BACTERIAL VACCINES

 Suspensions of attenuated, more commonly, killed pathogenic bacteria in isotonic solution NaCl
solution
 “S”/ smooth strains are more antigenic than “R”/rough strains

Typhoid Vaccine (Enteric vaccine) Killed Salmonela typhi (Type 2)

Cholera Vaccine Killed Vibro cholera (Iniba & Ogawa strains)
Plague Vaccine Killed Yersinia pestis (Reservoir: rats/ Vector:
fleas)
Pertussis Vaccine Killed Borcetella pertussis
Adsorbent Perttussis Vaccine- pertussis
vaccine+AlOH3 or Al2(PO4)3
Tuberculosis Vaccine (BCG vaccine) Dried, living M. Tuberculosis (Calmette-Guerin
strain)
Meningitis Vaccine Capsular polysaccharides for Nesseria
meningitis (A,C,Y and W-135)
Pneumococcal Vaccine Polyvalent Polysaccharide entigents from Streptococcus
pneumonia
Haemophilus b Polysaccharide Vaccine Capsular polyvalent polysaccharide of
Haemophiius influenzae type b (Hib)

TOXINS AND TOXOIDS:

 Toxins- (exotoxins) bacterial waste products that are considered poisonous to

the animal fat
 Toxoid- toxin whose toxicity has been inactive or suppressed either by chemical
(formalin) or heat
 Act as antigents because they stimulate certains cells of the body to produce
antitoxins
 Culture medium- beef broth medium
 Clostridium botulinum- source of the most poisonous poison

FLUID TOXOIDS

 Formaldehyde (reduces or eliminates toxic properties without affecting antigenecity)

 Induces artificial active immunity

ADSORBED TOXOID

 Precipitated or adsorbed with alum, aluminum hydroxide or aluminum phosphate

ANTITOXINS

 From blood of toxin- immunized animals, usually horses

 Standardized in terms of “antitoxins unit”
 Admin: prepare a syringe containing epinephrine injection and tomiquet to counter
anaphylactic reactions

USES

Diptheria antitoxin Passive immunity, curative

Tetanus antitoxin Treatment and prophylaxis of tetanus if

Tetanus Ig is not available (passive immunity)

Botulism antitoxin (multivalent) treat all cases of toxemia

Type A,B,E strains caused by types of botulinus bacteria used
VENOMS and ANTIVENINS

 From blood of venom- Immunized animals, usually horses

 Venoms- poisonous excreations produced by animals; equilvalent to exotoxins in
bacteria
 Snake venins or venoms- obtained by holding a poisonous snake over a conical glass
container covered with a sheet of thin rubber

SYNONYM AGAINST VENOM OF

Antivenin North and South America Crotalus atrox (Western
(Crotalidao) antisnakebite serum diamondback)
Polyvalent C. adamanteus (Florida
diamondback)
C. durissis terrificus (S.
American rattiesnake)
Bothrops atrox (S. American
fer-de-lance)

Antivenin North American coral snake Micrurus fulvius (eastern

antivenin coral snake)
M. Fulvius tenere (Texas coral
snake)
Antivenin (Latrodectus
Spider- Bite Antivenin mactans) Latrodectus mactans ( black
Black widow spider antivenin widow spider)

ANTISERUMS

 From blood of bacteria/virus-immunized animals, usually horses

Antirabies Serum ( more effective if administered with rabies vaccine)

D : sterlie, nonpyrogenic solution containing antiviral substances

From : blood serum or plasma of a healthy horse immunized against rabies by vaccination

IMMUNE GLOBULINS

 From immune humans (survived an attack or immunized)

USE

Immune Globulin Prophylactic in chickenfox, hepatitis A and

Immune serum globulin other diseases
Immune globulin intramuscular
Gamma globulin Immune Globulin Intravenous/GIV
 Provides immediate Ab levels
 Treatment of innunodeficiency
syndrome

Pertussis Immune Globulin Prophylaxis and treatment of pertussis

Tetanus Immune Globulin Passive immunization against tetanus in
individual with wounds that may have been

Rabies Immune Globulin
Hepatitis B Immune Globulin
Varicella-Zoster Immune Globulin
Rho (D) Immune Globulin
Lymphocyte Immune Globulin
DIAGNOSTIC ANTIGENS
 Positive responses: localized, well-defined wheal accompanied by erythems
Tuberculin
Old Tuberculin
Purified protein Derivatives
of Tuberculin
Histoplasmin
Coccidioidin
Diphtheria toxin
Mumps Skin Test Anitigen
BIOLOGIC RELATED TO HUMAN BLOOD
Whole blood (human)
Red blood cells
Plasma Protein Fraction
(human)
Thrombin
contaminated
Used with rabies vaccine (best postexposure
prophylaxis)
Restricted to Immunodeficient Individuals
For unsensitized Rh-negative women who
gave birth to Rho (D) or D – positive infant
Lymphocyte selective immunosuppressant
FROM POSITIVE RESPONSE
Human or bovine strains of Redness or inflammation
tubercle bacillus
M. tuberculosis Inflammation and palpable
induration or edema (5mm)
M. tuberculosis (free from Palpable induration (10 mm
protein) or more)
Histoplasma capsulatum
( mycalial phase)
Fungus coccidioides immitis
Corynabacterium diphtheria Circumscribed area of redness
(nit 400 MLD/min lethal (21 cm)
doses)
Formaldehyde-inactived Erythema (at least 1.5 cm)
mumps virus grown on extra-
embroyc fluids of the mumps
virus-infected chicken
embreyo
From a donor (+ Blood replenisher
citrate/heparin as
anticoagulant)
Whole blood minus plasma Blood replenisher in anemis
Selected proteins derived by Blood volume restoration (in
fractionating material (source shock)
blood plasma, serum)
Sterlie protein from Hemostatic
prothombim (bovine) +
thromboplastin in the
presence of calcium
Antihemophillic Derivatives- control of 2 types of hemophilia

Antihemophillic factor Sterile, freeze-dried Hemophilia A ( class

concentrate of humans hemophilia)
antihemophillic factor
(prepared from the vector
VIII-rich cryprotein fraction of
human venous plasma)

Antihemophillic factor IX Dreid plasma fraction Prevent dangerous bleeding

complex comprising coagulation or to perform surgery
factors IX, II, VII, X

Albumin Human Sterile, nopyrogenic Blood-volume supporter

preparation of serum albumin
obtained by fractionating
material (source blood plasma
, serum or placentas) from
healthy human donors

Radio – Iodinated Serum Albumins

 Contains serum albumin iodinated using mild conditions with either [125 or ]131
 Sterile, buffered, isotonic solutions prepared to contained nlt 10 mg radio-iodinated
normal human albumin per ml & adjusted to provide nmt millicurie of radioactivity per
ml

Iodinated125/ albumin injection and Diagostic aid to determin blood volume and
Iodinated 131/ albumin injection cardiac output

Iodinated131/ aggregated injection Diagnostic aid for determination of

pulmonary clearance