2021 Phy2 - Clc-Bai Giang Vl2 - Dvlu

ĐẠI HỌC ĐÀ NẴNG
TRƯỜNG ĐH SƯ PHẠM
KHOA VẬT LÝ
VẬT LÍ 2 CLC:
PHYSICS 1: MECHANICS AND THERMODYNAMICS
PHYSICS 2: ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM,
OPTICS AND MODERN PHYSICS
DỤNG VĂN LỮ
ĐT: 0935 117 206; Email: dvlu@ued.udn.vn
CV: http://scv.udn.vn/dvlu 1
Online reference
1. Dictionary: (physics) http://tudien.thuvienvatly.com/ ;
(life) https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/
(Sharing reading En) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dpLVB_4SPQg
2. Physics:
+Animate: https://faraday.physics.utoronto.ca
+Physical terms:
http://www.conservapedia.com/Physical_Science_Terms
+Lecture MIT:
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLyQSN7X0ro22WeXM2QCKJ
m2NP_xHpGV89
+Search: https://www.YOUTUBE.com or https://www.GOOGLE.com/
+... 2
Syllabus – Đề cương học phần
1. Title: Physics 2
2. Credits: 3
3. Prerequisites: Analytics analysis, Physics 1
4. Course Description
This course tends to give students opportunity to explore the basic
concepts, laws and application of Electricity and Magnetism, & Optics:
 Sources, properties and characteristic of Electric field, Magnetic field
 Electrostatic interaction, magnetic interaction and applications
 Laws of direct-current circuit, alternative-current circuit
 Electromagnetic field and wave
 Electric energy, magnetic energy
 Electromagnetic induction and applications
 Interference and Diffraction of Light 4
5. Textbook
1. R.A. Serway and W. Jewett, Physics for Scientists and Engineers with
Modern Physics (9th Ed.), Cengage Learning, USA, 2014
2. Trần Ngọc Hợi, Phạm Văn Thiều, Vật lý đại cương: Các nguyên lý và
ứng dụng, Tập 2: Điện, từ, dao động và sóng, & Tập 3: Quang. NXB
Giáo dục 2006
3. Bài giảng & Bài tập do GV biên soạn.
Reference Books
1. Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman, University Physics with
Modern Physics (14th Edition), Pearson Education, USA, 2012
2. Paul A. Tipler and Gene Mosca, Physics for Scientists and Engineers
(6th Ed.), W. H. Freeman and Company, USA, 2008
3. David Halliday, Cơ sở vật lý, tập 2 và 6, NXB Giáo dục, 2007
5
6. Lession plan
Week Lesson Preparation of student
Introduction
1
Chapter 1: Electric fields Read the text book: 690-714
Prepare the solution of problems
2 Solve problems of chapter 1
by individual
Chapter 2: Gauss’s law Read the text book: 725-748
3
Chapter 3: Electric Potential Read the text book: 746-766
4 Solve problems of chapters 2, 3
by individual
Chapter 4: Capacitance and Dielectrics Read the text book: 777-798
5
Chapter 5: Direct-Current Circuits Read the text book: 844-855
6 Chapter 6: Magnetic Fields Read the text book: 868-892
6
6. Lession plan
Week Lesson Preparation of student
7 Solve problems of chapters 5, 6 Prepare the solution
8 Represent the result of the project Work in group
9,10 Chapter 7: Sources of Magnetic field Read the text book: 904-922
11 Solve problems of chapter 7
by individual
Chapter 8: Faraday’s law Read the text book
12
Chapter 9: Interference of Light
13 Solve problems of chapters 8,9
by individual
14 Chapter 10: Diffraction of Light Read the text book
15 Solve problems of chapters 10
7
Syllabus – Đề cương Học phần
7. Assessment
Assessment Types Assessment Components Percentages
A1.1. Attendance/Discuss: ~5%

A1. Learning A1.2. Homework report: ~15% 0.3 =30%
activities A1.3. Project: ~ 10%
A2.1. Written Test 0.2 =20%

A2. Midterm Exam
(có thể thi chung)
A3.1. Written Test 0.5 = 50%
A3. Final Exam (thi chung, đề chung, chầm chung, rọc phách)
 Luôn luôn sẵn sàng hổ trợ về kiến thức, kĩ năng.
NHƯNG: Vui lòng: KHÔNG XIN, KHÔNG NHỜ về điểm...

8
7. A1. Learning activities; 40+=10 điểm
-Trình bày báo cáo nhóm tối đa: 12+
-Nộp bài tập tất cả các chương trước GK tối đa : 6+
-Nộp bài tập tất cả các chương trước CK tối đa : 6+
-Trình bày bt trên bảng theo phân công tối đa : 4+
-Nộp 1 bài tập được phân công tối đa : 2+
-2 lần kiểm tra 15’ cuối chương 4 và cuối chương 7: 2x3đ= tối đa 6+
-Phát biểu/thảo luận trong tiết lí thuyết/bài tập: (1-2)+/lần
-Điểm danh bằng cách gọi tên hoặc nộp bài tập nhỏ theo yc GV: Vắng 1 buổi: trừ
4-.
* Các mục trên đều có tham gia và tích lũy đủ 40+= 10 điểm trong cột điểm BT
(0.3).
Project (làm dự án): Max-12+
Cách thức tổ chức:
- Mỗi lớp chia thành nhóm nhỏ (gồm 5 đến 6sv), có nhóm trưởng và thư ký .
-Mỗi nhóm phải chọn 1 chủ đề dự án trong nhóm dự án đề xuất. Khuyến khích
lựa chọn dự án theo ngành SV đang theo học.
-Trong bài báo cáo Powerpoint (=English): tên dự án, tên thành viên, CDIO là
gì?, nguyên lí vật lí của mô hình, phải chụp hình các thành viên tham gia trong
lúc làm việc, các minh chứng các giai đoạn trên). KHÔNG GÁNH TEAM!
Dự án 1: Thiết kế và chế tạo máy bay chạy trên đường băng
bằng động cơ điện và theo nguyên lý phản lực
-Dự án 2: Chế tạo máy phát điện từ các dụng cụ dễ tìm, thân thiện môi
trường
-Dự án 3: ... (SV có thể đề xuất)
-Xem thêm thông tin ở file dự án project gửi cùng bài giảng, bài tập
Syllabus – Đề cương Học phần
8. Student Responsibilities and Policies:
 Attendance: It is compulsory that students attend at least 80% of the
course to be eligible for the final examination.
 Missed tests: Students are not allowed to miss any of the tests. There are
very few exceptions.
 VẮNG THI GK/CK => 0 điểm
 KHÔNG gian lận (tài liệu, Điện thoại, trao đổi...) trong thi cử
13
What are DIFFIRENCES between

School & University
1. Kiến thức (đa dạng, phức tạp...)
2. Cường độ học tập
3. Lớp học đông hơn
4. Tự do hơn
5. TỰ HỌC – Self-sutdy
Xxx ....
Email gửi tài liệu

CHAPTER 1
Electric fields
1.1. Properties of Electric Charges
1.2. Charging Objects by Induction
1.3. Coulomb’s Law
1.4. Analysis Model:
Particle in a Electric Field
1.5. Electric Field of a Continuous
Charge Distribution
ELECTRIC FIELDS - CHAPTER 1
Outcome
 Electrostatic force
𝒒𝟎 𝚫𝒒𝒊 𝒒𝟎 𝒅𝒒
𝑭 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟐 𝑟𝑖 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟐 𝑟
𝒓𝒊 𝒓
𝒊
 Electric field
𝚫𝒒𝒊 𝒅𝒒
𝑬 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟐 𝑟𝑖 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟐
𝑟
𝒓𝒊 𝒓
𝒊
Discuss extra questions!
15

 Two types of charges:
positive and negative
 Charge interaction:
 Charge of the same sign
repel one another
 Charges with opposite
signs attract one another
 Electric charge is always
conserved in an isolated
system
16
New words
Electromagnetism /ɪˌlektrəʊˈmæɡnətɪzəm/: the production of a magnetic
field by means of an electric current, or of an electric current by means of a
magnetic field – điện từ học
Electrostatic /ɪˌlektrəʊˈstætɪk/: used to talk about electric charges that are
not moving, rather than electric currents – tĩnh điện
Interaction /ˌɪntərˈækʃn/: if one thing has an interaction with another, or if
there is an interaction between two things, the two things have an effect on
each other – tương tác
Direct-Current /dəˌrekt ˈkʌrənt/, /daɪˌrekt ˈkɜːrənt/: an electric current
that flows in one direction only – dòng điện 1 chiều
Circuit /ˈsɜːkɪt/: the complete path of wires and equipment along which an
electric current flows – mạch
New words
Alternative /ɔːlˈtɜːnətɪv/: a thing that you can choose to do or have out of
two or more possibilities – luân phiên/thay đổi nhau
Wave /weɪv/: the form that some types of energy such as heat, sound,
light, etc. take as they move - sóng
Distribution /ˌdɪstrɪˈbjuːʃn/: the act of giving or sharing something out
among a number of people – phân phối
Repel /rɪˈpel/: to drive, push or keep something away – đẩy lùi
Isolated /ˈaɪsəleɪtɪd/: without much contact with others – cô lập
Multiple /ˈmʌltɪpl/: a quantity that contains another quantity an exact
number of times – bội số
New words
Fundamental /ˌfʌndəˈmentl/: forming the source or base from which
everything else is made; not able to be divided any further – cơ bản
Insulator /ˈɪnsjuleɪtə(r)/: a material or device used to prevent heat,
electricity, or sound from escaping from something – chất cách điện
Semiconductor /ˌsemikənˈdʌktə(r)/, /ˈsemaɪkəndʌktər/: a solid substance
that conducts electricity in particular conditions, better than insulators but
not as well as conductors – chất bán dẫn
Stationary /ˈsteɪʃənri/, /ˈsteɪʃəneri/: not changing in condition or quantity -
tĩnh
Permitivity /,pə:mi'tiviti/: the ability of a substance to store electrical
energy in an electric field – h số điện môi
New words
Permitivity /,pə:mi'tiviti/: the ability of a substance to store electrical energy
in an electric field – hằng số điện môi
Corners /ˈkɔːnə(r)/: a part of something where two or more sides, lines or
edges join - góc
Arbitrary /ˈɑːbɪtri/, /ˈɑːrbɪtreri/: not seeming to be based on a reason, system
or plan and sometimes seeming unfair – bất kỳ
Atmospheric /ˌætməsˈferɪk/, /ˌætməsˈfɪrɪk/: related to the earth’s atmosphere
– khí quyển
Dipole /ˈdaɪpəʊl/: a pair of separated poles, one positive and one negative –
lưỡng cực
Visualize /ˈvɪʒuəlaɪz/: to form a picture of somebody/something in your mind
– hình dung
New words
Pattern /ˈpætn/ a regular arrangement of lines, shapes, colours, etc. for
example as a design on material, carpets, etc – hoa văn
Region /ˈriːdʒən/: a part of the body, usually one that has a particular character
or problem – khu vực
Terminate /ˈtɜːmɪneɪt/: to end; to make something end – chấm dứt
Excess /ɪkˈses/: more than is necessary, reasonable or acceptable – dư thừa
Convention /kənˈvenʃn/: the way in which something is done that most people
in a society expect and consider to be polite or the right way to do it – quy ước
Symmetry /ˈsɪmətri/: the quality of being very similar or equal – tính cân xứng
 Electric charge always occurs as integral multiples of a fundamental

amount of charge 𝑒 (quantized)
𝑞 = ±𝑁𝑒
 Neutron: 𝑞𝑛 = 0, Proton: 𝑞𝑝 = 𝑒, Electron: 𝑞𝑒 = −𝑒
 Positive ion: 𝑞+ = 𝑁𝑒, Negative ion: 𝑞− = −𝑁𝑒
22
1.2. Charging Objects by Induction
1. Electrical conductors
2. Electrical insulators
3. Semiconductors.
23
24

 Vector form of Coulomb’s law
The electric force exerted by a charge 𝑞1 on a
second charge 𝑞2
𝑞1 𝑞2
𝐹12 = 𝑘𝑒 2 𝒓𝟏𝟐
𝑟
 𝒓𝟏𝟐 is a unit vector directed from 𝑞1 toward
𝑞2
 The force exerted by 𝑞2 on 𝑞1
𝐹21 = −𝐹12
 When more than two charges are present, for
example, if four charges are present, the
resultant force exerted by particles 2, 3, and 4
on particle 1 is
𝐹1 = 𝐹21 + 𝐹31 + 𝐹41
25

 Example 1.1.
Consider three point charges located at the corners of a right
triangle as shown in the below figure, where 𝑞1 = 𝑞3 = 5.00 μC,
𝑞2 = −2.00 μC, and 𝑎 = 0.100 m. Find the resultant force exerted
on 𝑞3 .
Ans. 𝐹3 = −1.04i + 7.94j N
26
Ex.1.1
Xét 3 điện tích điểm được đặt tại các góc của tam giác vuông như trên hình vẽ,
trong đó 𝑞1 = 𝑞3 = 5𝜇𝐶, 𝑞2 = −2𝜇𝐶, và 𝑎 = 0.1𝑚. Tìm lực tổng hợp tác dụng
lên q3.
Hướng dẫn:
- Vẽ hình:
-Phân tích các lực tác dụng lên q3
-Tính tổng hợp lực tác dụng lên q3
27
Ex.1.1
Giải:
- (Vẽ hình):
-q3 chịu tác dụng của 2 lực, như được
vẽ trên hình, độ lớn của chúng lần lượt là:
𝑞1 𝑞3 𝑞2 𝑞3
𝐹13 = 𝑘 2
𝑟13
=; 𝐹23 = 𝑘 2 =
𝑟23
-Tổng hợp lực tác dụng lên q3:
𝐹 = 𝐹13 + 𝐹23 (theo quy tắc hình bình hành) (dùng pp tọa độ)
𝐹13 = 𝐹13 cos 45 𝑖 + 𝐹13 sin 45 𝑗 ; 𝐹23 = −𝐹23 𝑖 + 0𝑗
Suy ra: 𝐹3 = −1.04i + 7.94j N
28
Vector projections
Projection length of v1 on v2 =
𝑣1 cos 𝜃 𝑣2 𝑣1 𝑣2
𝑣1 cos 𝜃 = 𝑣1 sin 𝛿 = =
𝑣2 𝑣2
δ
𝑂𝑄 = 𝑂𝑅 + 𝑂𝑆 = 𝑂𝑅 𝑖 + 𝑂𝑆 𝑗
= 𝑂𝑅 𝑖 + 𝑂𝑆 𝑗 = (𝑂𝑅 , 𝑂𝑆)
OR (SQ): projection of OQ on Ox
OS (RQ): Projection of OQ on Oy
1.4. Analysis Model: Particle in a Field

Electric field: the field force exists in the region of space around a
charged object (called source charge)
 Electric field vector 𝑬

The electric force on the test charge per unit
charge at a point in space is defined as the
electric force acting on a positive test charge
placed at that point divided by the test charge Source test
charge q charge qo
𝑭𝒆
𝑬= (𝐍/𝐂)
𝒒𝟎
(𝐹𝑒 : electric force exerts on a test charge 𝑞0 )
→ If an arbitrary charge 𝑞 is placed in an electric field 𝐸, it

experiences an electric force given by 𝐹𝑒 = 𝑞0 𝐸
30
1.4. Analysis Model: Particle in a Field

 Electric field due to a point charge
The electric field due to a point charge 𝑞 at the location P having a
distance 𝑟 from the charge is
𝒒 𝑟: unit vector direct from
𝑬 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟐 𝒓 𝑞 toward P
𝒓
 Electric field due to a finite number of point charges

𝑞𝑖
𝐸 = 𝑘𝑒 2 𝑟𝑖
𝑟𝑖
𝑖 31
1.5. EF of a Continuous Charge Distribution

 Electric field due to a continuous charge
distribution
Δ𝑞𝑖 𝒅𝒒
𝑬 = 𝑘𝑒 2 𝑟𝑖 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟐
𝒓
𝑟𝑖 𝒓
𝑖
 Volume charge density:
𝑄
𝜌= 𝐶/𝑚3 , 𝑑𝑞 = 𝜌𝑑𝑉
𝑉
 Surface charge density:
𝑄
𝜎= 𝐶/𝑚2 , 𝑑𝑞 = 𝜎𝑑𝐴
𝐴
 Linear charge density:
𝑄
𝜆= (𝐶/𝑚), 𝑑𝑞 = 𝜆𝑑𝑙
𝑙
32
Examples
Example 1.2.
A water droplet (giọt) of mass 3.00 × 10−12 kg is located in the air
near the ground during a stormy day. An atmospheric electric field
of magnitude 6.00 × 103 N/C points vertically downward in the
vicinity (lân cận) of the water droplet. The droplet remains
suspended at rest in the air. What is the electric charge on the
droplet?
Ans. −4.90 × 10−15 C
33
Examples
Example 1.2
𝑚 = 3.00 × 10−12 kg; trọng lực hướng xuống 𝐹𝑔 = 𝒎𝒈
𝐸 = 6.00 × 103 N/C: hướng xuống; lực điện 𝐹𝑒 = 𝒒𝑬
𝑚𝑔
∑𝐹 = 𝐹𝑔 + 𝐹𝑒 = 0 ⟺ 𝑚𝑔 + 𝑞𝐸 = 0 ⇒ 𝑞 = −
𝐸
Ans. −4.90 × 10−15 C
34
Examples
Ex. 1.3. An electric system consists of a positive
charge q located at x = -a and a second charge -q δ
located at x = b. Find the electric field due to these
charges along the Oy axis at the point P, which has a
distance h from the origin.
At P, EFs E1, E2, due to charges q1, q2, respectively, have

directions in Figure and magnitude:
𝑘𝑞1 𝑘𝑞1 𝑘𝑞2
𝐸1 = 2 = 2 2
; 𝐸2 = 2
𝑟1 𝑎 +ℎ b + ℎ2
Total EF at P: 𝐸 = 𝐸1 + 𝐸2
𝐸 2 = 𝐸12 + 𝐸22 − 2𝐸1 𝐸2 cos(𝛿) =
= 𝐸12 +𝐸22 + 2𝐸1 𝐸2 cos(𝜙 + 𝜃)
direction in Figure
35
Examples
Ex. 1.4. An electric dipole consists of a positive
charge q located at x = -a and a second charge -q δ
located at x = a. Find the electric field due to these
charges along the Oy axis at the point P, which has a
distance h from the origin.
At P, EFs E1, E2, due to charges q1, q2, respectively, have

directions in Figure and magnitude:
𝑘𝑞1 𝑘𝑞1 𝑘𝑞2
𝐸1 = 2 = 2 ; 𝐸2 = 2
𝑟1 𝑎 +ℎ 2 a + ℎ2
Total EF at P: 𝐸 = 𝐸1 + 𝐸2
𝐸 2 = 𝐸12 + 𝐸22 + 2𝐸1 𝐸2 cos(𝜃 + 𝜃) = 2𝐸1 cos 𝜃
direction in Figure 2𝑞𝑎 𝟑
𝐸 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒉𝟐 𝟐
𝟒𝝅𝜺𝜺𝟎
36
Examples
Example 1.5.
A rod of length 𝑙, has a uniform positive charge per unit length 𝜆
and a total charge 𝑄. Calculate the electric field at a point P that is
located along the long axis of the rod and a distance 𝑎 from one
end.
𝑘𝑒 𝑄
Ans. 𝐸 =
𝑎(𝑙+𝑎)
37
Examples
Example 1.5.
Chia thanh thành các đoạn vô cùng nhỏ (nhỏ đến mức nó là điện tích
điểm), mỗi đoạn mang điện tích:
𝑄
𝑑𝑞 = 𝜆𝑑𝑥, 𝜆 = gây ra tại P
𝑙
𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝐸 = 𝑘 , có chiều hướng sang trái
𝑥2
Electric Field at a point P:

𝐸= 𝑑𝐸, vì các dE cùng phương nên:
𝑎+𝑙
𝑘𝑑𝑞 𝑘𝑄 𝑑𝑥 𝑘𝑒 𝑄 C 𝑉
𝐸 = 𝑑𝐸 = 2
= 2
= 2
≡
𝑡𝑜à𝑛 𝑏ộ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛ℎ 𝑥 𝑎 𝑙 𝑥 𝑎 𝑙+𝑎 m 𝑚
38
Examples
Example 1.6.
A ring of radius 𝑎 carries a uniformly distributed positive total
charge 𝑄. Calculate the electric field due to the ring at a point P
lying a distance x from its center along the central axis
perpendicular to the plane of the ring.
𝑘𝑒 𝑄𝑥
Ans. 𝐸 =
𝑎2 +𝑥 2 3/2
39
Examples
Example 1.6.
Chia ring thành các đoạn vô cùng nhỏ, mỗi đoạn mang đt 𝑑𝑞 =
𝑄
𝜆𝑑𝑙, 𝜆 = gây ra tại P:
2𝜋𝑎
𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝐸 = 𝑘 2 , có chiều như hình vẽ
𝑟
Electric Field at a point P:
𝐸= 𝑑𝐸, vì các dE KHÁC phương nên:
𝐸= 𝑑𝐸 = (𝑑𝐸𝑥 + 𝑑𝐸⊥ ) = 𝑑𝐸𝑥 + 𝑑𝐸⊥ = 𝑑𝐸𝑥
𝑘𝑑𝑞 𝑥 𝑘𝑄𝑥
𝐸= 𝑑𝐸𝑥 = 𝑑𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 2 2
= 3
𝑎 +𝑥 𝑎 +𝑥
2 2
𝑡𝑜à𝑛 𝑏ộ 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 2 40
Examples
Example 1.7*
A disk of radius 𝑎 carries a uniformly distributed positive total
charge 𝑄. Calculate the electric field due to the disk at a point P
lying a distance x from its center along the central axis
perpendicular to the plane of the disk.
41
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL - CHAPTER 4
Examples
Ex. 1.7*
Cách 1: Chia đĩa thành các mẫu nhỏ hình
vành khăn, nhỏ đến mức tựa các vòng (ring)
có bề rộng 𝑑𝑟, chiều dài 2𝜋𝑟 có diện tích
𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟 , mang điện tích 𝑑𝑞 = 𝜎𝑑𝐴 =
𝜎2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟. Mỗi phần gây điện trường:
𝑘𝒅𝒒𝑥
𝑑𝐸 = 3
𝑟2 + 2
𝑥 2
𝐸= 𝑑𝐸, vì các dE CÙNG phương nên:
𝑘 ⋅ 𝜎2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟 ⋅ 𝑥
𝐸 = 𝑑𝐸 =
𝑟 2 + 𝑥 2 3/2
Sau đó tích phân, trong đó: r(0,R);
42
Examples
Ex. 1.7*. Cách 2: Chia đĩa thành các mẫu nhỏ hình
cánh quạt, nhỏ đến mức tựa hình chữ nhật có bề
rộng 𝑑𝑟, chiều dài (độ dài 1 cung tròn) r𝑑𝛼 có diện
tích 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑑𝑟 ⋅ 𝑟𝑑𝛼. Mỗi phần gây điện trường:
𝑘𝑒 𝑑𝑞 𝑘𝑒 𝜎 ⋅ 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝛼
𝑑𝐸 = 2 2 =
(𝑟 +𝑥 ) (𝑟 2 +𝑥 2 )
𝐸= 𝑑𝐸, vì các dE KHÁC phương nên:
𝐸= 𝑑𝐸 = (𝑑𝐸𝑥 + 𝑑𝐸⊥ ) = 𝑑𝐸𝑥 + 𝑑𝐸⊥ = 𝑑𝐸𝑥
𝐸= 𝑑𝐸𝑥 = 𝑑𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 =
𝑅 2𝜋 𝑅
𝑘𝑒 𝜎 ⋅ 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝛼 ⋅ 𝑥 𝑘 ⋅ 𝜎2𝜋𝑟𝑑𝑟 ⋅ 𝑥
= 2 2 3/2
=
0 0 𝑟 +𝑥 0 𝑟 2 + 𝑥 2 3/2
43
Formula
 Electrostatic force
𝒒𝟎 𝚫𝒒𝒊 𝒒𝟎 𝒅𝒒
𝑭 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟐 𝑟𝑖 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟐 𝑟
𝒓𝒊 𝒓
𝒊
 Electric field
𝚫𝒒𝒊 𝒅𝒒
𝑬 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟐 𝑟𝑖 = 𝒌𝒆 𝟐
𝑟
𝒓𝒊 𝒓
𝒊
 Volume charge density:
𝜌 = 𝑄/𝑉, 𝑑𝑞 = 𝜌𝑑𝑉
 Surface charge density: (A: area)
𝜎 = 𝑄/𝐴, 𝑑𝑞 = 𝜎𝑑𝐴 : đt trên đơn vị diện tích
 Linear charge density:
𝜆 = 𝑄/𝑙, 𝑑𝑞 = 𝜆𝑑𝑙
44
Chapter 2: GAUSS’S LAW
2.1. Electric Field Lines and

Electric Flux
2.2. Gauss’s Law
2.4. Application of Gauss’s
Law to Various Charge
Distributions
2.4. Conductors in Electrostatic
Equilibrium
Outcome ch2
𝒌𝑸
Electric field due to point charge: 𝑬 = 𝑟; (𝐹 = 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 ∗ 𝐸)
𝒓𝟐
??? Electric file due to this system at
(1), (2), (3), (4) ??? HOW
2.1. Electric Field Lines and Electric Flux
𝑭 𝒌𝑸
 Electric field vector 𝑬: 𝑬 = = 𝑟
𝒒 𝒓𝟐
 Electric field lines (used to visualize electric
field patterns) are related to the electric field:
 The electric field vector 𝐸 is tangent to the
electric field line at each point
 The direction of the electric field line is the
same as of 𝐸
 The number of lines per unit area through a
surface perpendicular to the lines is
proportional to the magnitude of the electric
field in that region Note: Electric Field lines are
not Paths of Particles
New words
Pattern /ˈpætn/ a regular arrangement of lines, shapes, colours, etc. for
example as a design on material, carpets, etc – hoa văn
Region /ˈriːdʒən/: a part of the body, usually one that has a particular
character or problem – khu vực
Terminate /ˈtɜːmɪneɪt/: to end; to make something end – chấm dứt
Excess /ɪkˈses/: more than is necessary, reasonable or acceptable – dư thừa
Convention /kənˈvenʃn/: the way in which something is done that most
people in a society expect and consider to be polite or the right way to do it
– quy ước
Symmetry /ˈsɪmətri/: the quality of being very similar or equal – tính cân
xứng
New words
Tangent /ˈtændʒənt/: a straight line that touches the
outside of a curve but does not cross it – tiếp tuyến
Perpendicular /ˌpɜːpənˈdɪkjələ(r)/: forming an angle of
90° with another line or surface; vertical and going
straight up – vuông góc
Proportional /prəˈpɔːʃənl/: increasing or decreasing in
size, amount or degree according to changes in something
else – theo tỉ lệ
Penetrate /ˈpenətreɪt/: to go into or through something –
xuyên qua
Oriented /ɔːrientɪd/: directed towards something or
made or adapted for a particular purpose – định hướng
New words
Unnumbered /ˌʌnˈnʌmbəd/: not marked with a number; not
numbered – không đếm được
Symmetric /sɪˈmetrɪkl/: (of a body, a design, an object, etc.) having
two halves, parts or sides that are the same in size and shape – đối
xứng
Satisfying /ˈsætɪsfaɪɪŋ/: giving pleasure because it provides
something you need or want – thỏa mãn
Portion /ˈpɔːrʃn/: one part of something larger – phần
Irregularly /ɪˈreɡjələrli/: not in an even way; in a way that does not
have an even, smooth pattern or shape – không đều
Concentric /kənˈsentrɪk/: having the same centre – đồng tâm
𝑭 𝒌𝑸
𝒒 𝒓𝟐
 Electric field lines: The rules for drawing
electric field lines:
 The lines must begin on a positive charge and
terminate on a negative charge. In the case of
an excess of one type of charge, some lines will
begin or end infinitely far away.
 The number of lines drawn leaving a positive
charge or approaching a negative charge is
proportional to the magnitude of the charge.
 No two field lines can cross.
Note: Electric Field lines are not Real
𝑭 𝒌𝑸
𝒒 𝒓𝟐
 Electric field lines:
Note: Electric Field lines are not Real

 Electric field vector 𝑬: 𝑬 = 𝒌𝑸/𝒓𝟐

 Electric field lines
 Electric flux 𝚽𝐄 is proportional to the number
of electric field lines that penetrate surface.
 If E Field is uniform, electric flux of 𝐸 through
an area 𝐴:
𝚽𝑬 = 𝐸𝐴⊥ = 𝐸𝐴 cos 𝜃 = 𝑬. 𝒏𝐴 = 𝐸𝑨
where 𝐴⊥ is a projection of area 𝐴 onto a plane
oriented perpendicular to the field, and 𝜃 =
𝐸, 𝑛 with 𝑛 is the normal vector of 𝐴.
 The general definition of electric flux:
𝚽𝑬 = 𝐬𝐮𝐫𝐟𝐚𝐜𝐞 𝑬. 𝒅𝑨 , where 𝑑 𝐴 = 𝑛𝑑𝐴.
 Electric field vector 𝑬: 𝑬 = 𝒌𝑸/𝒓𝟐

 Electric field lines
 Electric flux 𝚽𝐄 : Note:
1. The dependence of electric flux on the direction
of 𝑛:
• 𝜃 < 90°: Φ𝐸 > 0
• 𝜃 > 90°: Φ𝐸 < 0
• 𝜃 = 90°: Φ𝐸 = 0
2. Convention of direction of the area vector in the
case of a closed area: point outward from the
surface
Example 2.1
Consider a uniform electric field 𝐸 oriented in
the x direction in empty space. A cube of edge
length 𝑙, is placed in the field, oriented as shown
in the figure. Find the net electric flux through
the surface of the cube.
Example 2.1
The net flux: Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝑑 𝐴 = 1 𝐸𝑑𝐴1 + 2
𝐸𝑑𝐴2
+ 3 𝐸𝑑𝐴3 + 4 𝐸𝑑𝐴4 + 5 𝐸𝑑𝐴5 + 6 𝐸𝑑𝐴6
𝐸𝑑𝐴1 = 𝐸𝑑𝐴 cos 𝜋 = −𝐸 𝑑𝐴 = −𝐸𝑙 2
1 1 1
𝐸𝑑𝐴2 = 𝐸𝑑𝐴 cos 0 = 𝐸 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐸𝑙 2

2 2 2
The flux through four of the faces (3), (4), and the
unnumbered faces is zero because 𝐸 is parallel to the
four faces and therefore perpendicular to 𝑑 𝐴 on these
faces.
The net flux: Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝑑 𝐴 = 1
𝐸𝑑𝐴1 + 2
𝐸𝑑𝐴2 = 0 Zero Flux Is not Zero Field
2.2. Gauss’s Law
 Gauss’s law:
∑𝒒𝐢𝐧
𝚽𝑬 = 𝑬. 𝒅𝑨 =
𝑺 𝝐𝟎
where ∑𝑞in is the net charge inside the
closed surface 𝑆 (called gaussian surface)
 The net flux through any closed
surface surrounding a point charge 𝑞
is given by 𝑞/𝜖0 and is independent of
the shape of that surface.
2.3. Application of Gauss’s Law to Various Charge Distributions
Gauss’s law is useful for determining electric fields when the charge
distribution is highly symmetric so that we can choose a gaussian
surface satisfying one or more of the following conditions:
1. The value of the electric field can be argued by symmetry to be
constant over the portion of the surface.
2. 𝐸 and 𝑑 𝐴 are parallel → Φ𝐸 = 𝑆
𝐸. 𝑑𝐴
3. 𝐸 and 𝑑 𝐴 are perpendicular over a portion of the surface.
4. The electric field is zero over the portion of the surface.
Example 2.2.
Find the electric field a distance 𝑟 from a line of
positive charge of infinite length and constant
charge per unit length 𝜆.
𝜆
𝐸 = 2𝑘𝑒
𝑟
Example 2.2.
Chọn mặt Gauss là mặt trụ (bán kính r, chiều cao l, 𝐴𝑥𝑞 = 2𝜋𝑟 ⋅ 𝑙 )
𝑞𝑖𝑛
Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝑑 𝐴 = 𝐸𝑑𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠0 + 2 𝐸𝑑𝐴𝑐𝑜𝑠90 = 𝐸2𝜋𝑟𝑙 =
𝑥𝑞 đá𝑦 𝜖0
𝜆
𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 𝜆 ⋅ 𝑙 ⇒ 𝐸 = 2𝑘𝑒
𝑟
Example 2.3.
Find the electric field due to an infinite plane of
positive charge with uniform surface charge
density 𝜎.
𝜎
𝐸=
2𝜖0
Example 2.3. surface charge density 𝜎.

Chọn mặt Gauss là mặt trụ, (bán kính r)
𝑞𝑖𝑛
Φ𝐸 = 𝐸𝑑𝐴 = 𝐸𝑑𝐴 𝑐𝑜𝑠90 + 2 𝐸𝑑𝐴 = 2𝐸𝜋𝑟 2 =
𝑥𝑞 đá𝑦 𝜖0
2
𝜎
𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 𝜎 ⋅ 𝜋𝑟 ⇒ 𝐸 =
2𝜖0
𝜎
𝐸2𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑠 =
𝜖0
Example 2.4.
An insulating solid sphere of radius 𝑎 has a
uniform volume charge density 𝜌 and carries a
total positive charge 𝑄.
(A) Calculate the magnitude of the electric field
at a point outside the sphere.
(B) Find the magnitude of the electric field at a
point inside the sphere.
𝑘𝑒 𝑄
Ans. 𝐸 = 𝑟>𝑎
𝑟2
𝐸 = 𝑘𝑒 𝑄𝑟/𝑎3 (𝑟 < 𝑎)
Example 2.4. (A) The EF at a point outside the sphere

Chọn mặt Gauss là mặt cầu có tâm trùng với tâm của
quả cầu, bán kính r(>a). AD ĐL Gauss:
Φ𝐸1 = 𝐸𝑑𝐴 = 𝐸1 4𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝑄/𝜖0
𝐸1 = 𝑘𝑒 𝑄/𝑟 2 (𝑟 > 𝑎)
(B) at point inside the sphere. Chọn....r<a
Φ𝐸2 = 𝐸𝑑𝐴 = 𝐸2 4𝜋𝑟 2 = 𝑞𝑖𝑛 /𝜖0
𝑄 4 3
𝑞𝑖𝑛 = 𝜌Δ𝑉 = . 𝜋𝑟
4 3 3
𝜋𝑎 ⇒ 𝐸2 = 𝑘𝑒 𝑄𝑟/𝑎3 (𝑟 < 𝑎)
3
2.4. Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
Example 2.4.
A solid insulating sphere of radius a
kQ
E1  2 (a  r );
r
kQr
E2  3 (r  a ).
a
A conductor in electrostatic equilibrium (no net motion of charge
within a conductor) has the following properties:
1. The electric field is zero everywhere inside the conductor,
whether the conductor is solid or hollow.
2. If the conductor is isolated and carries a charge, the charge
resides on its surface.
3. The electric field at a point just outside a charged conductor is
perpendicular to the surface of the conductor and has a
magnitude 𝜎/𝜖0 , where 𝜎 is the surface charge density at that
point.
4. On an irregularly shaped conductor, the surface charge density is
greatest at locations where the radius of curvature of the surface
is smallest.
Example 2.5.
A solid insulating sphere of radius a
A conducting spherical shell of inner radius b and outer
radius c is concentric with the solid sphere and carries a
net charge -2Q
kQr kQ
E1  3 ( r  a ); E2  2 ( a  r  b
a r
k (Q  2Q )
E3  0; E4  2
( R  c)
R
Example 2.5. A solid insulating sphere (a,Q): cách điện,
điện tích ở đâu thì định xứ ở đấy!
A conducting spherical shell (b,c,-2Q): Theo tính chất
vật dẫn cân băng điện: tập trung đều bên ngoài,
𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑔 = 0
(1): Như ví dụ 2.4 (A): vật cách điện
(2): chỉ có Insulating gây ra, còn Conducting không gây
ảnh hưởng gì. Như ví dụ 2.4 trường hợp (B)
(3): Trong lòng Conducting (E=0) kQr kQ
E1  3 ( r  a ); E2  2 ( a  r  b
(4): Như ví dụ 2.4(B), điện tích bên a r
trong=tổng (Q+(-2Q)) k (Q  2Q )
E3  0; E4  2
( R  c)
R
Conclusion ch2
 Gauss’s law:
∑𝒒𝐢𝐧
𝑺 𝝐𝟎
Chapter 3
ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
3.1. Electric Potential and
Potential Difference
3.2. Potential Difference in
a Uniform Electric Field
3.3. Electric Potential and
Potential Energy Due to
Point Charges
3.4. Obtaining the Value of
the Electric Field from
the Electric Potential
3.5. Electric Potential Due to
Continuous Charge Distributions
3.6. Electric Potential Due to a
Charged Conductor
3
CHAPTER 3: ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
• Electric Potential (viết gọn: Potential): Điện thế
• Electric Potential Difference (Potential Difference): Độ

chênh lệch điện thế = Hiệu điện thế= Điện áp, sụt áp
• Electric potential energy (potential energy): Thế năng tĩnh

điện, thế năng
5 ELECTRIC POTENTIAL - CHAPTER 4
3.1. Electric Potential and Potential Difference

 When a positive charge 𝑞 is moved between points A and B in an
electric field 𝐸, work done on it by electric force (𝐹 = 𝑞𝐸) is
𝐵 𝐵 𝐵
W= 𝑑𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑𝑠 = 𝑞 𝐸 ⋅ 𝑑𝑠
𝐴 𝐴 𝐴
 If this charge exeriences closed path
𝑊= 𝑞𝐸𝑑𝑠 = 0
 This force is conservative, so the work done by this force is internal to

the charge-field system. The internal work done in this system is
equal to the negative of the change in potential energy of system
Δ𝑈 = −𝑊
New words
• Electric Potential (n.) /ɪˈlektrɪk/ /pəˈtenʃl/: that can
develop into something or be developed in the future
• Electric Potential Difference: /ˈdɪfrəns/: sb/sth not like
each other; has changed
• Electric potential energy: /ˈenədʒi/: the strength, effort
and enthusiasm required for physical or mental activity,
work, etc
• Conservative /kənˈsɜːvətɪv/ opposed to great or sudden
social change; showing that you prefer traditional styles
and values; conservative force: lực thế
• Characteristic /ˌkærəktəˈrɪstɪk/ a typical feature or quality
that sth/sb has
• Equipotential /ˌekwə-pəˈtenʃl/ (surface/line) composed of
points all at the same potential

 When a positive charge 𝑞 is moved between points A and B in an
electric field 𝐸, the change in the electric potential energy of
the charge-field system is
𝐵
Δ𝑈 = −𝑞 𝐸 ⋅ 𝑑 𝑠 = 𝑈𝐵 − 𝑈𝐴
𝐴
 The electric potential(potential) that is characteristic of the field

only is determine by dividing the potential energy by the charge:
𝑈
𝑉= (unit: J/C ≡ Volt)
𝑞
Note: An equipotential surface is one on which all points are at the

same electric potential. Equipotential surfaces are perpendicular to
electric field lines.

 The potential difference Δ𝑉 = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 between two points A
and B in an electric field 𝐸 is defined as the change in electric
potential energy of the system Δ𝑈 when charge 𝑞 is moved
between these points divided by the charge:
𝐵
Δ𝑈
Δ𝑉 = 𝑉𝐵 − 𝑉𝐴 ≡ = − 𝐸 ⋅ 𝑑 𝑠 (V)
𝑞 𝐴
Note: Potential difference should not be confused with difference in

potential energy:
• The potential difference between A and B exists solely because of a
source charge and depends on the source charge distribution
(independent of a charged particle that may be placed in the field.)
• The potential energy belongs to the system and changes only if a
charge is moved relative to the rest of the system.
3.2. Potential Difference in

a Uniform Electric Field
 The potential difference between two
points separated by a distance 𝑑 in a
uniform electric field 𝐸 is
Δ𝑉 = −𝐸𝑑
if the direction of travel between the
points is in the same direction as the
electric field.
The negative sign indicates that 𝑉𝐵 <
𝑉𝐴 →Electric field lines always point in the
direction of decreasing electric potential.
 The change in the potential energy of the charge–field system

when a charge 𝑞 > 0 moves in the direction of 𝐸:
Δ𝑈 = 𝑞Δ𝑉 = −𝑞𝐸𝑑
3.3. Electric Potential and Potential Energy

Due to Point Charges
 If we define 𝑉 = 0 at 𝑟 = ∞, the electric
potential due to a point charge at any
distance 𝑟 from the charge is
𝑞
𝑉 = 𝑘𝑒
𝑟
→ The electric potential due to a finite
number of point charges:
𝑞𝑖
𝑉 = 𝑘𝑒
𝑟𝑖
𝑖
The potential difference between points A and B due to a point charge

𝑞 depends only on the initial and final radial coordinates 𝑟𝐴 and 𝑟𝐵 :
1 1
VB − VA = 𝑘𝑒 𝑞 −
𝑟𝐵 𝑟𝐴

 The electric potential energy associated
with a pair of point charges separated by
a distance
𝑞1 𝑞2
𝑈12 = 𝑈21 = 𝑘𝑒
𝑟12
→ We obtain the potential energy of a

distribution of point charges by summing
terms over all pairs of particles.
Ex. The total potential energy of the system of
three charges
𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞1 𝑞3 𝑞2 𝑞3
𝑈 = 𝑘𝑒 + +
𝑟12 𝑟13 𝑟23

Example 3.1.
As shown in the Fig.a, a charge 𝑞1 = 2.00 𝜇C
is located at the origin and a charge 𝑞2 =
− 6.00 𝜇C is located at (0, 3.00) m.
(A) Find the total electric potential due to
these charges at the point P, whose
coordinates are (4.00, 0) m.
(B) Find the change in potential energy of the
system of two charges plus a third charge
𝑞 = 3.00 𝜇C as the latter charge moves
from infinity to point P (Fig.b).
Ans. 𝑉𝑃 = −6.29 × 103 V, Δ𝑈 = −1.89 × 10−2 J

Example 3.1
(A) Electric potential at the point P
𝑞1 𝑞2
𝑉𝑃 = 𝑘 + = −6.29 × 103 V (kèm dấu q)
𝑟1 𝑟2
(B) Potential energy

Δ𝑈 = 𝑞 𝑉𝑝 − 𝑉∞ = −1.89 × 10−2 J
3.4. Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field

from the Electric Potential
The potential difference 𝑑𝑉 between two points a distance 𝑑𝑠
apart can be expressed as 𝑑𝑉 = −𝐸 ⋅ 𝑑𝑠
 If the electric potential is known as a function of coordinates 𝑥,
𝑦, and 𝑧, we can obtain the components of the electric field by
taking the negative derivative of the electric potential with
respect to the coordinates:
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑉
𝐸𝑥 = − , 𝐸𝑦 = − , 𝐸𝑧 = −
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
 If the charge distribution creating an electric field has spherical
symmetry such that the volume charge density depends only on
the radial distance 𝑟, the electric field is radial:
𝜕𝑉
𝐸𝑟 = −
𝑑𝑟
3.5. Electric Potential Due to Continuous

Charge Distributions
The electric potential due to a continuous
charge distribution is
𝑑𝑞
𝑉 = 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑘𝑒
𝑟
 Volume distribution: 𝑉 = 𝑘𝑒 ∫ 𝜌𝑑𝑉/𝑟
 Surface distribution: 𝑉 = 𝑘𝑒 ∫ 𝜎𝑑𝐴/𝑟
 Linear distribution: 𝑉 = 𝑘𝑒 ∫ 𝜆𝑑𝑙/𝑟
Note:
• Every point on the surface of a charged conductor in electrostatic
equilibrium is at the same electric potential.
• The potential is constant everywhere inside the conductor and equal
to its value at the surface.

Example 3.2.
(A) Find an expression for the electric
potential at a point P located on the
perpendicular central axis of a
uniformly charged ring of radius a and
total charge 𝑄. (A)Như ví dụ tìm ĐT:
chia thành điện
(B) Find an expression for the magnitude
tích điểm, rồi tích
of the electric field at point P.
phân. (Hoặc từ kết
Ans. quả của E, nguyên
𝑘𝑒 𝑄 𝑘𝑒 𝑥 hàm ra V)
𝑉= , 𝐸 ≡ 𝐸𝑥 = 2 𝑄
𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑎 + 𝑥 2 3/2 (B)Đạo hàm của V

Example 3.2. (A) Cách 1: chia ring into
element of charge dq, EP due to each of
𝑘𝑑𝑞
them: 𝑑𝑉 =
𝑎2 +𝑥 2
𝑘𝑑𝑞 𝑘𝑄
𝑉 = ∫ 𝑑𝑉 = =
𝑎2 + 𝑥2 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 (A)Như ví dụ tìm ĐT:
Cách 2: Giả sử đã biết E. chia thành điện
𝑘𝑄𝑥 tích điểm, rồi tích
𝑉 = −∫ 𝐸𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 phân. (Hoặc từ kết
𝑎 + 𝑥2 3/2
𝑘𝑒 𝑄 quả của E, nguyên
= hàm ra V)
𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 (B)Đạo hàm của V
𝑘𝑒 𝑥
(B) 𝐸 ≡ 𝐸𝑥 = 𝑄
𝑎2 +𝑥 2 3/2

Example 3.3.
A uniformly charged disk has radius R and
surface charge density 𝜎.
(A) Find the electric potential at a point P
along the perpendicular central axis of
the disk.
(B) Find the x component of the electric
field at a point P along the
perpendicular central axis of the disk.
Example 3.3.
Cách 1: Chia đĩa là các vành khăn như hình
vẽ, mỗi vành sẽ có 1 điện thế (như ví dụ
trước):
𝑘𝑒 𝑑𝑞 𝑘𝑒 𝜎 ⋅ 2𝜋𝑟 ⋅ 𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑉 = =
2
𝑟 +𝑥 2 𝑟2 + 𝑥2
Rồi tích phân theo r, cận 0-R
Cách 2: Chia đĩa thành các mẫu nhỏ hình
cánh quạt, nhỏ đến mức tựa hình chữ nhật
có bề rộng 𝑑𝑟, chiều dài r𝑑𝛼 có diện tích
𝑑𝐴 = 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝛼. Mỗi phần gây điện thế:
𝑘𝑒 𝑑𝑞 𝑘𝑒 𝜎 ⋅ 𝑟𝑑𝑟𝑑𝛼
𝑑𝑉 = =
2
𝑟 +𝑥 2 𝑟2 + 𝑥2
Sau đó tích phân, trong đó 𝛼: 0 − 2𝜋

Example 3.4.
A rod of length 𝑙, located along the 𝑥
axis has a total charge 𝑄 and a
uniform linear charge density 𝜆 .
Find the electric potential at a point
P located on the 𝑦 axis a distance 𝑎
from the origin
Very easy!
𝑑𝑞 = 𝜆𝑑𝑥, 𝑟 = 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 ; 𝑥: 0 − 𝑙

Example 3.4.
Chia rod thành những đoạn nhỏ có
kích thước dx mang điện tích 𝑑𝑞 =
𝜆𝑑𝑥 , nó gây ra tại P điện thế:
𝑘𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝑉 =
𝑎2 + 𝑥 2
EP due to total rod at P:
𝑙 𝑘𝜆𝑑𝑥
𝑉 = ∫ 𝑑𝑉 = =⋯
0 𝑎2 + 𝑥2
22
Review chapter 123

𝒅𝒒
 Electric field: 𝑬 = ∫ 𝒅𝑬 = ∫ 𝑟
𝒓𝟐
(𝐹 = 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 ∗ 𝐸)
 Gauss’s law:
∑𝒒𝐢𝐧
𝑺 𝝐𝟎
𝑑𝑞
 The electric potential: 𝑉 = ∫ 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑘𝑒 ∫
𝑟
 The total potential energy of the system:
𝑘𝑞𝑖 𝑞𝑗 𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞1 𝑞3 𝑞2 𝑞3
𝑈= =𝑘 + +
𝑟𝑖𝑗 𝑟12 𝑟13 𝑟23
𝑖≠𝑗
CHAPTER 4
CAPACITANCE, ENERGY
AND DIELECTRICS
4.1. Induced charge
4.2. Capacitance & Capacitor
4.3. Combination of Capacitors
4.4. Energy Stored in a Charged
Capacitor
5 CAPACITANCE & DIELECTRICS - CHAPTER 4
4.1. Induced charge

Surface charges induced in metal
objects by a nearby charge.
The electrostatic field (lines with
arrows) of a nearby positive
charge (+) causes the mobile charges
in metal objects to separate.
Negative charges (blue) are attracted and move to the surface of the
object facing the external charge. Positive charges (red) are repelled
and move to the surface facing away.
These induced surface charges create an opposing electric field that

exactly cancels the field of the external charge throughout the interior
of the metal. Therefore electrostatic induction ensures that the electric
field everywhere inside a conductive object is zero.
New words
• Axis /ˈæksɪs/ (pl. axes /ˈæksiːz/)
• Different /ˈdɪfrənt/ (adj), Difference /ˈdɪfrəns/ (n)
• Differential /ˌdɪfəˈrenʃl/ (n,adj)
• Capacitor /kəˈpæsɪtə(r)/ a device used to store an electrical charge
• Capacitance /kəˈpæsɪtəns/ the ability of a system to store an
electrical charge
• Dielectrics /daii'lektrik/ A nonconducting material of this type,
such as glass or plastic. Also, dielectric material.
• Induced charge /in`dju:s/
• Separate /ˈseprət/ forming a unit by itself; not joined to something
else; different; not connected; separation/sepə’reit/
• Interior /ɪnˈtɪəriə(r)/ the inside part of something
• Geometry /dʒiˈɒmətri/ geometric /ˌdʒiːəˈmetrɪk/... lines, angles,
surfaces and solids.
• Cylindrical /səˈlɪndrɪkl/; cylinder /ˈsɪlɪndə(r)/ a solid or hollow
figure with round ends and long straight sides.

 Definition of capacitor:
A capacitor consists of two

conductors carrying charges of
equal magnitude and opposite sign.
The capacitance 𝐶 of a capacitor is defined as the ratio of the

magnitude of the charge on either conductor to the magnitude of
the potential difference between the conductors:
𝑄
𝐶= (unit: C/V ≡ F)
Δ𝑉
Note: The capacitance depends only on the geometry of the
conductors and not on an external source of charge or potential
difference.

 Calculating Capacitance
 Isolated charged sphere
𝑄 𝑄 𝑎
𝑪= = = = 𝟒𝝅𝝐𝟎 𝒂
Δ𝑉 𝑘𝑒 𝑄/𝑎 𝑘𝑒
 Parallel-Plate capacitors
𝜎 𝑄𝑑 𝑄 𝝐𝟎 𝑨
Δ𝑉 = 𝐸𝑑 = 𝑑 = →𝑪= =
𝜖0 𝜖0 𝐴 Δ𝑉 𝒅
 Cylindrical capacitor
𝒍
𝑪=
𝟐𝒌𝒆 𝐥𝐧(𝒃/𝒂)
 Spherical capacitor
𝒂𝒃
𝑪=
𝒌𝒆 (𝒃 − 𝒂)
4.3. Combinations of Capacitors

 Parallel combination
Potential difference:
Δ𝑉 = Δ𝑉1 = Δ𝑉2
Total charge:
𝑄𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2
= 𝐶1 Δ𝑉1 + 𝐶2 Δ𝑉2
= 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 ΔV
→ The equivalence capacitance:

𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + ⋯
4.3. Combinations of Capacitors

 Series combination
Charge on capacitors:
𝑄1 = 𝑄2 = 𝑄
Δ𝑉𝑡𝑜𝑡 = Δ𝑉1 + Δ𝑉2
1 1
= + 𝑄
𝐶1 𝐶2
→ The equivalence capacitance:

1 1 1
= + +⋯
𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶1 𝐶2
4.4. Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor
The potential energy stored in a charged capacitor:

𝑸𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
𝑼𝑬 = = 𝑸𝚫𝑽 = 𝑪 𝚫𝑽 𝟐
𝟐𝑪 𝟐 𝟐
CHAPTER 5
DIRECT-CURRENT
CIRCUITS
5.1. Electromotive Force
5.2. Resistors in Series and Parallel
5.4. Kirchhoff’s Rules
5.5. RC Circuits
(edit lai, có doi)
14
15 DIRECT-CURRENT CIRCUITS - CHAPTER 5
5.1. Electromotive Force

Direct current: the current in the circuit is
constant in magnitude and direction
Battery: a source of energy for circuits
Internal resistance (𝒓): resistance to the flow
of charge within the battery
Load resistance (𝑹) : resistance of some
electrical device connected to the battery
Electromotive force (emf, 𝓔)of a battery is

equal to the voltage across its terminals
when the current is zero (or the open-
circuit voltage of the battery)
Ohm law: 𝚫𝑽 = 𝓔 − 𝑰𝒓 = 𝑰𝑹 → 𝓔 = 𝑰(𝑹 + 𝒓)

Power delivered by a battery: 𝑷 = 𝑰𝓔 = 𝑰𝟐 (𝑹 + 𝒓)

 Series combinations
Current:
𝐼 = 𝐼1 = 𝐼2
Δ𝑉 = Δ𝑉1 + Δ𝑉2 → 𝐼𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝐼1 𝑅1 + 𝐼2 𝑅2
The equivalence resistor:

𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + ⋯

 Parallel combinations
Potential difference: Δ𝑉 = Δ𝑉1 = Δ𝑉2

Current:
Δ𝑉 Δ𝑉1 Δ𝑉2
𝐼 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 → = +
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅2
The equivalence resistor:
1 1 1
= + +⋯
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅2

 Junction rule: At any junction, the sum of
the currents must equal zero
𝐼=0
junction 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 − 𝐼3 = 0

 Junction rule: At any junction, the sum of
the currents must equal zero
𝐼=0
junction 𝐼1 − 𝐼2 − 𝐼3 = 0
 Loop rule: The sum of the potential

differences across all elements around any
closed circuit loop must be zero
Δ𝑉 = 0
close loop
In each diagram: Δ𝑉 = 𝑉𝑏 − 𝑉𝑎
21
Pointed a to b Charges move from the high-potential end of

a resistor toward the low-potential end, so if a
resistor is traversed in the direction of the
current, the potential difference ΔV across the
resistor is -IR (Fig. a).
If a resistor is traversed in the direction
opposite the current, the potential difference
ΔV across the resistor is +IR (Fig. b).
If a source of emf (assumed to have zero

internal resistance) is traversed in the
direction of the emf (from negative to
positive), the potential difference ΔV is +e
(Fig. c).
If a source of emf (assumed to have zero
internal resistance) is traversed in the
direction opposite the emf (from positive to
negative), the potential difference ΔV is -e
(Fig. d)
22
• And vice versa

5.5. RC circuits
 Charging a capacitor
Applying Kirchhoff’s loop rule:

𝑞
ℰ − − 𝑖𝑅 = 0 (5.4.1)
𝐶
According to Eq. 5.4.1:
 At 𝑡 = 0 , 𝑞 = 0 → 𝐼i = ℰ/𝑟 When 𝑞 =
𝑄max , 𝑖 = 0 → 𝑄max = 𝐶ℰ
Substituting 𝑖 = 𝑑𝑞/𝑑𝑡 into Eq. 5.4.1:
𝑑𝑞 𝑞 ℰ
+ =
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝐶 𝑅
→ 𝒒 = 𝑸𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝟏 − 𝐞−𝐭/𝐑𝐂 (5.4.2)
𝓔 −𝒕/𝑹𝑪 𝓔 −𝒕/𝝉
→ 𝒊= 𝒆 = 𝒆 (5.4.3)
𝑹 𝑹
5.5. RC circuits
 Charging a capacitor
5.5. RC circuits
 Discharging a capacitor
Applying Kirchhoff’s loop rule:
𝑞
− − 𝑖𝑅 = 0 (5.4.4)
𝐶
Substituting 𝑖 = 𝑑𝑞/𝑑𝑡 into Eq. 5.4.4:
𝑑𝑞 𝑞
−𝑅 =
𝑑𝑡 𝐶
Integrating this expression using 𝑞 = 𝑄𝑖 at
𝑡 = 0 gives
𝒒 = 𝑸𝐢 𝒆−𝒕/𝑹𝑪 (5.4.5)
𝑸𝒊 −𝒕/𝑹𝑪
→ 𝒊=− 𝒆 (5.4.6)
𝑹𝑪
“−”: as the capacitor discharges, the current direction is opposite its
direction when the capacitor was being charged.

Example 5.1
Find the currents 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 , 𝐼3 in the
circuit shown in the Figure.
Ans. 𝐼1 = 2.0 𝐴,
𝐼2 = −3.0 𝐴,
𝐼3 = −1.0 𝐴
5.4. Ex. Kirchhoff’s Rules

Example 5.1
*Junction rule: 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 − 𝐼3 = 0
*Loop rule:
(1)abcda: Δ𝑉𝑏𝑐 + Δ𝑉𝑑𝑎 = 0
+10 − 6𝐼1 − 2𝐼3 = 0
(2)befcb: −4𝐼2 − 14 + 6𝐼1 − 10 = 0
Thu được hệ 3 phương trình:
𝐼1 + 𝐼2 − 𝐼3 = 0 𝐼1 = 2
3𝐼1 − 𝐼3 = 5  𝐼2 = −3
3𝐼1 − 2𝐼2 = 12 𝐼3 = −1
Review chapter 1235
𝒅𝒒
 Electric field: 𝑬 = ∫ 𝒅𝑬 = ∫ 𝑟; (𝐹 = 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 ∗ 𝐸)
𝒓𝟐
 Gauss’s law:
∑𝒒𝐢𝐧
𝑺 𝝐𝟎
𝑑𝑞
 The electric potential: 𝑉 = ∫ 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑘𝑒 ∫
𝑟
 The total potential energy of the system:
𝑘𝑞𝑖 𝑞𝑗 𝑞1 𝑞2 𝑞1 𝑞3 𝑞2 𝑞3
𝑈= =𝑘 + +
𝑟𝑖𝑗 𝑟12 𝑟13 𝑟23
𝑖≠𝑗
3
CHAPTER 6: MAGNETIC FIELD
6.1. Particle in a Magnetic Field
6.2. Applications Involving
Charged Particles Moving in
a Magnetic Field
6.3. Magnetic Force Acting on a
Current-Carrying Conductor
6.4. Torque on a Current Loop in
a Uniform Magnetic Field
In addition to containing an electric field, the region of space
surrounding any moving electric charge also contains a magnetic
field (characterized by magnetic field vector 𝐵)
When a particle with charge 𝑞 and moving with velocity 𝑣 is placed

in a magnetic field 𝐵, it experiences a magnetic force given by
𝑭𝑩 = 𝒒𝒗 × 𝑩 → 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑞 𝑣𝐵 sin𝜃
Using the right-hand rule to

determine the direction of 𝑣 × 𝐵
 𝒗 perpendicular to 𝑩 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑞 𝑣 × 𝐵
 𝐹𝑩 ⊥ (𝑣, 𝐵) → particle moves in acircular
path in a plane perpendicular to 𝐵 under 𝐹𝑩
 𝐹𝐵 = |𝑞|𝑣𝐵 = const → uniform circular
motion
• Radius of the circular path
𝑟 = 𝑚𝑣/|𝑞|𝐵
• Angular speed
𝜔 = 𝑣/𝑟 = |𝑞|𝐵/𝑚
• Period of the motion
𝑇 = 2𝜋/𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑚/|𝑞|𝐵
 𝒗 at some angle with respect to 𝑩 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑞 𝑣 × 𝐵

 In 𝑥 direction: 𝐹𝑥 = 0 → 𝒗𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭
𝐵 = 𝐵𝑖
 Projection onto the 𝑦𝑧 plane: uniform
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑣𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑣𝑧 𝑘
circular motion under 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑣𝑥 𝑖 + 𝑣⊥
• Radius of the circular path → 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑞 𝑣 × 𝐵
𝑟 = 𝑚𝑣⊥ /𝑞𝐵 = 𝑞𝑣⊥ × 𝐵
• Angular speed (𝐹𝐵 ⊥ 𝐵, 𝑣⊥ = 𝑣𝑦2 + 𝑣𝑧2 )
𝜔 = 𝑣⊥ /𝑟 = 𝑞𝐵/𝑚
• Period of the motion
𝑇 = 2𝜋/𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑚/𝑞𝐵
⟹The particle moves in a helical path
6.1. Particle in a Magnetic Field (non-uniform)
6.2. Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a MF
The total force (called the Lorentz force) acts on a charge moving
with a velocity 𝑣 in the presence of both 𝐸 and 𝐵:
𝑭 = 𝒒𝑬 + 𝒒𝒗 × 𝑩
 𝐕𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐒𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫
The magnitudes of 𝑬 and 𝑩 are chosen so
that
𝐸
𝒒𝑬 = 𝒒𝒗𝑩 → 𝑣 =
𝐵
→ only those particle having this speed pass
undeflected through the mutually
perpendicular electric and magnetic fields
→splitting beams with the same velocity
MAGNETIC FIELD - CHAPTER 6
 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬 𝐒𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐞𝐫

A beam of ions first passes through a
velocity selector (𝐸, 𝐵) and then enters a
second uniform magnetic field 𝐵0 (the
same direction as 𝐵).
When entering 𝐵0 , the ions move in the
circular path under an magnetic force:
𝑣2 𝑚 𝑟𝐵0 𝑟𝐵0 𝐵
𝑚 = 𝑞𝑣𝐵0 → = =
𝑟 𝑞 𝑣 𝐸
where 𝑣 = 𝐸/𝐵 (via the velocity
selector)
→ determining the ratio 𝒎/𝒒 by
measuring 𝒓 and knowing 𝑩, 𝑬, 𝑩𝟎 14
 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐂𝐲𝐜𝐥𝐨𝐭𝐫𝐨𝐧
15
6.3. Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying Conductor
𝑭𝑩 = 𝑰𝑳 × 𝑩 16
The magnetic force

exerted on a small
segment 𝑑 𝑠:
𝒅𝑭𝑩 = 𝑰𝒅𝒔 × 𝑩
The total magnetic force acting on the wire:

𝑩
𝑭𝑩 = 𝑰𝒅𝒔 × 𝑩
𝑭𝑩 = 𝑰𝑳 × 𝑩 𝑨
17
 Example 6.1.
A wire bent into a semicircle of radius 𝑅

forms a closed circuit and carries a
current 𝐼. The wire lies in the 𝑥𝑦 plane,
and a uniform magnetic field is directed
along the positive y axis as in the Figure.
Find the magnitude and direction of the
magnetic force acting on the straight
portion of the wire and on the curved
portion.
Ans. 𝐹1 = 2𝐼𝑅𝐵 𝑘, 𝐹2 = −2𝐼𝑅𝐵𝑘
18

 Example 6.1.
- Vẽ hình, tóm tắt
- on the straight portion of the wire
𝐹1 = 𝐼 2𝑅 𝑖 × 𝐵 = 2𝐼𝑅𝐵 𝑘
- on the curved portion. (idea: CHIA)
Chia curved portion into segments 𝑑 𝑠, the force on any segment:
𝑑 𝐹 = 𝐼𝑑 𝑠 × 𝐵 = −𝐼𝐵𝑑𝑠 ⋅ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑘 (cung ds = bkinh R x góc ở tâm)
The force on the curved portion: (Các 𝑑 𝐹 cùng phương)

𝜋
𝐹2 = 𝑑 𝐹 = −𝐼𝐵 𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑅𝑑𝜃 = −𝐼𝐵𝑅 𝑘 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑑𝜃
𝑡𝑜à𝑛 𝑏ộ 𝑐𝑢𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑟ò𝑛 0
𝜋
= 𝐼𝐵𝑅 𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = −𝐼𝐵 2𝑅 𝑘
0
Note: Force on the whole wire: 𝐹 = 𝐹1 + 𝐹2 = 0!
19
6.4. Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
 Consider a rectangular loop carrying a current 𝐼 in the presence

of a uniform magnetic field directed parallel to the plane of
the loop.
 No magnetic forces
act on sides (1) and
(3)
 Magnetic forces
acting on sides (2)
and (4):
• 𝐹2 = 𝐹4 = 𝐼𝑎𝐵
• Directed oppositely
but not along the
same line of action Produce about O a torque that rotates the loop
𝒃 𝒃
𝝉𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝑭𝟐 + 𝑭𝟒 = 𝑰𝒂𝒃𝑩
𝟐 𝟐 20
6.5. Torque on a Current Loop in

a Uniform Magnetic Field
 If the uniform magnetic field makes an angle 𝜽 with a line
perpendicular to the plane of the loop
The net torque about O has the
magnitude
𝒃 𝒃
𝝉 = 𝑭𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 + 𝑭𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
𝟐 𝟐
= 𝑰𝒂𝒃𝑩 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
In general, the torque exerted on a

loop placed in a uniform magnetic
field 𝑩 is
𝝉 = 𝑰𝑨 × 𝑩
where 𝐴 = 𝑎𝑏𝑛 with 𝑛 is the normal
vector of the loop. 21
6.5. Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field
Torque on a magnetic moment in a magnetic filed

 Magnetic dipole moment
 of the loop: 𝜇 = 𝐼𝐴
 of the coil containing 𝑁 loops of the same area:
𝝁 = 𝑵𝑰𝑨
 The torque exerted on a magnetic dipole in the presence of a
magnetic field 𝐵:
𝝉=𝝁×𝑩
 The potential energy of a system of a magnetic dipole in a
magnetic field
𝑼 = −𝝁 ⋅ 𝑩
22
CHAPTER 7: SOURCES OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD
7.1. The Biot–Savart Law
7.2. The Magnetic Force Between
Two Parallel Conductors
7.3. Ampère’s Law
7.4. Gauss’s Law in Magnetism
7.5. Current & displacement current density
In High School
SOURCES OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD - CHAPTER 7
Aim:
4

 Biot-Savart law: The magnetic field 𝑑𝐵 at a point P associated
with a length element 𝑑𝑠 of a wire carrying a steady current 𝐼
𝝁𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝒅𝒔 × 𝒓
𝒅𝑩 =
𝟒𝝅 𝒓𝟐
 𝑑𝐵 is perpendicular both to
𝑑 𝑠 (pointing in the direction
of the current) and 𝑟 (unit
vector directed from 𝑑 𝑠 to P)
 The direction of 𝑑𝐵 is
determined by the right-
hand rule
 The magnitude of 𝑑𝐵:
• Permeability of free space: 𝜇0 =
𝜇𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑠 4𝜋10−7 T. m/A
𝑑𝐵 = 2
sin(𝑑 𝑠, 𝑟)
4𝜋 𝑟 • Permeability (coefficient) of medium: μ 5

 The magnetic field 𝐵 at a point P due
to a wire carrying a steady current 𝐼
𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝒅𝒔 × 𝒓
𝑩 = ∫ 𝒅𝑩 =
𝟒𝝅 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝒓𝟐
6

 The magnetic field 𝐵 at a point P due
to a wire carrying a steady current 𝐼
𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝒅𝒔 × 𝒓
𝑩 = ∫ 𝒅𝑩 =
𝟒𝝅 𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝒓𝟐
Example 7.1
Consider a thin, straight wire of finite length
carrying a constant current 𝐼 and placed along the
𝑥axis. Determine the magnitude and direction of
the magnetic field at point 𝑃 due to this current.
→ If the wire is thin, straight and

nitely long 𝐵?
7

Example 7.1. CHIA đoạn dây thành những segment Idl,
mỗi segment gây ra tại P MF dB có p/c như hình, độ lớn:
𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝐵 = 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑠, 𝑟 𝑘
4𝜋 𝑟
Total MF: B = ∫ dB, mà các dB cùng chiều hướng ra (𝑘):
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝑥
𝐵 = ∫ 𝑑𝐵 = ∫ 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
4𝜋 𝑟
𝑟 = 𝑎/𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃,𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃, 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎𝑑𝜃/ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑎𝑑𝜃
𝐵 = ∫ 𝑑𝐵 = ∫ 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
4𝜋 𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
𝜇0 𝐼 𝜃2 𝜇𝑜 𝐼
𝐵= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑑𝜃 → 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2
4𝜋𝑎 −𝜃1 4𝜋𝑎
𝜇0 𝐼
→ If the wire is thin, straight and nitely long 𝐵 = 8
2𝜋𝑎

Example 7.2: Consider a circular wire loop of radius 𝑎 located in the 𝑦𝑧-
plane and carrying a steady current 𝐼 as in the Figure. Calculate the
magnetic field at an axial point 𝑃 a distance 𝑥 from the center of the loop.
9

Example 7.2: CHIA đoạn dây thành những segment Idl, mỗi segment
𝜇 𝐼𝑑𝑠
gây ra tại P MF dB có p/c như hình: 𝑑𝐵 = 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑 𝑠, 𝑟 , 𝑑 𝑠 ⊥ 𝑟.
4𝜋 𝑟2
Các dB KHÁC PHƯƠNG. Total MF:
B = ∫ dB = ∫ 𝑑𝐵⊥ + ∫ 𝑑𝐵𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝐵𝑥
𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑠 𝑎
𝐵 = ∫ 𝑑𝐵𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ∫
4𝜋 𝑟 2 𝑟
1
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑎/𝑟 ; 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑥 2
𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝑎
𝐵= 2 2 3/2
𝑑𝑠
4𝜋 𝑎 + 𝑥 𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑛𝑔
𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝑎2 𝜇𝑜 𝑚
𝐵= 2 2 3/2
=
2 𝑎 +𝑥 2𝜋 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 3/2
10

Example 7.2: CHIA đoạn dây thành những segment Idl, mỗi segment
𝜇 𝐼𝑑𝑠
gây ra tại P MF dB có p/c như hình: 𝑑𝐵 = 0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑑 𝑠, 𝑟 , 𝑑 𝑠 ⊥ 𝑟.
4𝜋 𝑟2
Các dB KHÁC PHƯƠNG. Total MF:
B = ∫ dB = ∫ 𝑑𝐵⊥ + ∫ 𝑑𝐵𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝐵𝑥
𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝑠 𝑎
𝐵 = ∫ 𝑑𝐵𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = ∫
4𝜋 𝑟 2 𝑟
1
2 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑎/𝑟 ; 𝑟 = 𝑎 + 𝑥 2
𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝑎
𝐵= 2 2 3/2
𝑑𝑠
4𝜋 𝑎 + 𝑥 𝑐𝑎𝑣𝑜𝑛𝑔
𝜇𝑜 𝐼𝑎2 𝜇𝑜 𝑚
𝐵= 2 2 3/2
=
2 𝑎 +𝑥 2𝜋 𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 3/2
𝜇𝑜 𝐼
The magnetic field at the center of the loop 𝐵 =
2𝑎
𝜇𝑜 𝑚
At points on the 𝑥 ≫ 𝑎: 𝐵 ≈ , m: magnetic moment
2𝜋𝑥 3 11

Example 7.3
Calculate the magnetic field
12
7.2. The Magnetic Force Between Two

Parallel Conductors
 Magnetic field at wire

2 from current in
wire 1:
𝜇0 𝐼1
𝐵1 2 =
2𝜋𝑟
 Force on a length Δ𝑙
of wire 2:
Δ𝐹12 = 𝐼2 Δ𝑙 𝐵1 (2)
 Force per unit
length in terms of
the current:
𝚫𝑭 𝝁𝒐 𝑰𝟏 𝑰𝟐
𝒇𝟏𝟐 = =
𝚫𝒍 𝟐𝝅𝒂 13

 Ampere’s law: The line integral of 𝐵. 𝑑 𝑠 around any closed path
(amperian loop) equals 𝜇0 𝐼, where I is the total steady current
passing through any surface bounded by the closed path:
𝑩 ⋅ 𝒅𝒔 = 𝝁𝟎 𝑰±
𝒊𝒏
𝒞
Note: Sign of 𝑰 in Ampere’s law

 Choose the direction of the loop, integrating when traversing to loop
 Curl your fingers in the direction of the loop: if your thumb points in
the direction of the current, the current is defined a positive current;
and vice versa
14

Example 7.4
A long, straight wire of radius 𝑅 carries a steady current 𝐼 that is
uniformly distributed through the cross section of the wire. Calculate
the magnetic field a distance 𝑟 from the center of the wire in the
regions 𝑟 ≥ 𝑅 and 𝑟 < 𝑅.
15

Example 7.4
A long, straight wire of radius 𝑅 carries a steady current 𝐼 that is
uniformly distributed through the cross section of the wire. Calculate
the magnetic field a distance 𝑟 from the center of the wire in the
regions 𝑟 ≥ 𝑅 and 𝑟 < 𝑅.
Choose the amperian loop such as figure. We have:
𝑩 ⋅ 𝒅𝒔 = 𝑩 𝒅𝒔 = 𝑩𝟐𝝅𝒓 = 𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝒊𝒏
𝒞 𝒞
in the regions 𝑟 ≥ 𝑅: 𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 𝐼
𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵1 = 𝑟≥𝑅
2𝜋𝑟
𝐼 𝐼𝑟 2
in the regions 𝑟 < 𝑅: 𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 𝜋𝑟 2 =
𝜋𝑅2 𝑅2
𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵2 = 2 𝑟 𝑟<𝑅
2𝜋𝑅 16

Example 7.4. A device called a toroid is often used to create an
almost uniform magnetic field in some enclosed area. The device
consists of a conducting wire wrapped around a ring (a torus) made
of a non-conducting material. For a toroid having 𝑁 closely spaced
turns of wire, calculate the magnetic field in the region occupied by
the torus, a distance 𝑟 from the center.
17

Example 7.4. A device called a toroid is often used to create an
almost uniform magnetic field in some enclosed area. The device
consists of a conducting wire wrapped around a ring (a torus) made
of a non-conducting material. For a toroid having 𝑁 closely spaced
turns of wire, calculate the magnetic field in the region occupied by
the torus, a distance 𝑟 from the center.
Choose the amperian loop such as figure.
We have:
𝑩 ⋅ 𝒅𝒔 = 𝑩 𝒅𝒔 = 𝑩𝟐𝝅𝒓 = 𝝁𝟎 𝑰±
𝒊𝒏
𝒞 𝒞
±
Where: 𝐼𝑖𝑛 = ∑𝐼 = 𝑁 ⇒
𝜇0 𝑁𝐼
𝐵=
2𝜋𝑟
18
Appl.: The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
 Interior magnetic field
𝑟→∞
𝜇0 𝑁𝐼 2𝜋𝑟 → 𝐿 𝝁𝟎 𝑵𝑰
𝐵in = 𝑩𝐢𝐧 = = 𝝁𝟎 𝒏𝑰
2𝜋𝑟 𝑳
 Exterior magnetic field

Applying the Ampere’s law, with the amperian loop being the loop 2,
we get 𝑩𝐨𝐮𝐭 = 𝟎 19
7.4. Gauss’s Law in Magnetism

 Magnetic flux 𝚽𝐁 through a surface 𝑆
𝚽𝑩 = 𝑩 ⋅ 𝒅𝑨
𝑺
 Gauss’s law in magnetism

the net magnetic flux through any closed surface is always zero:
𝚽𝑩 = 𝑩 ⋅ 𝒅𝑨 = 𝟎
20
7.5. Displacement current & General Ampere’s Law

Conduction current: I
Displacement current: ID
Conduction current density: is the amount of charge per unit time

𝐼
that flows through a unit area of a chosen cross section 𝑗𝑓𝑙 = 𝑙
𝐴
𝜕𝐷
Displacement current density: is the quantity ,
not an electric
𝜕𝑡
current of moving charges, but a time-varying electric field.
𝜕𝐷
Total current density: 𝐽 = 𝑗𝑓𝑙 + ;
𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐷 𝜕 𝐷𝐴 𝜖0 𝑑Φ𝑒
Displacement current: ID = 𝐴 = =
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝑑𝑡 21
7.5. Displacement current & General Ampere’s Law

 General Ampere’s law: The line integral of 𝐵. 𝑑𝑠 around any
closed path (amperian loop) equals 𝜇0 𝐼, where I is the total steady
current passing through any surface bounded by the closed path:
𝝐𝟎 𝒅𝚽𝒆
𝑩 ⋅ 𝒅𝒔 = 𝝁𝟎 𝑰 = 𝝁𝟎 𝑰±
𝒊𝒏 +
𝒞 𝒅𝒕
±
Iin : Conduction current
ϵ0 dΦe
: Displacement current
dt
Review
22
Review
 Biot-Savart law: The magnetic field 𝑑𝐵 at a point P associated with a
length element 𝑑𝑠 of a wire carrying a steady current 𝐼
𝝁𝝁𝟎 𝑰𝒅𝒔 × 𝒓
𝒅𝑩 = 𝟐
; 𝑩 = ∫ 𝒅𝑩 = ∑𝑩𝒊
𝟒𝝅 𝒓
 General Ampere’s law: The line integral of 𝐵. 𝑑𝑠 around any closed path
(amperian loop) equals 𝜇0 𝐼, where I is the total steady current passing
through any surface bounded by the closed path:
𝝐𝟎 𝒅𝚽𝒆
𝑩 ⋅ 𝒅𝒔 = 𝝁𝟎 𝑰 = 𝝁𝟎 𝑰±
𝒊𝒏 +
𝒞 𝒅𝒕
± ϵ0 dΦe
Iin : Conduction current ; : Displacement current
dt
23
2 0 I
B B (cos 1  cos 2 )
h M  4R
+ B
Nửa đ
I thẳng
1
A 0 I 0 I
B B
2R 4R
M
A I
B
M
A I B
24

B  0 IR 2 Tại tâm O 0 I
B BO 
M 2(R  h )
2 2 3/2
2R
h O Cung tròn chắn (7.9)
O
R
 góc ở tâm :
 0 I
BO 
I
.
2 2R
N.I N
B  . 0  B   0 nI   0 . .I
2.r L
PHYSICS 2: ELECTROMAGNETISM & OPTICS
(Chương 8)
DỤNG VĂN LỮ
K. Vật lý, TRƯỜNG ĐHSP – ĐH ĐÀ NẴNG
ĐT: 0935 015 236
Email: dvlu@ued.udn.vn
http://scv.udn.vn/dvlu
CHAPTER 8
FARADAY’S LAW
8.1. Faraday’s Law of

Induction
8.2 Motional emf
8.3. Lenz’s Law
8.4. Induced emf and
Electric Fields
8.5. Induction electric Field
8.xx. Generators and Motors
FARADAY’S LAW - CHAPTER 8
8.1. Faraday’s Law of Induction
Faraday’s law of induction

𝒅𝚽𝑩 ℰ: induction emf
𝓔=−
𝒅𝒕 ΦB : flux through the loop 3
8.1. Faraday’s Law of Induction

Some application of Faraday’s law
(a) In an electric guitar, a vibrating magnetized string

induces an emf in a pickup coil.
(b) The pickups (the circles beneath the metallic
strings) of this electric guitar detect the vibrations
of the strings and send this information through
an amplifier and into speakers.
4
8.2. Motional emf

 Magnetic force 𝐹𝐵 = 𝑞𝑣 × 𝐵 makes the ends
of the conductor become oppositely charged
→ create an electric field 𝐸 in the conductor.
 In turn, the electric field 𝐸 acts on electrons
by the force 𝐹𝐸 = 𝑞𝐸 , whose direction is
opposite to the direction of 𝐹𝐵
 In equilibrium condition, 𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹𝐸 → 𝐸 = 𝑣𝐵
→the potential different across the ends of the
conductor Δ𝑉 = 𝐵𝑙𝑣
Motional emf (the emf induced in a conductor moving through a

constant magnetic field): When a conducting bar of length 𝑙, moves at
a velocity 𝑣 through a magnetic field 𝐵, where 𝐵 is perpendicular to
the bar and to 𝑣, the motional emf induced in the bar is
ℰ = −𝐵𝑙𝑣 5
8.2. Motional emf

Example 8.1
The conducting bar illustrated in the
Figure moves on two frictionless, parallel
rails in the presence of a uniform
magnetic field directed into the page. The
bar has mass m, and its length is 𝑙. The bar
is given an initial velocity 𝑣i to the right
and is released at 𝑡 = 0. Using Newton’s
laws, find the velocity of the bar as a
function of time.
6
8.3. Lenz’s law

Lenz’s law: The induced current in a loop is in the direction that
creates a magnetic field that opposes the change in magnetic flux
through the area enclosed by the loop.
9
8.4. Induced emf and Electric Fields

Let a conducting loop in a changing
magnetic field:
 A changing magnetic flux through the
loop induces an emf and a current in it.
 According to definition of emf, we have
ℰ= 𝐸 ⋅ 𝑑𝑠
General form of Faraday’s law:

𝒅𝚽𝑩
𝑬 ⋅ 𝒅𝒔 = −
𝒅𝒕
where 𝐸 is the nonconservative electric
field that is produced by the changing
magnetic flux 10
8.4. Induced emf and Electric Fields

Example 8.2.
A long solenoid of radius R has n turns of wire per
unit length and carries a time varying current that
varies sinusoidally as 𝐼 = 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥 cos 𝜔𝑡, where 𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑥
is the maximum current and 𝜔 is the angular
frequency of the alternating current source.
(A) Determine the magnitude of the induced
electric field outside the solenoid at a distance
𝑟 > 𝑅 from its long central axis.
(B) What is the magnitude of the induced electric
field inside the solenoid, a distance r from its
axis?
11
Electromagnetic Waves - CHAPTER 10
8.5. Induction Electric field

Particle in Field: 𝐅 = 𝒒(𝑬 + 𝒗 𝐱 𝑩 )
Maxwell’s equations
 Gauss’s law
𝒒 𝜌
𝑬 ⋅ 𝒅𝑨 = ; div 𝐸 =
𝝐𝟎 𝜖0
 Gauss’s law in magnetism
𝑩 ⋅ 𝒅𝑨 = 𝟎; div 𝐵 = 0
 Faraday’s law
𝒅𝚽𝑩 𝑑𝐵
𝑬 ⋅ 𝒅𝒔 = − ; 𝑟𝑜𝑡 𝐸 = −
𝒅𝒕 𝑑𝑡
 Maxwell – Ampere law
𝒅𝚽𝑬 𝑑𝐸
𝑩 ⋅ 𝒅𝒔 = 𝝁𝟎 𝑰 + 𝝐𝟎 𝝁𝟎 ; 𝑟𝑜𝑡 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑗 + 𝜖0 𝜇0
𝒅𝒕 𝑑𝑡 15

Generator
A coil with N turns, with the
same area A, rotates in a
magnetic field with a constant
angular speed 𝜔:
𝑑Φ𝐵
ℰ = −𝑁 = 𝑁𝐵𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑑𝑡
16
Motor
A motor is a device into which energy
is transferred by electrical
transmission while energy is
transferred out by work.
A motor is essentially a generator
operating in reverse. Instead of
generating a current by rotating a
coil, a current is supplied to the coil
by a battery, and the torque acting on
the current-carrying coil causes it to
rotate. 17
PHYSICS 2: ELECTROMAGNETISM & OPTICS
Phần II: Quang (Chương 9&10)
• DỤNG VĂN LỮ
• K. Vật lý, TRƯỜNG ĐHSP – ĐH ĐÀ NẴNG
• ĐT: 0935 117 206
• Email: dvlu@ued.udn.vn [nhóm HP, Lớp SH]

http://scv.udn.vn/dvlu
PART 2
LIGHT AND OPTICS

Chapter 9: The Light Interference
Chapter 10: Diffraction Patterns and Polarization
3
CHAPTER 9
Chapter 9: The Light Interference

9.1 Concepts of Interference
9.2 Interference in Thin Films
9.3 Interferometers
CHAPTER 4 – WAVE OPTICS 4
interference
pattern of
water waves
Light waves also interfere with one another, like mechanical waves
9.1.1. Conditions for interference in light waves
• The sources must be coherent; that is, they must maintain a
constant phase with respect to each other.
• The sources should be monochromatic; that is, they should
be of a single wavelength.
5

9.1.2. Optical path length & OP difference
Optical path length (OPL) or optical distance is the
product of the geometric length of the path followed by
light through a given system, and the refractive index of
the medium through which it propagates: 𝐿 = 𝑛𝑑.
(Quang lộ L = chiết suất x khoảng cách d)
Optical path difference (OPD): A difference in optical path

length between two paths.
 OPL and OPD are important because they determine the

phase of the light and governs interference and diffraction
of light as it propagates.
6

9.1.3. Linear positions of bright and dark fringes
𝑑 2𝜋 2𝜋
𝑢1𝑀 = 𝑎 cos 𝜔 𝑡 − = 𝑎 cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝑑 = 𝑎 cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝐿1
𝑣 𝑇𝑐/𝑛 𝜆
2𝜋
𝑢2𝑀 = 𝑎 cos 𝜔𝑡 − 𝐿
𝜆 2
2𝜋 𝐿2 − 𝐿1 2𝜋
𝑢𝑀 = 𝑢1𝑀 + 𝑢2𝑀 = 2𝑎 cos cos 𝜔𝑡 − (𝐿2 + 𝐿1 )
𝜆 2 2𝜆
Δ𝐿 = 𝐿2 − 𝐿1 = 𝑘𝜆 (constructive): bright fringes

1
Δ𝐿 = 𝐿2 − 𝐿1 = 𝑘 + 𝜆 (destructive): dark fringes
2
7

9.1.3. Linear positions of bright and dark fringes

9.1.4. Lloyd’s mirror: change of phase due to reflection
 Light waves can reach point P

on the screen either directly
from S to P or by the path
involving reflection from the
mirror
Note: An electromagnetic wave
undergoes a phase change of
180° upon reflection from a
medium that has a higher index
of refraction than the one in
which the wave is traveling.
OPL is added +𝜆/2
9.2.1. Thin films
Consider a film of uniform thickness
𝒕 and index of refraction 𝒏. The
difference of optical path between ray
𝜆
1 and ray 2 is Δ𝐿 ≈ 2𝑡𝑛 −
2
 Condition for constructive
interference:
 Condition for destructive

interference
10
9.2.2. Newton’s rings
 The interference effect is due to the

combination of ray 1, reflected from
the flat plate, with ray 2, reflected
from the curved surface of the lens.
 Because ray 1 undergoes a phase
change of 180° upon reflection,
whereas ray 2 undergoes no phase
change, the difference of optical path
between the two rays Δ𝐿 = 2 𝑅 −
11
9.2.3. Examples
Ex. 9.1.
Calculate the minimum thickness of a soap-bubble film that
results in constructive interference in the reflected light if the
film is illuminated with light whose wavelength in free space is 
= 600 nm. The index of refraction of the soap film is 1.33.
9.2.3. Examples
Ex. 9.2.
Solar cells devices that generate
electricity when exposed to sunlight
are often coated with a transparent,
thin film of silicon monoxide (SiO, n =
1.45) to minimize reflective losses
from the surface. Suppose a silicon
solar cell (n = 3.5) is coated with a
thin film of silicon monoxide for this
purpose Figure. Determine the
minimum film thickness that
produces the least reflection at a
wavelength of 550 nm, near the
center of the visible spectrum.
13
9.2.3. Examples
Ex. 9.3. “air wedge”
An air wedge is formed between two glass plates separated at
one edge by a very fine wire of circular cross section as shown
in Figure. When the wedge is illuminated from above by 600-nm
light and viewed from above, 30 dark fringes are observed.
Calculate the diameter d of the wire.
14
9.3. Interferometers
The Michelson Interferometer
The interferometer, invented

by American physicist
A. A. Michelson (1852–1931),
can be used to measure
wavelengths or other lengths
with great precision.
17
Chapter 9
• Interference on thin film An air wedge~Newton’s
rings
• -----\
18
CHAPTER 10
Diffraction Patterns and Polarization
10.1 Introduction to Diffraction

Patterns
10.2 Diffraction Patterns from
Narrow Slits
10.3 The Diffraction Grating
10.4 Diffraction of X-Rays by
Crystals
10.5 Polarization of Light Waves
CHAPTER 5 - Diffraction Patterns and Polarization 19
10.1. Introduction to Diffraction Patterns
The diffraction pattern that appears on a screen when

light passes through a narrow vertical slit. The pattern
consists of a broad central fringe and a series of less
intense and narrower side fringes.
10.2. Diffraction Patterns from Narrow Slits

Fraunhofer diffraction pattern
(a) Geometry for

analyzing the Fraunhofer
diffraction pattern of a
single slit, which shows
light entering a single slit
from the left and
diffracting as it propagates
toward a screen.
(b) Simulation of a single-
slit Fraunhofer diffraction
pattern.

Explaination of
Fraunhofer diffraction pattern
Considering waves leaving the slit as
waves coming from various portions
of the slit:
 Each portion of the slit acts as a
source of light waves.
 Light from one portion of the slit
can interfere with light from
another portion
→ a diffraction pattern is actually
an interference pattern in which
the different sources of light are
different portions of the single slit

Condition for destructive
interference for a single slit
+ Let’s divide the slit into 𝑛 halves,
the path difference between two
adjacent portions of the single slit is
𝑎
sin𝜃 (𝑎: the width of slit)
𝑛
+ If 𝑛 is an even number (𝑛 = 2𝑚)
and waves from adjacent portions of
the single slit cancel each other,
𝑎 𝜆
which is sin 𝜃 = or
𝑛 2
𝝀
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒎 𝑚 = ±1, ±2, … ,
𝒂
we observe dark fringes.
Condition for intensity minima for a single slit:

𝝀 𝑏ướ𝑐 𝑠ó𝑛𝑔
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 = 𝒎 = 𝑠ố 𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑦ê𝑛
𝒂 𝑏ề 𝑟ộ𝑛𝑔 𝑘ℎ𝑒

Two-Slit Diffraction Pattern
The diffraction
pattern is produced
when 650-nm light
waves pass through
two 3.0-mm slits
that are 18 mm
apart.

Diffraction Patterns from various slits
10.3. The Diffraction Grating
𝒅: slit spacing
EX 10.3.
A helium–neon laser ( = 632.8 nm) is used to calibrate a
diffraction grating. If the first-order maximum occurs at 20.5°,
what is the spacing between adjacent grooves in the grating?
EX 10.4
Three discrete spectral lines occur at angles of 10.1°, 13.7°, and
14.8° in the first-order spectrum of a grating spectrometer. (a) If
the grating has 3660 slits/cm, what are the wavelengths of the
light? (b) At what angles are these lines found in the second-
order spectrum?
EX 10.5.
A grating with 250 grooves/mm is used with an incandescent
light source. Assume the visible spectrum to range in wavelength
from 400 nm to 700 nm. In how many orders can one see
(a) the entire visible spectrum,
(b) the short-wavelength region of the visible spectrum.
10.4. Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals
The condition for constructive interference

(maxima in the reflected beam) is
10.4. Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals

EX 10.6
Monochromatic x-rays ( = 0.166 nm) from a nickel target are
incident on a potassium chloride (KCl) crystal surface. The
spacing between planes of atoms in KCl is 0.314 nm. At what
angle (relative to the surface) should the beam be directed for a
second-order maximum to be observed?
EX 10.7
The first-order diffraction maximum is observed at 12.6° for a
crystal having a spacing between planes of atoms of 0.250 nm.
(a) What wavelength x-ray is used to observe this first-order
pattern?
(b) How many orders can be observed for this crystal at this
wavelength?
10.5. Polarization of Light Waves

+ An ordinary beam of light
consists of a large number
of waves emitted by the
atoms of the light source.
+ Each atom produces a wave
having some particular
orientation of 𝐸.
→ The direction of polarization
of each individual wave is defined to be the direction in which 𝐸 is
vibrating.
+ All directions of vibration from a wave source are possible.
→ the resultant electromagnetic wave is a superposition of waves
whose 𝐸 vibrate in many different directions.
→ Resultant electromagnetic wave is called an unpolarized wave.
+ Unpolarized light beam: Figure a

(A representation of an unpolarized
light beam viewed along the
direction of propagation. The
transverse electric field can vibrate
in any direction in the plane of the
page with equal probability.)
+ Linearly polarized light beam:

Figure b (A linearly polarized light
beam with the electric field
vibrating in the vertical direction.)

Polarization by Selective Absorption
Malus’s law:

Polarization by Reflection
37
Review chapter 10
• 10.2 Diffraction Patterns from Narrow Slits
Điều kiện cực tiểu (vân tối):
𝜆
sin 𝜃 = 𝑚 , 𝑚 = ±1,2
𝑏ề 𝑟ộ𝑛𝑔 𝑘ℎ𝑒
𝑦𝑖
• sin 𝜃𝑖 ≈ tan 𝜃𝑖 =
𝐿
• 10.3 The Diffraction Grating

Điều kiện vân sáng: 𝑑 sin 𝜃 = 𝑚𝜆, 𝑚 = 0, ±1, …
1
Chu kì cách tử (khoảng cách cách tử): 𝑑 =
𝑠ố 𝑘ℎ𝑒(𝑣ạ𝑐ℎ)
• 10.4 Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals

Điều kiện vân sáng: 2𝑑 sin 𝜃 = 𝑚𝜆, 𝑚 = ±1, …

EX 10.1:
Light of wavelength 587.5 nm
illuminates a slit of width 0.75
mm.
(a) At what distance from the
slit should a screen be
placed if the first minimum
in the diffraction pattern is
to be 0.85 mm from the
central maximum?
(b) Calculate the width of the
central maximum.
Problems
P. 10.3. The hydrogen spectrum includes a red line at 656 nm and
a blue-violet line at 434 nm. What are the angular separations
between these two spectral lines for all visible orders obtained
with a diffraction grating that has 4500 grooves/cm?

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1.1. Properties of Electric Charges

1.1. Properties of Electric Charges

 Electric charge always occurs as integral multiples of a fundamental

1.2. Charging Objects by Induction

1.3. Coulomb’s Law

1.3. Coulomb’s Law

1.3. Coulomb’s Law

Ans. 𝐹3 = −1.04i + 7.94j N

1.4. Analysis Model: Particle in a Field

 Electric field vector 𝑬

→ If an arbitrary charge 𝑞 is placed in an electric field 𝐸, it

1.4. Analysis Model: Particle in a Field

 Electric field due to a finite number of point charges

1.5. EF of a Continuous Charge Distribution

At P, EFs E1, E2, due to charges q1, q2, respectively, have

At P, EFs E1, E2, due to charges q1, q2, respectively, have

Electric Field at a point P:

2.1. Electric Field Lines and

Note: Electric Field lines are not Real

 Electric field vector 𝑬: 𝑬 = 𝒌𝑸/𝒓𝟐

 Electric field vector 𝑬: 𝑬 = 𝒌𝑸/𝒓𝟐

𝐸𝑑𝐴2 = 𝐸𝑑𝐴 cos 0 = 𝐸 𝑑𝐴 = 𝐸𝑙 2

Example 2.3. surface charge density 𝜎.

Example 2.4. (A) The EF at a point outside the sphere

CHAPTER 3: ELECTRIC POTENTIAL

• Electric Potential (viết gọn: Potential): Điện thế

• Electric Potential Difference (Potential Difference): Độ

• Electric potential energy (potential energy): Thế năng tĩnh

3.1. Electric Potential and Potential Difference

 If this charge exeriences closed path

 This force is conservative, so the work done by this force is internal to

3.1. Electric Potential and Potential Difference

 The electric potential(potential) that is characteristic of the field

Note: An equipotential surface is one on which all points are at the

3.1. Electric Potential and Potential Difference

Note: Potential difference should not be confused with difference in

3.2. Potential Difference in

 The change in the potential energy of the charge–field system

3.3. Electric Potential and Potential Energy

The potential difference between points A and B due to a point charge

3.3. Electric Potential and Potential Energy

→ We obtain the potential energy of a

3.4. Electric Potential and Potential Energy

3.4. Electric Potential and Potential Energy

(B) Potential energy

3.4. Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field

3.5. Electric Potential Due to Continuous

 Surface distribution: 𝑉 = 𝑘𝑒 ∫ 𝜎𝑑𝐴/𝑟

 Linear distribution: 𝑉 = 𝑘𝑒 ∫ 𝜆𝑑𝑙/𝑟

3.5. Electric Potential Due to Continuous

3.5. Electric Potential Due to Continuous

3.5. Electric Potential Due to Continuous

3.5. Electric Potential Due to Continuous