Suppose we have two networks, which are Network A and Network B, with

10.1.1.0/24 and 124.1.1.0/24 respectively. Also, we assume that these two

networks are connected to the same router with interfaces 10.1.1.1/24 and
124.1.1.1/24 respectively. When a client with a mobile device, a laptop, or a
desktop wants to access a website, she opens a browser and writes the
address of the site, then hit enter. The browser then communicates with the
local networking stack and tells that it wants to establish a TCP connection
with the server through the HTTP port 80. Then networking stack will check
its own subnet and send data through its gateway according to the network
interface. The physical layer is the first and lowest layer that defines the
physical connections between devices. It performs bit-by-bit data delivery
over a physical medium, how the cables, network cards, and other
hardware connect computers to the networks and the networks to the rest
of the internet. It specifies how bits of data are sent over that cable. It is the
second layer and it provides a network connection between hosts on a
particular local network. Layer 2 groups together 1’s and 0’s into chunks
known as Frames. There is an addressing system that exists at Layer 2
known as the Media Access Control address or MAC address. The
MAC address uniquely identifies each individual NIC. The internet protocol
basically assumes all computers are part of one very large "web" of nodes
that can all pass packets to other nodes. There is always a route from one
node to another, even if sometimes a very large number of intermediate
nodes get involved. The data link layer makes this assumption true.
The Network layer is responsible for packet delivery from end to end. The
network layer is responsible for transmitting and routing data packets over
the network. The internet uses the internet protocol (IP) as its network layer.
Each node on the network has an address which is called the IP address of
which data is sent as IP packets. The transportation layer manages
network traffic between hosts and end systems to ensure complete data
transfers. The first is the transmission control protocol(TCP) and the second
one is the user datagram protocol(UDP), they both break up a message
that an application wants to send into packets to the intended recipient. On
the recipient’s side, both take the payload from the received packets and
pass those to the application layer.
While sending an email, the email client and server communicate over a
reliable TCP connection. The server listens on a certain port until a
connection request arrives from the client. The server acknowledges the
request and a TCP connection is established. IP ( internet protocol) is the
principal protocol in the internet protocol suite for relaying data grams
across network boundaries. its routing function enables inter-networking
and essentially establishes the internet. TCP port is an endpoint to a logical
connection and a way a client program specifies a specific server program
on a computer in a network. The port number identifies what type of port it
is. The checksum is a small-sized datum derived from digital data for the
purpose of detecting errors that may have been introduced during its
transmission or storage. The checksum is a simple type of redundancy
check that is used to detect errors in data. The routing table is a data table
stored in a router or a networked computer that lists the routes to particular
network destinations and some cases metrics(distances) associated with
those routes.TTL, which is Time-to-live is an internet protocol that tells a
network router whether or not the packet has been in the network too long
and should be discarded.