Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
PROJECT REPORT
May-2022
Date of Submission: 31-05-2022
Dwaraka Doss Goverdhan Doss Vaishnav College (Autonomous)
Linguistic Minority Institution
College with Potential for Excellence,
Affiliated to University of Madras
Accredited with A+ by NAAC
No.833, Gokul Bagh, E.V.R Periyar Salai
Arumbakkam, Chennai- 600106, Tamil Nadu, India
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
PROJECT REPORT
May-2022
Name : M. RANJINI
Class : II B. Com
Section :A
Sub Code : 2013412
Sub Name : Environmental studies
Date of Submission : 31-05-2022
FIELD WORK
INTRODUCTION:
Disaster management is the discipline of dealing with and avoiding both natural and
manmade disasters. It involves preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the
impact of disasters. All aspects of emergency management deal with the processes used to
protect populations or organizations from the consequences of disasters, wars and acts of
terrorism. Disaster management can be defined as the organization and management of
resources and responsibilities for dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies, in
particular preparedness, response and recovery in order to lessen the impact of disasters. The
whole cycle of Disaster Management can be depicted by following figure 1.1.
Thus, a disaster may have the following main features: Unpredictability, Unfamiliarity,
Speed, Urgency, Uncertainty, and Threat.
Thus, in simple terms we can define disaster as a hazard causing heavy loss to life, property
and livelihood, e.g., a cyclone killing 10,000 people, or a crop loss of one crop can be termed
as disaster.
Generally, disasters are of two types – natural and manmade. Based on the devastation,
these are further classified into major/minor natural disaster and major/minor manmade
disasters. Some of the disasters are listed in Table 1 below.
Table 1: Types of disaster.
There are no standardized rules defining the different phases of the disaster management
cycle. Different agencies use different cycles depending upon their objectives. However,
while approaches vary, it is agreed that disaster management activities should be carried out
in a cycle. The following figures illustrates the phases of the disaster management cycle,
which are described as follows:
1.5.1. Floods
Causes of floods
1) When snow on a mountain melt or when a river or a lake of some sort overflows
2) Flooding from water displacement, such as in a landslide,
3) The failure of a dam,
4) An earthquake induced tsunami
5) A hurricane’s storm surge or melt water from volcanic activity.
6) Flooding of Coastal areas by high tides or by tsunami waves caused by undersea
earthquakes.
7) A flood that rises and falls rapidly with little or no advance warning is called a flash
flood. Flash floods usually result from intense rainfall over a relatively small area.
Elements at risk
Flood management
1.5.2. Cyclone
The name cyclone was first coined by Captain Henry Piddington, Chairman of
Marine Court, Calcutta in 1848. It is derived from Greek word means coil of a snake.
Cyclone is a meteorological phenomenon in which an area of low pressure characterized
by inward spiralling winds that rotate counter clockwise in the northern hemisphere and
clockwise in the southern hemisphere of the earth. Near the places of their origin, they
are only 80 Km in diameter, but well-developed cyclones have their diameter ranging
from 300 to 1500 km. They move at faster rate over the oceans than over the land
because the irregularities of the land surface retard their speed. The six main types of
cyclones are polar cyclone, polar low, extra tropical, subtropical, tropical and
mesoscale.
Earthquake is those movements of the earth crust which make the ground vibrate and shake
backward and forward. The shaking of earth crust proceeds in the form of waves from the
centre of disturbance. Longitudinal waves, transverse waves and surface waves are the 3
types of waves. Earthquake may be caused by two types of forces.
2) volcanic activity: violent eruptions and intrusion of igneous magma from below the earth.
Types of earthquakes:
Volcanic earthquake: are associated with the flow of hot magma interrupting volcanoes.
These happen to be localized and seldom cause any extensive damage
Effects of earthquake:
• Roads get affected due to subsidence of the ground and enormous fissures appear
on land.
• Extensive landslides in hilly regions and rocky debris come down to block the path
of streams.
Mitigation measures:
• Power lines and pipelines can be built with extra slack where they cross such
earthquake prone zones.
In the recent years, intensive construction activity and the destabilizing forces of nature have
aggravated the land Slide problem. Landslides refer to the downward sliding of huge
quantities of land masses. Sliding occurs along steep slopes of hills of mountains. The rate of
movement of such a mass is never constant. Landslides occur as a result of changes on a
slope, sudden or gradual, either in its composition, structure, hydrology or vegetation. The
changes can be due to geology, climate, weathering, changing land use and earthquakes.
• Immediate causes
Effect of landslides:
Landslides are not only destructive to the man but also to the structures. One of the most
disastrous landslides occurred in Switzerland in 1806, when great masses of loose rock and
soil suddenly slide down into the valley form the mountainside. It resulted in killing of 800
persons. Initially the Vajont 19 Dam, was the highest arch failed due to landslide on October
9, 1963, when a rock mass of about 600 million tons slides down into the lake.
• Some critical measures that could be undertaken to prevent further landslides are drainage
measures, erosion control measures such bamboo check-dams, terracing, jute and coir netting
and rock control measures such as grass plantation, vegetated dry masonry walls, retaining
walls and, most importantly, preventing deforestation and improving afforestation.
• Disasters cannot be totally prevented. However, early warning systems, careful planning
and preparedness on part of the vulnerable community would help in minimizing the loss of
life and property due to these disaster
1.6.1. DEFORESTATION
Effects of Deforestation
Plant a tree.
Use less paper.
Recycle paper and cardboard.
Use recycled products.
Buy only sustainable wood products.
Don't buy products containing palm oil.
Reduce meat consumption.
Do not burn firewood excessively.
Acid Rain.
Infertile land
Eutrophication.
Effect on Wildlife.
Depletion of the Ozone Layer.
1) Avoid single use plastics and try to limit your consumption and unnecessary waste.
2) Properly dispose of chemicals and toxic waste.
3) Reduce levels of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs).
4) Filter your drinking water.
5) Use chemical free cleaning products.
6) Reduce toxins in your garden.
7) Reduce Vehicle Pollution. Use fuel efficient vehicles, carpool or ride a bike.
8) Use Less Energy. Choose energy efficient light bulbs and don't overset your thermostat.
Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances in the
atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living things.
EFFECTS - respiratory infections, heart disease and lung cancer.
Water pollution is the contamination of water sources by substances which make the
water unusable for drinking, cooking, cleaning, swimming, and other activities.
Pollutants include chemicals, trash, bacteria, and parasites.
EFFECTS - cholera, dysentery, diarrhoea, tuberculosis, jaundice, etc. About 80 per
cent of stomach diseases in India are caused by polluted water.
Land pollution refers to the deterioration of the earth's land surfaces, at and below
ground level. The cause is the accumulation of solid and liquid waste materials that
contaminate groundwater and soil.
EFFECTS- Chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even brain
damage are all long-term health consequences.
1.7. AGENCIES INVOLVED IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Disasters are inevitable. The fact lies in stating “we must all be prepared to try to survive
the current and the forthcoming disasters.” We cannot rule the nature but we can at least
be watchful and vigilant. The structured and pre planned preparedness and the healthy
response to the disaster will help save the lives. Our success lies in, as is preached by the
great people that existed and exist on earth “unity and unanimity devoid of discords.”
BEACH CLEANING
I started collecting waste especially plastics which are non-degradable into the trash bag
and we requested the people to put the waste into the garbage and we created awareness
among them. We advised them to maintain the beach clean.
And as a result, by seeing us the public took initiative and joined with us and started
cleaning the beach. So successfully we cleaned the beach.
AFTER CLEANING:
EVS FIELD VISIT REPORT 2
STREET CLEANING
VENUE: 6th Avenue Road, Anna Nagar West, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
TIME: 6:30 AM
On 12th May 2022, I Cleaned the street which was located at 6th Avenue Road, Anna
Nagar West, Chennai in the morning at 6.30am. before the cleaning the street was full
of dry fallen leaves, plastics etc… I was able to collect most of the plastic wastes and I
cleaned the street as best as I could. An individual is not only responsible for keeping his
house clean but he is also responsible for keeping the society clean especially, public
areas such as street, parks, temples, beach etc...
BEFORE CLEANING:
VENUE: 6th Avenue Road, Anna Nagar West, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.
TIME: 5:00 PM
I have a planted a tree called Indian Mulberry in the side of my apartment on 5th March
2022. Its botanical name is Morinda Tinctoria. It is also called as Nuna leaves,
Manjanathi. It is a medical plant which grows as tree. It is a tender plant but its fibre
part is hard and strong. In the past, the hand plow structure used to be of this tree only.
Cots were also made of this tree and it is recommended for good slumber. Further,
handicrafts items including tiny articles and God’s idols are also made of this tree.
Its leaves would resemble mango leaves and the flowers would be pure white in colour.
The fruits would appear to be knotted ones and once they ripen, it would become black
in colour. When it grows to be a tree, it will measure 15 ft. approximately and inside
part of this tree would be yellow in colour which is why this tree takes the
nomenclature, ‘manjanathi’. It contains the minerals such as selenium and zinc. Its
fruits are edible but it would darken our tongue.