Lecture Materials for

Chemistry for
Engineers (CHEM
1AB)
Eleonor F. Santiago, MSEnE
Faculty, College of Agriculture
University of Rizal System - Tanay Main Campus

Chemistry for Engineers

Lecture 1. Introduction to Energy
a. Introduction 🡪
b. Electrochemical energy
c. Fuels
d. Nuclear chemistry and energy

Introduction
Science is an organized system of knowledge
based on experimentation.
Chemistry is the study of matter and energy and
the interaction between them.

The food you eat, the clothes you wear, the

medicines you take, and most other aspects of
your life are directly affected by the substances
that will be studied in this course.

Health and medicine - establishing sanitation

system, surgery with anesthesia, vaccines and
antibiotics, gene theraphy

Energy and the environment - new energy sources:

solar energy, nuclear fission
Introduction
Branches of chemistry:

1. Organic chemistry - study of the compounds of

carbon.

2. Inorganic chemistry - study of all elements and

compounds other than organic compounds.
3. Physical chemistry - study of theoretical aspects of
the structure and changes of matter.

4. Analytical chemistry - study of what is present

(qualitative) and how much is present
(quantitative)

5. Biochemistry - study of chemistry of biologically

important elements and compounds.
Introduction
History of chemistry:

Prehistoric man - used metals and made pottery and bricks

400 BC - beginning of chemistry as a science

1st century - first book of chemistry written in Egypt; beginning

of alchemy in China

12th century - alchemy reached Europe through Spain

16th to 17th centuries - first textbook of chemistry in 1597;

Boyle wrote the book “The Skeptical Chemist”

18th century - Phlogiston theory proposed; oxygen was

discovered in 1774; Antoine Laurant Lavoisier - father of
modern chemistry

19th to 20th centuries - atomic theory by Dalton; development

of the Periodic Law and the Periodic Table

Basic concepts
Weight - pull on the body of the nearest celestial
body (i.e. earth, moon)

Mass - measure of quantity of material in a

sample

Compounds are substances consisting of two or

more elements combined in definite proportions
by mass to give a material having a definite set of
properties different from that of any of its
constituent elements.
Basic concepts
Energy
Matter is anything that occupies space and has
mass.

Energy is the capacity to do work or transfer heat.

Work = force x distance
Light, heat and sound are forms of energy.

The Law of Conservation of Energy:

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed; it can only
be transformed from one form to another.

Matter and energy are interconvertible. The quantity

of energy producible from a quantity of matter and
vice versa is given by Einstein’s famous equation: E
2
= mc

Forms of energy
Kinetic energy - energy produced by a moving
object.

Radiant energy or solar energy - comes from the

sun and is Earth’s primary energy source.

Thermal energy - energy associated with the

random motion of atoms and molecules.
Chemical energy - stored with the structural units
of chemical substances.

Potential energy - energy available by virtue of an

object’s position.
Energy changes in
chemical reactions
Heat is the transfer of thermal energy between
two bodies that are at different temperatures.

Thermochemistry is the study of heat change in

chemical reactions.

3 TYPES OF SYSTEMS:

1. Open system - can exchange mass and

energy in the form of heat with its surroundings

2. Closed system - allows transfer of energy (heat)

but not mass
3. Isolated system - does not allow transfer of
either mass or energy
Energy changes in
chemical reactions
Exothermic process - any process that gives off
heat, transfers thermal energy to the
surroundings

Example: combustion of hydrogen gas in

oxygen: 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l) + energy

Endothermic process - heat has to be supplied to

the system by the surroundings

Example: decomposition of mercury(II) oxide (HgO)

at high temperatures:

energy + 2HgO(s) → 2Hg(l) + O2(g)

Introduction to thermodynamics
Thermochemistry is part of
thermodynamics, which is the study of
the interconversion of heat and other
kinds of energy.

First law of thermodynamics - Energy

can be converted from one form to
another, but cannot be created or
destroyed

The change in internal energy of a

system is the sum of the heat exchange between
the system and the surroundings and the work
done on or by the system:

ΔE = q + w

w = F x d = -PΔV = -P(Vf - Vi)

Introduction to thermodynamics
Calorimetry
Heat changes in physical and chemical processes are
measured with a calorimeter.

Calorimetry is the measurement of heat changes.

Specific heat (Cp) of a substance is the

amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of one gram of the substance
by one degree Celsius. Units: J/kg・°C,
kcal/kg・°C

Heat capacity (C) of a substance is the

amount of heat required to raise the
temperature of a given quantity of the substance by one
degree Celsius. Units: J/°C

C = mCp

where: m - mass of substance in grams

Calorimetry
Example: The specific heat of water is 4.184
J/g°C, then the heat capacity of 60.0g of
water is: (60.0g)(4.184 J/g°C) = 251 J/°C

Equations for calculating heat

exchange: q = mCpΔT q = CΔT

Example: Calculate the number of joules

of heat energy required to raise the
temperature of 125 g of silver from 100°
to 250°C.

2
Solution: specific heat of silver = 2.34x10 J/kgK

2
(2.34x10 J/kgK)(125g)(1kg/1000g)(150K) =
3
4.39x10 J

Concentration of solutions
The concentration of a solution expresses the amount of
solute present in a given amount of solution.
 Solute is the material that is dissolved in a solvent. For
example, if you dissolve sugar in water, the sugar is the
solute and the water is the solvent.

Methods of expressing concentration:

1. Percent by mass = (mass of solute/mass of solution)*100

2. Percent by volume = (volume of solute/volume of solution)*100 3. Mole fraction

= no.of moles of a component/total no.of moles of all components 4. Molal

concentration = moles of solute/kg of solvent

5. Molar concentration = moles of solute/L of solution

Concentration of solutions
Examples:
Percent by mass: If 28.5g of calcium hydroxide is
dissolved in enough water to make 185g of solution,
calculate the % concentration of calcium hydroxide in
the solution.
(28.5g/185g)100 = 15.4%
Percent by volume: A wine contains 12% alcohol by
volume. Calculate the number of ml of alcohol in 350ml
of the wine.
350ml wine(12ml alcohol/100ml wine) = 42ml
alcohol
 Mole fraction: Calculate the mole fraction of
phosphoric acid in 25% aqueous phosphoric acid
solution.
25g (1mol /98g) = 0.26mol H3PO4
XH3PO4 = 0.26/(0.26+4.2) = 0.058
Molal concentration: Calculate the molal
concentration of a solution that contains 18g of
sodium hydroxide in 100ml of water.

75g(1mol/18g) = 4.2mol H2O (18g NaOH/100g H2O)(1mol NaOH/40g NaOH)

(1000g H2O/1kg H2O) = 4.5mol NaOH/kg H2O
Molarity
Molarity is a measure of concentration.

Molarity is the number of moles of solute per liter of

solution.

The unit of molarity is molar, symbolised M.

Example: What is the molarity of the solution

produced by dissolving 6.00 mol of solute in
enough water to make 1.50 L of solution?

Solution: Molarity = 6.00 mol/1.50 L = 4.00 M

Diluting solutions
Dilutions involves taking a solution with a known
concentration (stock solution) and preparing a
second solution that has a lower concentration.

Formula:

m1V1 = m2V2

C 1V 1 = C 2V 2
Diluting

solutions
 Example:
3. A 35.0 g block of metal at 80.0 °C is added to a
Exercise 1. Energy mixture of 100.0 g of water and 15.0 g of ice
in an isolated container. All the ice melted
1. Calculate the number of kilocalories and and the temperature in the container rose to
kilojoules required to raise the temperature 10.0 °C. What is the specific heat of the
of 100g of liquid water from 12° to 82°C. metal?

2. Calculate the specific heat of:

a. Exactly 150.0cal of heat will raise the

temperature of 18.5g of a liquid from 22.0°
to 44.0°C

b. A sample of metal with a mass of 25.0g, initially at

75.0°C, is placed in 85.5g of water at 22.0°C. The final
temperature of the water and the metal is 27.5°C.