حشائش بحرية‬Sea-grass ≠ Seaweed ‫أعشاب بحرية‬

‫غير متباين‬ ‫متباينة الشكل‬

undifferentiated‫ شكل بارنشيمي‬asymmetric shape

parenchyma form


‫التراكيب الخلوية للطحالب‬

Algal cellular structures

‫جدر خاليا الطحالب‬

Algal cell wall

flagellated algae Blue green algae Most algae

eukaryotic prokaryotic eukaryotic

No surrounding walls Its specific walls consist Its specific walls consist

(Naked) of Peptidoglycan of Cellulose in general

Microspora

‫بالزما ملونة‬

Dunaliella

‫ الجدار الخلوي‬Cell wall

‫مجموعة من المواد الكربوهيدراتية‬

soluble in water Insoluble in water

at its boiling point Wall material: based on sixth

or pentagonal sugar groups,

Components of the usually a mixture

sheath surrounding the

Cellulose most algae

cell Mannan

The mucous membrane Xylan

function:

‫ طحالب خضراء‬Peptidoglycan
•
colonial form Chroococcus ‫مزرقة‬

•
dry protection
:‫مواد أخرى تدخل في التكوين‬
•
Sliding motion

Volvox Fragilaria Alginic ‫ الطحالب البنية‬:‫أحماض‬

Fucinic

Polyuronic

Mucopeptide ‫طحالب خضراء مزرقة‬

‫ الدياتومات‬Silicon


‫أنوية الطحالب‬

Algae nuclei

‫غير متعضية‬

prokaryotic ‫معظمها أنوية متعضية‬

‫الخضراء المزرقة‬ eukaryotic

Cyanophyta

‫متعددة األنوية‬ mononuclear

multinucleated Most algae

Anabaena

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‬ ‫األسواط ‪Flagella‬‬
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‬ ‫غمد سوطى‬
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‬ ‫المحور المركزي‬
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‬ ‫‪ 2‬ليفة‬
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‬ ‫الليفات محيطية ‪9‬‬
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‬ ‫أشكال األسواط‬
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‬ ‫ريشي‬ ‫أملس‬ ‫غير متساوية في الطول‬ ‫متسوية في الطول‬
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‬ ‫‪Feathery‬‬ ‫‪Smooth‬‬ ‫‪Heterokontan‬‬ ‫‪Isokontan‬‬
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Chloroplast ‫البالستيدات‬

few of them few of them Most of the algae have

More than a plastid There are no plastids One plastid per cell

There are no starch ‫الخضراء المزرقة‬ One or more pyrenoid

formation centers Cyanophyta centers

‫بالزما ملونة‬

‫أشكال البالستيدات‬

Plastid shapes

star-shaped, flat ribbon and helical ribbon

cup-shaped, net-shaped, Band-shaped, and discoid.

‫األصباغ‬

PIGMENT

Few have no pigments

for genetic or environmental

reasons (Colorless) Leucophytes ‫معظم الطحالب بها أصباغ‬

It lacks the plastid structure Most algae have pigments

live a throwaway

Diatoms, green, red

Pigments involved in

photosynthesis

Most algae Chlorophyll a starch

other pigments

Carotene Most of the algae except

Do not enter into photosynthesis
Siphonales

Chlorophyll b

Chlorophyll c,e

Carotene


‫نوع اإلضاءة‬

Type of llumination

DIVISION COMMON NAME MAJOR ACCESSORY PIGMENT

Chlorophyta Green algae chlorophyll b

Charophyta Charophytes chlorophyll b

Euglenophyta Euglenoids chlorophyll b

Phaeophyta Brown algae chlorophyll c1 + c2, fucoxanthin

Chrysophyta Yellow-brown or golden-brown algae chlorophyll c1 + c2, fucoxanthin

Pyrrhophyta Dinoflagellates chlorophyll c2, peridinin

Cryptophyta Cryptomonads chlorophyll c2, phycobilins

Rhodophyta Red algae phycoerythrin, phycocyanin

Cyanophyta Blue-green algae phycocyanin, phycoerythrin

PIGMENT WAVELENGTH

MAXIMA

beta carotene

452,470

lutein
474 ,446

violaxanthin

442,470

neoxanthin
437,466

myxoxanthophyll
503 ,471 ,445

siphonoxanthin
455

peridinin
455

chlorophyll a

660.5 ,428.5

chlorophyll b
452.5,642

chlorophyll c1

629.1

chlorophyll c2
630.6

chlorophyll c2

629.6

chlorophyll c2
630.9

chlorophyll c

447, 533 or 449, 635

‫المواد الغذائية المخزنة‬

Storage Products

‫تتباين على حسب طبيعة األصباغ‬

Low-molecular

High-molecular weight compounds

weight compounds Sugars .1

(Chlorophyta,

Euglenophyta, Cyanophyta)

Glycosides (Rhodophyta) .1

Polyols (Mannitol) (Rhodophyta) .2

α-1,4 Linked glucans β -1,3 Linked glucans

Starch

(Chlorophyta) .1 Laminarin(Phaeophyta) .1 Fructosans

Floridean starch .2 ChrysoLaminarin .2 Cladophorales

(Rhodophyta) (Bacillariophyta)=Diatomin (Chlorophyta)

Myxophycean starch .1 Paramylum .1

(Cyanophyta) ( Euglenophyta,Xanthophyta)

Eye ‫البقعة العينية‬

Spots

• Dense pellets collected

on a spot image take ‫أحمر‬

‫برتقالي أو لونا أحمر فاتح‬Bright

Reddish ‫ أو بنيا‬Brownish .

Certeria • It consists of lipid

carotenoid pigments

• ‫كمستقبل ضوئي‬

(Photoreceptors) It is

affected by the intensity

of lighting and works to

change the direction of

movement of the algae

Trachelomnas
away or close to the light

depending on its intensity

Contractile ‫الفجوات المنقبضة‬

Vacuoles

• It is used to excrete and regulate

the water content of the cell

• The unicellular algae that live in

fresh water are abundant, and

there are very few marine algae

• They are often found near the

anterior end of the cell, between

the Golgi bodies and the plasma

membrane. In golden algae, they

are near the posterior end of the

cell.

• Their number ranges from two

cleavage cavities to one that may

be surrounded by other small

cavities
Chlamydomonas

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‬ ‫أنواع التغذية في الطحالب‬
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‬ ‫‪ Autotrophic‬ذاتية التغذية‬
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‬ ‫التغذية‬ ‫متباينة‬ ‫‪Heterotrophic‬‬ ‫مصدر الكربون ‪Co2‬‬
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‬ ‫مصدر الكربون المواد العضوية‬
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‫الحصول عليها إما‪:‬‬ ‫‪Chemoautotrophic‬‬
‫‪ .1‬بلعمة ‪Phagocytotic‬‬ ‫‪Photoautotrophic‬‬
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‬ ‫كميائية ذاتية التغذية‬
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‬ ‫‪ .2‬إسموزية ‪Osomotrophic‬‬ ‫مصدر الطاقة الضوء‬
‫مصدر الطاقة‬
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‬ ‫أكسدة المواد العضوية‬
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‫‪Chemoheterotrophic‬‬
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‬ ‫‪Photoheterotrophic‬‬
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‬ ‫التغذية‬ ‫متباينة‬ ‫كميائية‬
‫ضوئية متباينة التغذية‬
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‬ ‫مصدر الطاقة‬
‫قليل
‬ ‫مصدر الطاقة الضوء‬
‫أكسدة المواد العضوية‬
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‫‪ Mixotrophic‬متنوعة
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‫‪ Auxotrophic‬ناقصة التغذية‬
‫التغذي‬
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‬ ‫ضوئية التغذية‬
‫األصل‬ ‫في‬ ‫التغذية‬ ‫ضوئية‬
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‬ ‫وتحتاج قليل من المواد العضوية‬
‫ومتباينة التغذية (قدرة
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‫والفيتامينات مهمة لنموها‬


Types of nutrition in algae

Type of nutrition Source of Source of carbon

energy

Autotrophic

+ Vitamenes

Photoautotrophic Auxotrophic Light Carbon dioxide

Chemoautotrophic Oxidation of Carbon dioxide

organic
Mixotrophic

compounds

Heterotrophic

Photoheterotrophic Light

Organic compounds

Chemoheterotrophic Oxidation of Organic compounds

organic

compounds

Phagocytoic Osmotrophic

‫التكاثر في الطحالب‬

Reproduction in Algae

•Vegetative reproduction

•Asexuel reproduction

•Sexuel reproduction

‫التكاثر في الطحالب‬

Reproduction in Algae

‫جنسي‬ ‫ال جنسي‬ ‫خضري‬

Sexually Asexually Vegetatively

•Many algae reproduce by two methods of sexual and asexual

reproduction. And some of them reproduce only vegetatively? Why?

•Sexual reproduction usually occurs when environmental stresses are

present and after a certain limit of vegetative growth has been reached and

a certain amount of nutrients are stored.

‫التكاثر الخضري‬

Vegetative reproduction

Microcystis Chlamydomonas

‫بالتفتيت‬

Fragmentation ‫انقسام بسيط‬

Simple division

‫مجموعة خاليا‬

Filamentous thread
‫قرص انفصالي‬ ‫عديدة الخاليا‬ ‫وحيدة خلية‬

‫مصادفة عرضيا ً خيط طحلبي‬

disc multicellular Unicellular

‫يعطي مستعمرات‬

‫بين خلوي‬

apical cell ‫خلوي قمي‬

intercellular ‫انقسام الخلية القمية في الخيط الطحلبي‬

Oscillatoria Enteromorpha

Ulva
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‬ ‫التكاثر الال جنسي‬
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‬ ‫‪Asexuel‬‬
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‬ ‫اإلكنينات‬
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‬ ‫جراثيم ساكنة‬ ‫‪Akinetes‬‬
‫خاليا خضرية تستطيل‬
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‬ ‫‪Constant spore‬‬ ‫ويسمك جدارها‬
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‬ ‫عديمة األسواط‬
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‬ ‫يخزن بها الغذاء‬
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‬ ‫تقاوم الظروف البيئة‬
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‬ ‫جراثيم متحركة‬
‫‪Oscillatoria‬‬
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‫‪Hormogonia‬‬
‫‪Flagellate spore‬‬
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‬ ‫ذات أسواط داخل حافظة أو‬
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‬ ‫مباشرة من الخلية الخضرية‬
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‬ ‫جراثيم داخلية‪Endospore‬‬ ‫جراثيم غير متحركة‬
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‬ ‫ينقسم السيتوبالزم بجراثيم رقيقة الجدر‬ ‫‪Uniflagellate spore‬‬
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‬ ‫عديمة األسواط‬
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‬ ‫جراثيم خارجية ‪Exospore‬‬ ‫المائية‬ ‫في الطحالب‬
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‬ ‫من برتبالست وحيدة خلية‬ ‫تفشل بتكوين األسواط للظروف‬
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‬ ‫رقيقة الجدر ال أسواط‬ ‫غير المالئمة‬
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‫حويصالت هرموجونية‬
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‬ ‫‪Hormogonia‬‬
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‬ ‫طحالب خيطية‬
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‫‪Heterocyst‬‬ ‫حويصالت مغايرة‬
‫خلية خضرية تكبر تسمك محتوياتها شفافة
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‬ ‫الجنس في الطحالب‬
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‬ ‫‪Sexuel reproduction‬‬
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‬ ‫‪Syngamy‬‬
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‬ ‫ِ‪Autogamy‬‬
‫العبور‬
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‬ ‫‪Crossing over‬ظاهرة‬ ‫اندماج نواتين لخلية واحدة‬ ‫‪ .1‬اندماج سيتوبالزم‬
‫االنتقالي‬
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‬ ‫‪=Transduction‬التحول‬ ‫مثل بعض الطحالب اليوجلينية‬ ‫‪Cytogamy=Plasmogamy‬‬
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‫مادة وراثية تنتقل من خلية إلى أخرى‬ ‫‪ .2‬اندماج نواتين المشيجين‬
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‬ ‫والدياتومية‬
‫المزرقة‬
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‬ ‫ال امشاج الطحالب الخضراء‬ ‫‪Karyogamy‬‬
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‬ ‫مثل الطحالب البنية والحمراء‬
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‫التكاثر الجنسي ‪Sexual reproduction‬‬
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‬ ‫خلية خضرية ‪Vegetative cell‬‬
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‬ ‫مشيج ‪ Gamete‬يتحول إلى‬
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‫حافظة مشيجية ‪ Gametangium‬نوعها؟ تحوي‬
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‬ ‫أو أمشاج ‪ Gametes‬نوعها؟‬
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‬ ‫إخصاب ‪ fertilisation‬يحدث أو ال يحدث؟‬
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‬ ‫الالقحة ‪ Zygote‬نوعها مسلكها؟‬
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‫دورات الحياة المختلفة‬
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‬ ‫التكاثر الجنسي (الحوافظ المشجية ‪ ،‬األمشاج‪ ،‬نوع الالقحة‪ ،‬نوع التكاثر)‬
‫
‬
‫
‬ ‫حافظة مشيجية ‪Gametangium‬‬ ‫مشيج ‪Gamete‬‬ ‫خلية خضرية ‪Vegetative cell‬‬
‫
‬ ‫أمشاج ‪Gametes‬‬ ‫بداخلها‬
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‫
‬ ‫الحوافظ المشجية‬
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‬
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‫‪Heterogametagia‬‬
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‬ ‫متماثلة ‪Anisogametangia Isogametangia‬متشابهة متباينة‬
‫الحجم)‬
‫
‬ ‫غير متشابهة (متباينة في‬ ‫‪ Anisogamy‬تكاثر متشابه‬ ‫متماثلة ظاهريا ( نفس الحجم)‬
‫
‬
‫‪Heterogamy‬‬
‫
‬
‫تكاثر متباين‬ ‫متشابه ظاهريا ً‬ ‫تكاثر متماثل ‪Isogamy‬‬
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‬ ‫تكاثر متطور‬ ‫(مختلفة في الحجم)‬ ‫‪Primitive‬تكاثر بدائي‬
‫
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‫
‬
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‬ ‫غير متحركة‬ ‫أمشاج متحركة‬
‫تكاثر ‪ Planogamous‬تكاثر‪ Aplanogamous‬حافظة مذكرة (صغيرة)‬
‫مؤنثة (كبيرة) ‪
Oogonium‬‬
‫بداخلها مشيج ‪1‬أوأكثر عديمة
‬ ‫‪Antheridium‬‬
‫
‬ ‫بداخلها مشيج ‪ 1‬أو أكثر‬
‫توجد‬
‫
‬
‫)‬ ‫محدودة‬ ‫لكنها‬ ‫(‬ ‫األسواط‬
‫متحررة‬
‫ملتصقة‬
‫
‬ ‫بصفة دائمة أو مؤقتة أو‬
‫‪Egg=Ovum=Oosphere‬‬
‫
‬
‫أمشاج متحركة ‪Flagellate‬‬
‫تكاثر بيضي ‪
Oogamy‬‬
‫
‬ ‫=سابحات ذكرية ‪Antherozoids‬‬
‫التكاثر األكثر تقدما ً‬
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‬
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‬ ‫غير متحرك ‪Non-flagellate‬‬
‫
‬
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‫
‬
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‬
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‬ ‫مسمى الالقحة ‪Zygote‬‬
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‫
‬
‫
‬
‫
‬ ‫القحة بيضية ‪Oospore‬‬
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‫القحة زيجوتية ‪Zygospore‬‬ ‫القحة متحركة ‪Zoospore‬‬
‫اتحاد امشاج مختلفة متباينة
‬ ‫= غير متحركة‬ ‫اتحاد امشاج متماثلة‬
‫
‬ ‫‪Heterogametagia‬‬ ‫اتحاد امشاج متماثلة‬
‫سابحة ذكرية‪ +‬بيضة واحدة
‬ ‫‪Isogametangia‬‬
‫
‬
‫‪Isogametangia‬‬ ‫أو‬
‫
‬ ‫‪2n = 1n + 1n‬‬ ‫أو‬ ‫اتحاد امشاج متشابهة‬
‫
‬ ‫القحة بيضية ‪Oospore‬‬ ‫اتحاد امشاج متشابهة‬
‫
‬
‫‪Anisogametangia‬‬
‫‪Oogonium‬‬ ‫تنبت حتى تتحرر من‬ ‫ال‬ ‫‪Anisogametangia‬‬
‫
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‫اإلخصاب ‪Fertilization‬‬
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‬ ‫فشل لإلخصاب ‪fertilization failure‬‬ ‫نجاح لإلخصاب‬
‫
‬ ‫األمشاج ال تتحد وال تكون ال قحة‬ ‫‪fertilization success‬‬
‫
‬
‫تراكيب جرثومية‬ ‫األمشاج‬ ‫اتحاد أمشاج وتكوين ال قحة‬
‫
‬
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‬ ‫‪Spore-like structures‬‬
‫
‬ ‫جراثيم عذرية ‪Parthenospores‬‬
‫
‬
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‬ ‫=جراثيم غير القحية ‪Azygospores‬‬
‫
‬ ‫تسلك مسلك الال قحة الزيجوتية‬
‫
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‬ ‫الالقحة تنبت مباشرة‬
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‫الالقحة تنقسم إنقسام إختزالي‬
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The zygote divides by meiosis‬‬ ‫‪Zygote germinate directly‬‬
‫
‬ ‫تعطي ‪4‬جراثيم‬ ‫تعطي فرد طحلبي جديد ‪2n‬‬
‫
‬
‫كل واحدة تنبت
‬ ‫تتحلل ‪ 3‬وتبقى واحدة‬
‫وتكون فرد طحلبي جديد‬ ‫هي التي تنبت على الطحلب الجديد‬
‫
‬ ‫إختزالي‬
‫‪1n‬‬ ‫‪1n‬‬
‫
‬ ‫داخلها أمشاج ‪1n‬‬ ‫يحمل حوافظ مشيجية ‪2n‬‬
‫
‬ ‫قصير‬ ‫عمره‬
‫
‬
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‬ ‫ظاهرة تبادل األجيال ‪Alternation of generation‬‬
‫
‬ ‫يتأخر اإلنقسام اإلختزالي في الحوافظ المشيجية فاألمشاج تكون‬
‫
‬ ‫طور جديد طور جرثومي ‪Sporophytic genration‬‬
‫
‬ ‫متبادل مع طور مشيجي ‪Gametophytic genration‬‬
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‫دورات الحياة في الطحالب ‪Life Cycles‬‬
‫
‬ ‫يوجد بالطحالب (‪)5-4‬؟ طرز من دورات الحياة‬
‫
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‫ظاهرة تعاقب األجيال‬ ‫دورة حياة زوجية‬ ‫دورة حياة فردية‬
‫
‬ ‫التركيب الكروموسومى‬
‫األجيال‬
‫
‬ ‫‪ Haplontic life cycle‬التركيب الكروموسومى ‪ Diplobiontic life cycle‬دورة حياة ثالثية‬
‫‪Triphasic‬‬
‫
‬ ‫‪life cycle‬‬ ‫‪Diplontic life cycle‬‬
‫‪Alternation of generations‬‬ ‫سيادة طور مشيجي( ‪ (n‬سيادة طور جرثومي ( ‪(2n‬‬
‫
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‬ ‫‪Sporophytic‬‬ ‫‪Gametophytic‬‬
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‬ ‫تعاقب جيلين متشابهين تعاقب جيلين مختلفين‬
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‬ ‫‪Heteromorphic‬‬ ‫‪Isomorphic‬‬
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‫دورة حياة فردية التركيب الكروموسومى‬

Haplontic life cycle

zygotic meiosis

Haplontic life cycle

zygotic meiosis

‫
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‫دورة حياة مزدوجة التركيب الكروموسومى‬
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‬ ‫‪Diplontic life cycle‬‬
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‬ ‫‪gametic meiosis‬‬
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‬ ‫‪2‬ن‬
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Diplontic life cycle

gametic meiosis

Diplobiontic life cycle‫ظاهرة تعاقب األجيال‬

sporic meiosis Alternation of

generations

Diplobiontic life cycle

sporic meiosis Alternation of

generations

Triphasic life cycle ‫دورة حياة ثالثية األجيال‬

three life history phases: the gametophyte , the carposporophyte ,

and the tetrasporophyte.

Questions?

‫تقسيم الطحالب‬

Algal Taxonomy

monophyletic paraphyletic

polyphyletic

• Algae are polyphyletic, they

follow different evolutionary

paths with each other, or in

other words, varying levels of

sophistication between them.

• polyphyletic algae are different

due to the difference between

prokaryotic (blue-green algae

and prochlorophytes) eukaryotic

(all other algae) lines of

evolution

• Even the eukaryotic red algae,

is thought to participate in its

genesis, so it was recently

suggested that it should be

placed in an independent

kingdom.

Molecular phylogeny (gene sequencing)

and other characters show they belong to

four kingdoms

Algal Taxonomy

‫عالم البكتريا‬

‫عالم حقيقية النواة‬

Domain: Eukarya
Domain: Bacteria

Kingdom Chromista (e.g. Kingdom Plantae (e.g. ‫مملكة البكتريا الحقيقية‬

phaeophytes - brown chlorophytes and Kingdom Protista (e.g.

algae - dinoflagellates, and rhodophytes - green and Euglenophytes), and the). Kingdom:
diatoms), red algae), Bacteria (cyanophytes

Algal Classification Lee (2008)

Phylum – phyta Common Name

Groups Class – phyceae

1: Prokaryotes Cyanophyta Blue green algae

2: Eukaryotic algae with chloroplasts surrounded by the two membranes Glaucophyta

of the chloroplast envelope Rhodophyta Red algae

Chlorophyta Green algae

3: Eukaryotic algae with the chloroplast surrounded by one membrane of Euglenophyta Eugleno algae

chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum. Dinophyta Dino algae

Apicompexa

4: Eukaryotic algae with the chloroplast surrounded by two membranes of Cryptophyta

chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum. Heterokontophyta

Chrysophyceae golden-brown

Synurophyceae algae
Eustigmatophyceae

Pinguiophyceae

Dictyochophyceae
silicoflagellates

Pelagophyceae
Bolidophyceae

Bacillariophyceae

Raphidophyceae diatoms
Xanthophyceae Chloromonads

yellow-green algae
Phaeothamniophyceae

Phaeophyceae

Prymnesiophyta brown algae

haptophytes

Cyanophyta

It existence in:

• all environments

• Best growing in standing

water environments

• It is abundant in hot

springs

• Live symbiotic (lichen).

• Lives a parasitic life in the

alimentary canal

• Some fix nitrogen

Cellular Structure

• The protoplast unfolds into:

– Outer (peripheral) area =

chromoplasm Contains: Dyes, Oil

‫بالزما ملونة‬ Droplets, Cyanophycean Starch

– Inner (central) region = nucleoplasm .

nucleoplasm

• Protoplast is free of vacuoles

except for advanced cells?

Resistant to drought, balsam.

‫البالزما النووية‬ • There are pseudo-air vacuoles

(gases from respiration and

photosynthesis) Autonomous

movement

• In some there are:

– Protoplasmic connections between

cells

– Gas vacuoles (hydroplankton)

Chromoplasm

• It appears as a lamellar system

similar to that found in

chloroplasts in algae and

higher plants.

• Lamella (lamellae) arise from

the plasma membrane as

indentations or extensions and

are made of two separate

membranes

• Platelets contain chlorophyll =

photosynthesis

• Among them are granules that

have vital functions such as

respiration and photosynthesis

• or storage materials

Nuclear plasma

(central)

• The nucleus is inorganic =

diffused in the cytoplasm, no

nuclear membrane, no nucleolus

• Its light color is represented by

chromatin in the holes of the

colorless network = chromatin

network = DNA, RNA and protein

• The network is connected to the

color plasma

• In addition to the chromatin

network, there are particles and

granules

Cell wall

1. The sheath is

made of mucous

2. The cell wall has

two layers, an

outer and an inner

layer

Photosynthesis pigment stored substances

nitrogen fixation

• Basic pigment:

– chlorophyll a

– Beta-carotene (yellow-orange)

– Phycocyanin (blue) and

phycoerythrin (red) give algae the

bluish-green color

• Stored materials:

– starch (glycogen)

– protein or oil

• Nitrogen fixation, as in Nostoc

and Anabaena, to enter

atmospheric nitrogen in the

formation of amino acids and

proteins of these algae

Reproduction

• Vegetative reproduction

• Sexual unknown (crossing over)

• Asexual germs:

– Akinetes

– Endospores

– Exospores

– Nanocysts

Order General characteristics Representat

ive

sp.

CHROOCOCCALES unicellular or colonial; colonies not showing polarity; Chroococcus

multiplication by binary fission or by endospores; no Microcystis

heterocysts

CHAMAESIPHONALES

unicellular or colonial; colonies showing distinct

polarity; multiplication by endospores or exospores;

no heterocysts

PLEUROCAPSALES filamentous; multiplication by endospores; no

heterocysts

NOSTOCALES filamentous but with no division into prostrate and Spirulina

upright filaments; multiplication by hormogonia, with Oscillatoria

or without heterocysts. Nostoc

Nanabaena

STIGONEMATALES

filamentous; showing distinct prostrate and upright

systems; multiplication by hormogonia, or rarely by

akinetes ; heterocysts

CHROOCOCCALES

Microcystis Chroococcus

Spherical or irregular colonies Cells are grouped in pairs or

or flat cells in rows of reddish color fours? Hemispherical shape

split into two levels A thin, flexible mucous sheath

It coexists with plankton and surrounds the cells

causes red tides Live with aquaplankton


Nostocales

Oscillatoriaceae
Nostocaceae

Reproduce by heterocysts or akinains

It does not reproduce by heterocysts or akinins, but
by hormogonia

Nostoc

More ground than water in alkaline soils and on water-

soaked rocks Spirulina

The filaments coil, forming a ball of bead cells, while In salty and fresh water

the algal filament is static Animated spiral trichomes

Hetero vesicles fix nitrogen (terminal or intercellular) Its walls are thin and flexible

It reproduces by heterocysts, akinins, or by cell

division

Nanabaena

Aqueous resembling a nostic differs from it that Oscillatoria

this does not have specific colonies On the surface of moist soil or in silt beaches

Single sutures surrounded by sinusoidal sheaths Unbranched cylindrical trichome suture no sheath

The algal filament does not wrap the apical conical Straight, curved, sickle, or springy
cell It ends with an apical cell covered with a cap

The akinins are longer, the threads are movable, It moves in a vibrating motion called from which the

and they fix nitrogen name split

Live symbiotic living inside ferns It has many pseudo-vacuoles in cells

Or the roots of some plants

Nostoc

Nanabaena

‫
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‬ ‫‪Rhodophycota‬قسم الطحالب الحمراء‬
‫
‬ ‫‪Rhodophycophyceae‬طائفة الطحالب الحمراء‬
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‫قسم الطحالب الحمراء‬Rhodophycota

‫الخصائص العامة‬

Porphyra • Habitats: Freshwater, saltwater, rocky (or

epiphytic or endophytic), or parasites

• Cellular structures:

• Multicelluar, or colonial, Most of them are simple

filamentous or branched with heterogeneous

structure and can reach a meter in length or leafy

(the blade has four layers: inner and outer cortex,

primary axial cells and secondary medulla cells) or

massive (pseudo-parenchyma).

• The algal cell is mononuclear or polynuclear

• An opening in the cell wall whereby cells are

connected by cytoplasmic connections called pit

connections
• The wall consists of two layers, inner (cellulose

fibres), outer amorphous mucous, galactan,

sometimes deposited on the walls of calcium

carbonate (stone or chalky texture).

• Polysiphonia or multicellular (Porphyra)

• There are hooks or appendages

• Pigments: chlorophylls a&b, Lutein, β-carotene, Tetraxanthin, Allophycocynin, phycoerthrin,

(red) + phycocynin (blue) = Biliprotein + water soluble

• Stored materials: alcohols, oils and Floridean starch (with yellow or brown iodine)

• Apical growth from apical cell

• Reproduction:
• There are no reproductive stages with flagella.

• Asexual and asexual and vegetative propagation by fragmentation.

• Reproduction is asexual by the formation of non-motile single-celled spores, which are formed within the

sporangia.

• Sexual reproduction is oval:

• The male organ spermatangium

• carpogonium female member

• The life cycle of algae is represented by the phenomenon of the exchange of generations:

• Gametophyte (1n)

• Sporophyte(2n) stages that are apparently identical or dissimilar

• The third phase is independent asexual and is Tetrasporangia in which Tetraspores (1n) form

‫قسم الطحالب الحمراء‬

Rhodophycota

‫طائفة الطحالب الحمراء‬

Rhodophycophyceae
subclass

Bangiophycidae Florideophycidae

lack pit connections, apical had pit connections, apical

growth, and probably sexual growth, and sexual reproduction

reproduction with a triphasic life cycle.

Ceramiales ‫رتبة‬

Rhodomelaceae ‫فصيلة‬

Polysiphonia ‫جنس‬

Polysiphonia

• live in the seas

• Attached to a disc holder

• filamentous lateral branched

• Its color is reddish brown or dark reddish

• Algae cells arranged in side rows

• The main axis gives rise to lateral branches (polysiphonous appearance): the central cell, the

siphon, and the cells surrounding it (one of which is a siphon).

• Cytoplasmic connections of a mononuclear cell

• It has numerous discoid plastids

• apical growth

• The genus Polysiphonia gives two types of branches: polysiphonous = main axis, single row of cells

(the outgrowth is unlimited, Trichoblasts).

Ulvaphyceae

No cell wall in motile cells only scales may present

predominantly marine;

no dormant zygotes; alternation of

generations common.

Caulerpales

Ulvales marine algae and occur as seaweeds in the warmer oceans.

predominantly marine, there are a number of freshwater species multinuclear (2n)

uninucleate No cell walls except at the time of formation

parietal chloroplast Filamentous reproductive organs may be calcified

thallus is a hollow cylinder or a sheet, one or two cells thick. only biflagellate swarmers;

has an isomorphic alternation

of generations, with the gametophyte forming
thallus composed of a stem and bearing blades;
no oogamous reproduction.

biflagellate gametes and the sporophyte producing

quadriflagellate zoospores
a disc-shaped plastid with or without pyrenoids
Reproduction asexually and sexually homogeneous or heterogeneous

Family Ulvaceae
Plastid has one or more pyrenoids
Pigments vary by sp.
Siphonein, Siphonoxanthin, α-Carotene

Reproductive cells are larger than vegetative

Ulva
Family Caulerpaceae
Vegetative propagation by fragmentation

No asexual spores
Caulerpa

Ulva

• The environment:

• Salt water seas and oceans

• Especially intertidal areas (sea lettuce)

• It blooms due to nitrogenous residues

• Fixed on solid objects or free loose

• General shape:

• Flat paper or wavy-edged stripe

• two cells thick.

• Ends with clamp for installation

• It grows by cell division in two perpendicular

directions

• Cellular Structure:

• uninucleate
• parietal chloroplast or cup-shape has one or more

pyrenoids

• Reproduction:

• vegetative separation

• Asexual: motile spores (4 to 8) quadriflagellate

zoospores (1n)

• Sexual: isomorphic alternation of generations, with

the gametophyte forming (biflagellate gametes)

Caulerpa Caulerpa

• The environment:

• marine algae and occur as seaweeds in the warmer oceans.

(tropical and subtropical seas)

• Some in sheltered, open or deep waters

• Live in sandy, muddy, coral reefs or other vegetation

environments

• The general form consists of two parts:

• ( Creeping, which is rhizome semi-rooted

• It is standing and it is a blade that performs the process of

photosynthesis and its structures vary according to the type. It

may be bladey or lobed or branches of complex structures

resembling high-end plants)

• Cellular Structure:

• External and internal walls

• The cytoplasm contains many nuclei

• Chloroplasts

• Two types of xanthophyll pigments are siphonine and

siphonoxanthin, as well as alpha-carotene pigment replacing

beta-carotene.

• Reproduction:
• - vegetative (fragmentation)

• Sexual reproduction is often heterogeneous or identical

gametes

Charophyceae

Charales

oogamous sexual

Zygnemales
No zoospores
sexual reproduction by conjugation

unicells or unbranched filaments without

complex plant body with

apical growth and differentiation into

holdfasts
nodes and internodes

Spirogyra
plasmodesmata present.

Chara

Spirogyra

• Environment: fresh and stagnant water

• General shape: filamentous, unbranched

• Cellular Structure:

• Similar cylindrical cells united permanently into

unbranched

• The wall is made of cellulose and bectose, the outer

part of which is water-soluble pectin (the third layer of

mucus)
• Single helical plastid with wavy edges with a number of

pyrenoids

• The central nucleus has a large nucleolus attached by

cytoplasmic bonds

• Big succulent hole in the middle

• Interstitial growth by cell elongation and division

• Reproduction:

• Vegetative disintegration at the transverse walls with

the effect of:

•

Mechanical
• decomposition of middle plates

• Increased fullness pressure

• Asexuality occurs only in some species with non-motile

germs or akinetes

• Homothallism or heterothallism

• The zygote (2n) divides reductively, 4 nuclei degenerate

3, leaving only one that grows

Chara

• The environment:
• Still or slow-moving fresh water (attached to the

bottom of sandy and muddy ponds and lakes)

• Little in salt water

• Calcium carbonate salt on her body

• Like horsetail plants

• The general form consists of two parts:

• Flexible standing main axis consisting of nodes and ,

internodes from which lateral branches of limited

growth arise. These branches are divided into nodes

and phalanges and arise from leaf-like axillary

• multicellular roots

• Growth from single vault cells

• The main axis has appendages:

• the branches

• long branches

•
•
semi-branches
semi-roots

Chara

• Cellular Structure :

• have an axis divided into nodes and internodes

• nodes cells: mononuclear, with a dense cytoplasm,

vacuolated with succulents, and without pyrenoid-free

disc plastids.

• internodes elongated cells forming the phalanges have:

many nuclei, small plastids, a large central vacuole.

• Reproduction:

• - The vegetative separation:

(1) star-shaped aggregates of cells developed from the lower

nodes, called amylum stars because they are filled with starch

(2) bulbils developed on rhizoids

(3) protonema-like outgrowths from a node.

• -Sexual reproduction:

• Oogonium complex sexual organs

• The sexual organs are the globule (male) and nucule

(female)

• The zygote divides reductively to give a filamentous

phase and then unfolds into a new alga with rhizomes.

• No asexual spores, no asexual reproduction

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‬ ‫‪8‬صفائح‬
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‬ ‫‪5‬خاليا‬
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‫قسم الطحالب الخضراء‬
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‬ ‫‪Green algae‬‬
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General characteristics

• Its environment: aquatic (fresh and

marine), terrestrial (wet soil) and can be

found in:
• Shady places (tree log, rocks)

• Parasites on plant or Epiphytic

• Lichen

• Reproduction: asexual (motile spores),

sexual: diflagellate, tetraflagellate, or

Polyflagellate (except the immobile

ones)

• Cellular structure Similar to higher

plants:
• organic nucleus

Photosynthesis pigments in chloroplasts with

starch centers (Pyrenoids)

• Stored materials (starch)

• The wall is made of cellulose

• Algal vegetative cells are mostly motile


Table Characteristics of the four classes of green algae

Micromonadophycae Charophyceae Ulvophyceae Chlorophyceae

Position of flagella in cell Lateral Anterior Anterior

Multilayered structure May be present Yes No No

Covering on motile cells Scales Scales Scales Theca

Eyespot None Common Common

Environment freshwater marine predominantly freshwater

Life cycle Haplontic Alternation of Haplontic

generations common.

Representative Chara Caulerpa Volvocales:

sp. Spirogyra Ulva Chlamydomonoas

Volvox

Chlorococcales:

Chlorella

Hydrodictyon

Chlorophyceae

Volvocales

unicellular or colonies (the cells of which are

specific)

Chlorococcales Oedogoniales
The vegetative cell is motile, cup-like plastid

Reproduce asexually
and sexually (iso ,Aniso, herero (oogametes))

Chlamydomonoadaceae
single cell motile

Asexual reproduction: motile or flagellates

spores

Sexual : iso or oogametes

Chlamydomonoas

Volvocaceae

Flagella assemble into colonies with a

specified number of cells

Colonies (flat, discoid, spherical) freshwater

living

Asexual reproduction by division of vegetative

cells or gonads
Sexual: iso ,Aniso, herero (oogametesametes

Volvox

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‬ ‫بقعة عينية‬
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Chlorophyceae

Chlorococcales Volvocales

unicellular, multicellular , colonies and no filamentous forms

Oedogoniales
Branched or unbranched
unicellular or colonies (the cells of
which are specific)

Single cells do not reproduce by binary fission

Vegetative cells: non-motile (movement is limited to filamentous spores have a circular
The vegetative cell is motile, cup-
Gametes and asexual spores) flagella. Sexual: oogonum

unicellular, similar to the Chlamydomonas, But it has no flagella and no eye spot No contractive vacuole Oedogonium
like plastid
Reproduce asexually
Asexually by motile, nonmotile, and autospores. or daughter colonies

Sexual: iso, anisogametes and sexually (iso ,Aniso, herero

Habitat: fresh water, few in: the seas, wet soil, on the bark of trees (oogametes))

or symbiont in lichen or in some animals

Chlorellaceae
Free unicellular or symbiotic relationship, few in colonies

The cell is spherical or conical

Asexual reproduction by autospores

No sexual reproduction
Chlorella

Hydrodictyaceae ‫فصيلة‬
Non-motile colonies floating on the surface of fresh water

Combined cells give rise to asexual swimming spores

Motile sexual gametes

Hydrodictyon

Chlorella

• Environment:

• fresh water

• wet soil

• or any wet place

• symbiotic living: lichen, invertebrates

• Parasitic living on other algae

• Cellular Structure:

• Unicellular cell that may aggregate

within a mucous sheath

• A small cell is spherical or conical

• A single plastid, cup-shap, parietal,

with or without pyrenoids

• One nuclei

• Reproduction (asexual): by

autospores (2 to 16) liberated after

rupture of the mother's wall

Hydrodictyon

• Its environment: (water net) on

the surface of stagnant fresh

water.

• Cellular Structure:

• Cell colony A network of cells with

pentagonal or hexagonal holes

• The single cell:

• Wide oval or cylindrical cellular

compact

• At the beginning of its formation,

it has a single nucleus and a single

starch center

• The elderly are multinucleated and

have a retinal plastid that

surrounds a central vacuole and

contains starch centers

• Reproduction is asexual and sexual

Algae countless benefits and

not hidden harms

Countless benefits

Algae as food:

• for man

• Porphyra Nori:

• Vitamin A eight times more than

spinach

• Vitamin B1 nine times as much

• Vitamin B2 fifteen times

• Vitamin C double

• Kombu Laminaria Kombu

• Alaria and Wakame

• 13 times the calcium in milk

• Twice to more than ten times the iron

in spinach or egg yolks

• Ulva, Caulerpa is eaten fresh in East Asian

countries

• Ireland (blank kangaroos)

• Chad Spierulina

• Undigested algal polysaccharides (agar,

alginate, lammandarin, carrageen)?

• Rare salts and rare vitamins Protein 50% of

the high-end plant

• Chlorella powder added to: bread 57%

protein, 15% fat in ice cream

• for animal

• Ulva , Sargassum, Asscophyllum, Fucus,

Lamninaria

The role of algae in lands:

• Atmospheric nitrogen fixation (Anabaena, Nestoc,

Gleocapsa, Oscillatoria, Gloeocapsa,

Cylindrospermum)

• Fertilize the soil with algae

– Corolline Seaweed Reduces Soil Acidity (Red

and Chara)

– Potato farms in Ireland high potassium

content

– Some algae bind sandy soil and break up

clay soil

– The best crop of tomatoes fertilized with

algae

– America Fertilizer from Sargassum algae, a

commercial name Agri-blend

– China Sargassum fertilizer fields for peanut

and sweet potato

– Ulva, Enteromorpha Fertilizer for rice fields

and tea

Algae colloids in industry:

• Agar:

– Named from (Malay Islands)

– Gelidium alga

– 1958 AD Japanese hotel

– Various names: agar-agar-agar-agar-canten-

oriental or Japanese fish glue-howei-tao-jelly

gel-Bengal fish glue-Ceylon lichen-Chinese

lichen

– Its uses:

• Medicine in microorganisms farms,

preparation of serums, gum printing

molds, wound dressings, analgesic pills,

laxative medicine (Agarol)

• Cocoa suspension in milk without

sedimentation

• A kind of jelly in canning fish and meat

and in sweets

• Refinement of fabrics, paper, luster of

leather, and refinement of fabrics.

• Cosmetics, decorations and rubber

coating for grains and seeds

– Alginic acid and its derivatives:

• from brown algae

• Stabilizer for emulsions and suspensions

• In cosmetics and pharmacology (as facial fats,

toothpaste and quick-dissolving pills)

• From the Sargassum in Japan and the manufacture

of rayon and linoleum lacquer floors

• Refractory and cement bricks are encapsulated as an

insulator against weather fluctuations

• Fire disabled

• Fat free lubricating oil

• Boiler cleaning

– Carrageenin:

• from red algae

• In medicine: properties of mucus-forming, bitter taste,

treatment for burns, cough medicines, cortisone

extracts, treatment of blood clots Vioxx

• Shaving creams, photographic plates, toothpastes,

perfumes and paints

• Purifying agent for liquids, sugar and juices

• Paper and tissue makers and hair curlers

• Algae as a processable raw material:

– Seaweed is a source of iodine

– Extraction of important chemicals

– extract vitamins

– Production of tanning materials

– algal dyes

• Medicinal uses of algae:

– Antibiotics from algae

– vitamins

– Medicines and drugs

– Cervical curvature

– Contraceptives

• Diatomaceous sediments and their role in nature:

• Other uses of algae:

– The role of algae in converting salt water to fresh

– Increased utilization of light energy by algae

– Using algae as an alternative to petroleum energy

– Using algae to eliminate the dangers of radioactive

materials in liquid atomic waste Algae as a pollution

detector

– Algae in the space age

Harmful

General disadvantages

• Algae water problems:

– Taste and odor problems in

drinking water

– Algae sticking to tank walls

– Barges (fouling)

• algal toxins

Phaeophyta

Phaeophyceae

General characteristics

Its environment:

• sea water

• In shallow waters on the shores of the seas

• Highest growth in cold water

• connected to rocks and stones

General shape:

• A triad of large, immobile, many cells

• clamped

• Float with bladders (especially during tides)

• Cut resistant leather or rubber feel

• secretes a mucous substance surrounding it

of a colloidal nature (absorbs water)

• Some unfold to: a holder, a neck and a blade

Anatomical structure:

• Branched main axis thread body

• Or the form of parenchymal sheets with a

specific shape

• Cellular Structure:

• The cell wall is made up of two layers, the

inner and outer layers are cellulose, a

mixture of pectin and lignin

• Plastids have pigments but no pyrenoids

• uninuclear cell with vacuole

• One or more plastids that take different

shapes and forms

• Stored materials:

• Mannitol, Laminarin, Fat

• Fucosan vesicles

• Pigments:

• The brown color is due to Fucoxanthin

• Others: C-Carotene, Xanthophylls

Chlorophyll a&c, B&

Reproduction:

• reproductive phases:

• Spindle or pear animation

• Two unequal flagella (hairy and smooth)

• vegetative propagation by

fragmentation

• Asexual Reproduction:

• biflagellar motile spores

• or quadrupedal flagella within the

capsular sporangia

• sexual reproduction:

• Isogamy

• Heterogamy

• So much Oogamy

• The phenomenon of alternation of

generations appears in all but one rank

Order 1 Order 2 Order 3 Order 4 Order 5 Order 6 Order 7

Dictyotales Sphacelariales Cutleriales Desmarestiales Ectocarpales Laminariales Fucales

apical cell apical cell trichothallic trichothallic intercalary

filaments or meristem promeriste

filaments
compacted
between the stipe
and blade;

meiosis occurring daughter cells divided forming a fan- forming axial cells diploid thallus gametophyte

in the production longitudinally to give like thallus in at parenchymatous reduced to

egg and sperm
of a polysiphonous least one

four to eight non- structure Genera

motile
spores

oogamous isogamous anisogamous oogamous isogamous or oogamous oogamous .

anisogamous.

Phaeophyta

Phaeophyceae

Fucales

Cyclosporae
No alternation of generation
Laminariales Ectocarpales

Laminaria
Sporophyte is dominant
Heterogenerata
heteromorphic alternation of generation
Isogeneratae
isomorphic alternation of generation

gametophyte reduced to egg and sperm

carried on by sporophyte
Laminaria Ectocarpus
Fucus

Sargassum

Ectocarpus

Its environments:

• sea water, especially cold ones

• Connected to rocks and stones on the shores of the seas

• Some are Epiphytes

• Some on the fins of some fish

General shape:

• Strands of flexible, densely branched brown filaments

• The filament is distinguished by two parts:

• extrusive creeping (irregular branching attached to the

semi-roots emerging from the basal cells of the

hyphae)

• Upright part (branched filaments originating from the

creeping part)

• The aging part is surrounded by rhizome-like branches

• The filaments branch laterally from the level under the root

cells
• Lateral branches end with translucent cells with hairy

colorless pointed ends

• Growth The apical creeping part of the interstitial or basal

meristem activity

• The gametophyte and sporophyte are Isomorphic

Cellular Structure:

• cylindrical shape

• mononuclear

• The wall is made of three layers of pectic cellulose

• Plastids One or more discs or streaks with or

without starch centers

Reproduction:

• Asexual:

• diploid swimming spores from capsular:

• Compound (multi-chamber) 2n of indirect split

• Simple 1n (single-chambered) by meiosis

• sexual:

• heterogamous or monogamous

• Sexual capsules are compound-like but carried on a 1n .

gametophyte phase

• isogametes or anisogametes

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‬ ‫اختزالي‬
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‬ ‫‪Mitospores‬‬
‫مباشر‬
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‬ ‫‪64 -32‬‬
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‬ ‫وحدات‬
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‬ ‫خلوية بنوية‬
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‬ ‫‪Meiozoospore‬‬
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Laminaria

Their environments:

• ocean water, especially cold ones

• Connected to rocks and stones on the shores of the seas

General shape:

• Large, simple and branched

• has three parts:

• Creeping flat (holdfast), rhizome-shaped or disc-shaped

• Upright part, simple blade or lobed blade with curly edges

• Solid or hollow stipe neck

• Intercalary meristem and secondary growth in the neck

• Pustules of germinal caps on the vegetative blades as well as

on the germinal leaves along the blade

• The gametophyte is not microbial in shape

• The exchange of generations between two dissimilar

generations (the germ phase is up to 100 feet long, i.e. more

than 30 meters)

Cellular Structure:

• The blade and the neck are composed of

the area of ​the human meristem (one or

more layers of similar cells)

• The outer cortex area, which are oblong

cells with pointed ends, and the inner

cortex area, which are oblong cells with

pointed ends.

• The medulla region is a mass of

intertwined threads.

Reproduction:

• The germinal phase carries the simple,

uni-dominant germinal capsules and sterile

filaments in pustules

• The spores are motile 1n with unequal

length, about 16-64 germs

• sexual:

• The diploid stage of gametophyte sex capillaries

is similar to the vehicle but carries on a 1n .

gametophyte phase

• The gametes are not physiologically alike or

different
• (dual-dwelling) or phenotypically (two different

preserves on the same alga)

Fucus

The environment:

• rocky in seas and oceans

• Especially cold areas (kelp or rocks)

General shape:

• striate branching bifurcated

• It is characterized into three parts:

• Disc-shaped hard clamp or clamp

• Above it the peduncle branches dichotomously

• It gives the fasciola (the branching part) with a

median vein that extends in each branch

• It grows by a terminal cell below the apical cavity

• The end of the branches the openings of the

sexual caps

• Trinity covers mucous protection from drying

Reproduction:

• sexual:
• Oogamy

• Antherids and oogons within gametocytes:

• Monogenous or heterogenous

• The cross section is distinguished into three areas:

Position cells tissue Regions

The process of photosynthesis and the Polygon rich in plastids Photosynthesis cuticle

formation of nutrients

Store food Thin-walled cells larger storage cortex

than representative tissue

Food delivery to thallus parts tangled loose thread core medulla

Euglenophyceae

Euglenales • The environment:

Euglenaceae • Fresh water rich in organic matter

• And some in wet mud and salt marshes

Euglena • It is rarely found in colonies

• Some live a molten life where there are no plastids (ingestion

or diffusion of water and organic nutrients)

• General shape: single-celled single flagella

• Cellular Structure:

• The cell is spindle or helically coiled with a pointed, posterior,

colorless end

• The outer part of the cytoplasm is characterized by an outer

layer (peripheral plasma)

• Numerous chloroplasts are disc or streaked, with or without

pyrenoids, covered with a sheath of parmalone granules.

• The large central nucleus is attached by cytoplasmic links

• It has a visual shape

• The hive has a reservoir next to it, one or two contracting slits

• red eye spot near the esophagus

• The flagellum branches inside the reservoir, and each end of it

embeds the cytoplasm

• Reproduction:

• Indirect vegetative division possible Parallel phase

• sexually homologous amoebic gametes by mating

Dinophyceae

Dinophyceae

Dinotrichales Dinococcales Dinocapsales Peridiniales Dinophysiales Prorocentrales

Gymnidium


Environment:

Fresh and salt water

important in warm and cold water.

Most of the species are tropical.

They are rarely found in colonies.

Most of them are autotrophic and carry out photosynthesis, and some of them are non-

autotrophic

General Shape: Single cell, diploid flagella

Cellular structure:

- Plastids are peripheral and diffuse in the cell

-The pigments chlorophyll a, c Peridinin, neoperidinin) These pigments combine with

water and protein and are similar to those of red and bluish green.

-The stored materials are starch, which is inside the pyrenoide, and the starch is similar

to higher plants.

There may be a speck in some species about 5% in fresh water.

-The presence of two transverse flagella, which is called the transverse flagellum, the
longitudinal flagellum, and the transverse flagellum two to three times longer than the

longitudinal flagellum, which is spiral and spiral.

These algae are very fast compared to other algae and they swim about 200-500

micrometers per second and marine ones dive to search for food in the depths. It can
swim 6 hours of the day and cut about 5 meters to the bottom if it is the type that cuts

about 500 micrometers per second.


Reproduction:

• vegetative, indirect division,

• possible parallel phase

• Similar gametes

Poisons Some species produce a poison that is deadly to fish and shellfish and is called (Red tides) and gives

the water a red color. The danger lies when it is fed by humans and animals.

There are three types of toxins:

• Mussel poisoning

• Paralytic shellfish poisoning

• Saxitoxin poisoning

• The chemical composition is: C10 H15 N7 O4.2HCL and its molecular weight is 370

It is slow-acting in the intestines and stomach but fast in the kidneys.

The red tide has been recorded both past and present. In Egypt, it was recorded in the ancient Nile River, and

its color became red, and the fish died, and it had an unpleasant smell, which led to not drinking from it.

Recently in Alaska, Japan, America, Canada and Saudi Arabia.

There are many reasons for red tide some of it is concern with:

• surface water temperature

• Strong and coastal winds

• Light Intensity

• Nutrients such as B12 have diatoms.

• petroleum


RED TIDE BLOOM

Xanthophyta

Xanthophyceae

Xanthophyceae

Vaucheriales

Tribonematales Mischococcales Heterogloeales Heterochloridales

Botrydiacea 1
Vauchiaceae 2

Vaucheria


Vaucheria

• The environment:

• Fresh and little in the seas, it grows in places with moderate

temperatures, moist soil, ponds, pits or streams

• General shape:
• long, tubular branched filament, branched

• no transverse walls except when propagating to form reproductive

organs

• semi-roots, colorless branches, cellular compact and apical growth

• Cellular structure: the wall has two layers, inner is cellulose,

outer is lactose, polyplasts are disc-shaped or conical.

• Pigment yellow color xynthophyll and chlorophyll (e) Stored

substances Oil

• Reproduction:
• vegetative by fragmentation
• The asexual multiflagellate zoospore within capsules
• Sexual Oogamy Homothallic, Heterothallic
• Anthers are cylindrical in shape, diflagelates, smooth and
hairy
• The oogonium spherical or oval, with a short neck, or sitting
with an opening to receive male, singly or in groups.
 Bacillariophyta
Bacillariophyceae
Biddulphiales (1)
Bacillariales (2)
Bacillariaceae
Diatoms (Nitzschia, Navicula, Melosira)
 Diatoms
• The environment:
• Fresh water: ponds and swamps
• or in wet soils and rocky slopes
• on the bark of trees
• it resists drought for long periods
• hot and salty springs, most of which live in the seas

• General form:
• unicellular,
• colonies (mucous sheath) in the form of filamentous filaments, there is no specialization in the work,
• many shapes (rod, disc, triangle, square or other)

• Cellular structure:
• The wall: is silica + pectin in the form of precipitates, the plastid is disc-shaped or conical.
• Pigment:, chlorophyll a, c, phycoxanthin and diatomine, yellowish-brown substances,
• stored substances : Oil, chryso-laminarin, and Volutin as protein
• The cell is surrounded by a mucous substance of Pactic Acid Slow motion of smooth type
• After death, it is called diatomaceous earth, which can withstand heat up to 150 °C

• Reproduction:
• vegetative by cell fission
• Sexually by Auxospores grown from two germs, the male is motile, but the female none-motile
• Monoecious Or Dioecious
• Isogametes or anisogametes
• Four cells - three vanish and one remains, and become the male or female
 ‫‪Epitheca‬‬
‫‪Fine pores‬ثقوب دقيقة‬
‫المصراع الفوقي‬ ‫‪Valves‬‬
‫المصراعين‬
‫‪Nucleus‬النواة‬

‫‪Central Nodule‬‬
‫العقدة المركزية‬
‫‪Gridle‬الحزام‬
‫‪Polar Nodule‬‬
‫العقدة الطرفية‬

‫‪Cell wall‬الجدار الخلوي‬

‫‪Riphe‬الشق الطولي‬
‫‪Hypotheca‬‬
‫‪Ridges‬البروزات‬ ‫المصراع التحتي‬
 (2n)
(2n)

(2n)
(2n)

(2n)
(2n)
Meiosis
Auxospore
2n formation
Zygote Four haploid
nuclel
Auxospore

(n)
Gametes Three nuclel abort
(n) one survives