Chapter-1: Natural Disaster Managemenet

NATURAL DISASTER MANAGEMENET
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
The term “DISASTER” owes its origin to the French word “Disastre”, a combination of two
words “Des” meaning “Bad” and “Aster” meaning “Star” thus the term Disaster refers to
“Bad or Evil Star”. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines a disaster as “a sudden
ecological phenomenon of sufficient magnitude to require external assistance”. Disasters are
serious, dangerous and intolerable phenomena. Thousands of people die in a moment.
Millions of people may become homeless within a day. Huge infrastructure may get damaged
within a few seconds or minutes. Disasters are catastrophic events shocking the whole world
and made humanity feel very sad and depressed. All life and life-support systems are also
affected by these incidences. What is required, ultimately, is to minimize the effects of these
disasters by applying certain disaster management practices. The subject of disaster
management is a compulsory part of learning by all students in earth atmospheric sciences.
We are collecting information about our project through Internet resources. We gather some
more information with the help of the SNC enquiry office which is nearer to our locality.
ALPHA-OMEGA TRAINING AND COMPLIANCE, INC is the best emergency disaster
response company. Through online helpline numbers, we fetch some guidelines from the
superiors who are under the control of their special certification(Geologist).
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CHAPTER-2
DISASTER
A disaster is defined as a "sudden or great misfortune" or simply "any unfortunate event."

More precisely, a disaster is "an event whose timing is unexpected and whose consequences
are seriously destructive."
These definitions identify an event that includes three elements:
• Suddenness
• Unexpectedness
•Significant destruction and/or adverse consequences
NATURAL DISASTER
A natural disaster is characterized by the abnormal intensity of a natural agent (flood,
mudslide, earthquake, avalanche, drought). When the usual measures to be taken to prevent
this damage were not able to prevent their emergence or were not able to be taken.
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CHAPTER-3
PRINCIPAL OF NATURAL DISASTER
COMPREHENSIVE:
Disaster managers consider and take into account all hazards, all phases, all stakeholders and
all impacts relevant to disasters.
PROGRESSIVE:
Emergency managers anticipate future disasters and take preventive and preparatory
measures to build disaster-resistant and disaster-resilient communities.
RISK-DRIVEN:
Emergency managers use sound risk management principles(hazard identification, risk

analysis and impact analysis) in assigning priorities and resources.
INTEGRATED:
Emergency managers ensure unity of effort among all levels of government and all elements
of a community.
COLLABORATIVE:
Emergency managers create and sustain broad and sincere relationships among individuals
and organizations to encourage trust, advocate a team atmosphere, build consensus, and
facilitate communication.
COORDINATED:
Emergency managers synchronize the activities of all relevant stakeholders to achieve a

common purpose.
FLEXIBLE:
Emergency managers use creative and innovative approaches to solving disaster challenges.
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CHAPTER-4
PHASES OF NATURAL DISASTER
There are four phases in a natural disaster:
.Mitigation
.Preparedness
.Response
.Recovery
FIG.4.1 PHASES OF NATURAL DISASTERS
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CHAPTER-5
TYPES OF DISASTER
They are two types of disasters:
.Natural disaster
.Man-Made disaster
NATURAL DISASTER
A natural disaster is characterized by the abnormal intensity of a natural agent (flood,

mudslide, earthquake, avalanche, drought). When the usual measures to be taken to prevent
this damage were not able to prevent their emergence or were not able to be taken.
TYPES OF NATURAL DISASTER
FLOODS
Flood is one of the most dangerous natural disasters. It happens when excessive water is
collected in any area. It usually happens due to heavy rainfall. India is highly prone to floods.
There are many regions in the country that face this natural disaster because of the
overflowing rivers. Moreover, it also happens because of the melting of snow. Another
reason for floods is when the dam breaks down. If we look at the coastal areas, hurricanes
and tsunamis are held responsible for causing floods. we will see the prevention and effect of
floods.
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FIG.5.1.1 FLOODS
Causes for Floods

Floods can occur due to several different, and often simultaneous, factors. However, one of
the biggest causes of floods, especially in cases of flash floods, is excessive and heavy
rainfall. When rainfall in low-lying areas and urban environments falls faster than the ground
can absorb, water height rapidly rise, resulting in floods. Extreme rainfall in river courses
contributes to flooding as well, as water travels down and overflows riverbanks onto
surrounding land. Sea overflow can also cause floods, in an event also known as a storm
surge. This occurs during tropical storms, cyclones and hurricanes, where these types of
weather events cause seawater to overflow onto the land in coastal regions. Sea water levels
have been recorded to rise as high as 20 feet during storm surges. Rapid melting of snow and
ice similarly causes a surge of seawater, while blocks of melting ice could block the flow of a
river, creating a phenomenon known as ice jams. Dam failures and breakage can also send a
powerful and destructive surge of water downstream. One of the most devastating dam
failures in history took place in 1889 in Johnstown, Pennsylvania. Several days of
extraordinarily heavy rain placed severe pressure on the local dam, causing it to fail and
releasing 20 million tons of water to the town, and more than 2,200 people died within
minutes.
Effects of Floods
Floods interrupt the day-to-day functioning of the affected area. Severe floods sometimes
cause mass destruction. A lot of people and animals lose their lives due to floods. Several
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others are injured. Floods also bring a rise in diseases. The stagnant water attracts mosquitoes
causing malaria, dengue, and more illnesses. Furthermore, people face power cuts due to the
danger of electrocution. They also have to face expensive pricing. As the supply of food and
goods gets limited, the prices naturally grow higher. This creates a big problem for the
common man. Most importantly, the whole country faces economic loss. The resources
needed to rescue people and tackle this disaster demands a hefty amount. Plus, the citizens
lose their houses and cars which they worked all their lives for. Subsequently, floods also
hamper the environment. It causes soil erosion and this degrades the quality of the soil. We
lose out on fertile soil. Similarly, floods also damage flora and fauna. They damage crops and
displace trees. Thus, measures should be taken to avoid these grave consequences.
Ways to prevent Floods
The government and citizens must work together to formulate ways to prevent floods. Proper
awareness must be spread about the steps to take when floods occur. Warning systems must
be set up so people get sufficient time to save themselves. In addition, areas that are more
likely to have floods must have tall buildings above the flood level. Further, there should be
an efficient system for storing excessive water due to rain. This will prevent the overflowing
of water. One of the most important steps is to strengthen the drainage system. This can avoid
water logging which will prevent floods. Other than that, dams must be constructed strongly.
The use of cheap materials causes dams to break. The government must ensure there is
quality building of dams to prevent floods. In short, we cannot prevent natural causes like
rain and the melting of glaciers. However, we can stop the manmade causes like the breaking
of dams, poor drainage systems, installing warning systems and more. We should take
inspiration from countries like Singapore that never experience floods despite having heavy
rainfall for most time of the year.
EARTHQUAKE
Simply, an Earthquake means the shaking of the Earth’s surface. It is a sudden trembling of
the surface of the Earth. Earthquakes certainly are terrible natural disasters. Furthermore,
Earthquakes can cause huge damage to life and property. Some Earthquakes are weak in
nature and probably go unnoticed. In contrast, some Earthquakes are major and violent.
Major Earthquakes are almost always devastating in nature. Most noteworthy, the occurrence
of an Earthquake is quite unpredictable. This is what makes them so dangerous.
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FIG.5.1.2 EARTHQUAKES
Causes For Earthquake
The Earth’s crust consists of seven large lithospheric plates and numerous smaller plates.
These plates move towards each other (a convergent boundary), apart (a divergent boundary)
or past each other (a transform boundary). Earthquakes are caused by a sudden release of
stress along faults in the earth's crust. The continuous motion of tectonic plates causes a
steady build-up of pressure in the rock strata on both sides of a fault until the stress is
sufficiently great that it is released in a sudden, jerky movement. The resulting waves of
seismic energy propagate through the ground and over its surface, causing the shaking we
perceive as earthquakes.
Effects of Earthquakes
First of all, the shaking of the ground is the most notable effect of the Earthquake.
Furthermore, ground rupture also occurs along with shaking. This results in severe damage to
infrastructure facilities. The severity of the Earthquake depends upon the magnitude and
distance from the epicentre. Also, the local geographical conditions play a role in determining
the severity. Ground rupture refers to the visible breaking of the Earth’s surface. Another
significant effect of Earthquakes is landslides. Landslides occur due to slope instability. This
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slope instability happens because of earthquakes. Earthquakes can cause soil liquefaction.
This happens when water-saturated granular material loses its strength. Therefore, it
transforms from a solid to a liquid. Consequently, rigid structures sink into the liquefied
deposits. Earthquakes can result in fires. This happens because Earthquake damages the
electric power and gas lines. Above all, it becomes extremely difficult to stop a fire once it
begins. Earthquakes can also create the infamous Tsunamis. Tsunamis are long-wavelength
sea waves. These sea waves are caused by the sudden or abrupt movement of large volumes
of water. This is because of an Earthquake in the ocean. Above all, Tsunamis can travel at a
speed of 600-800 kilometres per hour. These tsunamis can cause massive destruction when
they hit the sea coast. In conclusion, an Earthquake is a great and terrifying phenomenon on
Earth. It shows the frailty of humans against nature. It is a tremendous occurrence that
certainly shocks everyone. Above all, Earthquake lasts only for a few seconds but can cause
unimaginable damage.
Ways to prevent Earthquake
If possible, within the few seconds before shaking intensifies, quickly move away from glass,
hanging objects, bookcases, China cabinets, or other large furniture that could fall. Watch for
falling objects, such as bricks from fireplaces and chimneys, light fixtures, wall hangings,
high shelves, and cabinets with doors that could swing open. If available nearby, grab
something to shield your head and face from falling debris and broken glass. If you are in the
kitchen, quickly turn off the stove and take cover at the first sign of shaking. If you are in
bed, hold on and stay there, protecting your head with a pillow. You are less likely to be
injured staying where you are. Broken glass on the floor can cause injuries if you walk or roll
onto the floor and move away from windows and outside walls. Stay in the building.do not
use the elevators. The electricity may go out, and the sprinkler systems may come on. If you
are trapped, stay calm. Try to get someone’s attention by tapping on hard or metal parts of the
structure. Doing so may increase your chances of being rescued. Move away from windows
and outside walls. Stay in the building. do not use the elevators. The electricity may go out,
and the sprinkler systems may come on. If you are trapped, stay calm. Try to get someone’s
attention by tapping on hard or metal parts of the structure. Doing so may increase your
chances of being rescued.
TSUNAMI
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The term “tsunami” refers to tidal waves. As a result, a tsunami is characterised as a series of
extraordinarily long-wavelength ocean waves. Strong waves of water are formed by the
tsunami and move landward. As a result, there is a massive and long-lasting inland water
movement. As a result, these waves have considerable destructive power. Tsunamis are
caused by abrupt movement beneath the seabed. It’s an earthquake that occurs deep within
the water or ocean. The Pacific Ocean is known to be a hotspot of tsunamis. Tsunamis can
develop for a variety of reasons other than earthquakes. Volcanic explosions beneath the
seabed are one of the leading causes. Tsunamis can also be caused by the earth sinking,
explosion of bombs, and other factors. Tsunamis are especially common in locations where
two continents meet. Tsunamis cause strong water waves to move towards the ground. The
Greeks were the first people on the planet to assert that tsunamis had occurred. As per the
Greeks, a tsunami is a ground quake. Tsunamis and earthquakes are only distinguished by the
fact that tsunamis occur in the oceans. As a result, controlling the size and spread of tsunamis
is nearly impossible. Tsunamis, like every other natural calamity, wreak havoc on the
environment. The sea waves reach a speed of 420 kilometres per hour when a tsunami strikes.
Due to tsunamis in seas or oceans, beaches are wrecked, trees and plants are washed away,
and human settlements, dwellings, buildings, and ports are destroyed.
Causes For Tsunami
Tsunamis can be generated due to a range of geological activities. Here’s what you should
know about them.
Earthquake: Tsunamis might occur in the event of an earthquake. As the fault zones move
along the boundaries of the tectonic plates, a sudden spike in the sea level might be observed.
This later takes the shape of a tsunami. Earthquakes are correlated to tsunamis because the
strongest earthquakes are observed in the subduction areas where the different ocean plates
fall under their younger counterparts or other continental plates.
Underwater Landslide: Landslides occurring in a coastal area can bring a surge of

additional water within the sea. This phenomenon will affect the existing seawater, eventually
causing a tsunami. A landslide at an underwater level might also create the same effect. This
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is especially more common because the particles released due to the landslides exhibit strong
movements and pushes the nearest source of water to a lofty elevation.
FIG.5.1.3 TSUNAMI
Strong Volcanic Collapses/Slope Failures/Eruptions: While this isn’t as common as other

natural phenomena, violent or strong eruptions might cause sudden disturbances that end up
displacing a massive amount of water. This results in a highly destructive tsunami with
extremely powerful waves. In addition to volcanic.
A big tsunami might also be created by a sudden slope failure or explosion. Probably the
most remarkable example of this event was observed in 1883 when the volcanic collapse of
the Krakatoa resulted in Tsunami waves elevating up to a whopping 135 feet. This event
leads to the destruction of villages, and smaller towns in the Java and Sumatra islands. The
death toll was more than 36,000. Collisions from Meteorites: While this too is an extremely
rare instance, tsunamis might be created when two or more extra-terrestrial particles collide.
These particles include different celestial bodies like meteorites and asteroids. Several
scientists have found that if these particles collide on an ocean bed, it would naturally lead to
the elevation of the waterbody, thereby resulting in a tsunami. However, for this to happen, a
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large asteroid of at least six to eight kilometres in diameter needs to collide in the centre of a
massive oceanic basin like that of the Atlantic Ocean.
Effects of Tsunami
A tsunami is a large ocean wave that is caused by sudden motion on the ocean floor. This
sudden motion could be an earthquake, a powerful volcanic eruption, or an underwater
landslide. The impact of a large meteorite can also cause a tsunami. Tsunamis travel across
the open ocean at great speeds and convert into large deadly waves in the shallow water of a
shoreline.
Subduction Zones are Potential Tsunami Locations: Most tsunamis are caused by
earthquakes generated in a subduction zone, an area where an oceanic plate is being forced
down into the mantle by tectonic plate forces. The friction between the subducting plate and
the overriding plate is enormous. This friction prevents a slow and steady rate of subduction
and instead the two plates become ‘stuck’.
Accumulated Seismic Energy: As the stuck plate continues to descend into the mantle the
motion causes a slow distortion of the overriding plate. The result is an accumulation of
energy very similar to the energy stored in a compressed spring. Energy can accumulate in
the overriding plate over a long period of time—decades or even centuries.
Earthquake Causes Tsunami: Energy accumulates in the overriding plate until it exceeds
the frictional forces between the two stuck plates. When this happens, the overriding plate
snaps back into an unrestrained position. This sudden motion is the cause of the tsunami—
because it gives an enormous shove to the overlying water. At the same time, inland areas of
the overriding plate are suddenly lowered.
Tsunami Races away from the Epicentre: The moving wave begins travelling out from
where the earthquake has occurred. Some of the water travels out across the ocean basin, and,
at the same time, water rushes towards the land to flood the recently lowered shoreline.
Ways to prevent Tsunami
Plan an evacuation route from your home, school, workplace, or any other place you’ll be
where tsunamis present a risk. If possible, pick an area 100 feet above sea level or go up to
two miles inland, away from the coastline. If you can’t get this high or far, go as high as you
can. Every foot inland or upwards may make a difference. Familiarity may save your life. Be
able to follow your escape route at night and during inclement weather. Practising your plan
makes the appropriate response more instinctive, requiring less thinking during an actual
emergency situation. Use an NOAA Weather Radio with a tone-alert feature to keep you
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informed of local watches and warnings. The tone alert feature will warn you of potential
danger even if you are not currently listening to local radio or television stations.
Homeowners’ policies do not cover flooding from a tsunami. Ask about the National Flood
Insurance Program. Everyone should know what to do in case all family members are not
together. Discussing the dangers of tsunamis and your evacuation plans ahead of time will
help reduce fear and anxiety, and let everyone know how to respond. Review flood safety and
preparedness measures with your family. Prepare a supply kit equipped to sustain you and
your family for about a week and make sure it is readily accessible in case you need to take
quick action. Sheltering your pet or evacuating it with you can have an effect on your overall
plan. You may need to take special steps to make sure your pet is safe before, during, and
after the disaster. When local and state officials issue warnings and evacuation notices,
adhere to their directions and implement your disaster plan immediately. The Tsunami Ready
Program, developed by NOAA’s National Weather Service, is designed to help cities, towns,
counties, universities and other large sites in coastal areas reduce the potential for disastrous
tsunami-related consequences. Tsunami Ready helps community leaders and emergency
managers strengthen their local operations. Tsunami Ready communities are better prepared
to save lives through better planning, education and awareness. Communities have fewer
fatalities and property damage if they plan before a tsunami arrives. No community is
tsunami-proof, but Tsunami Ready can help minimize loss to your community.
DROUGHT
Drought is a dangerous condition which decreases the quality of life. It is termed a natural
disaster with harmful effects. A drought usually occurs when a region faces a shortage of
water. This is mainly due to lesser rainfalls. In addition, droughts have proven to be fatal for
mankind and wildlife as well. Moreover, drought is the most dangerous for a farmer. As they
do not have an ample supply of water, their crops dry out. This becomes a reason for worry as
it is their sole income. Furthermore, drought also leads to various other problems for the
environment and mankind.
Causes For Drought
drought is caused by drier than normal conditions that can eventually lead to water supply
problems. Really hot temperatures can make drought worse by causing moisture to evaporate
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from the soil. Just because a region is hot and dry doesn't necessarily mean it is going through
a drought. Droughts only occur when an area is abnormally dry. Here's why: Rain and snow
don’t fall evenly across Earth. Some regions are routinely wet and others are routinely dry.
From season to season — and from year to year the amount of rain or snow in a location can
vary. However, over a period of many years, the average amount of precipitation in a region
is fairly consistent. For example, in the deserts of the American Southwest, the average
precipitation is less than 3 inches per year. But, the average yearly precipitation in Atlanta is
about 50 inches. When a particular area gets less rain than usual, the soil gets much less
moisture, too. The soil starts drying out and plants die. When this pattern continues for
several weeks, months or years, the flow of streams and rivers decreases and water levels in
lakes, reservoirs and wells fall. Eventually, the unusually dry weather causes water supply
issues, and the dry period becomes a drought.
Effects of Drought
Drought is caused due to various reasons. One of the main reasons is deforestation. When
there will be no trees, the water on land will evaporate at a faster rate. Similarly, it lessens the
soil's capacity to hold water resulting in evaporation. Moreover, lesser trees also mean lesser
rainfall which eventually leads to drought. Furthermore, as the climate is changing, the water
bodies are drying up. This results in a lower flow of surface water. Therefore, when the rivers
and lakes will dry out, how will the people get water? In addition, global warming is a major
cause of this. The greenhouse gas emitted causes the earth’s temperature to rise. Thus, it
results in higher evaporation rates. Subsequently, excessive irrigation is also a great cause of
droughts. When we use water irresponsibly, the surface water dries up. As it does not get
ample time to replenish, it causes drought.
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FIG.5.1.4 DROUGHT
Ways to prevent Drought

Interlinking of national water resources (rivers). Agriculture and irrigation patterns need to
change. Water transportation channels need to be maintained properly. Leakages are bad.
Water-intensive industries should be away from water deficit regions. Accumulating as much
as rainwater we could. Improving rain harvesting infrastructure. Building more check dams, a
small run of the river projects, more farm-lakes, improving water table, using mulching
techniques in farms. Water meters need to be in a place like electricity meters. Asking
someone not to consume excess water unnecessarily has not given good results so far.
Nobody can count water a water meter will do that. Have water trains on standby. Attach
them to the units of disaster management teams. As soon as a possibility of drought arises in
a region, the water train can reach there. We need to prevent deforestation and thus we
require afforestation. Judicious use of water. Awareness that wasted water won’t come back
easily.
FOREST FIRE
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Forest fires can be defined as any uncontrolled and non-prescribed combustion or burning of
plants in a natural setting such as a forest, grassland, brushland, or tundra, which consumes
natural fuels and spreads based on environmental conditions (e.g., wind, topography). Fuel,
Oxygen, and heat sources help the spreading of wildfires: Fuel is any flammable material
surrounding a fire, including trees, grasses, brush, and even homes. The greater an area’s fuel
load, the more intense the fire. Air supplies the oxygen a fire needs to burn. Heat sources help
spark the wildfire and bring fuel to temperatures hot enough to ignite. In nature, especially in
higher latitude forests, fires help maintain a healthy forest ecosystem by releasing important
nutrients into the soil and aiding seed dispersal. In tropical forests, local and indigenous
communities have used fire for ages to clear land for agriculture.
FIG.5.1.5 FOREST FIRE
Causes For Forest Fire
Natural causes like lightning can set fires on trees which may be spread by wind. Sometimes,
High atmospheric temperatures and dryness (low humidity) offer favourable circumstances
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for a fire to start. Man-made causes are usually the ones that become dangerous. Fire is
caused when a source of fire like naked flame, cigarette, electric spark, or any source of
ignition comes into contact with inflammable material. Other human-led causes are land
clearing and other agricultural activities, maintenance of grasslands for livestock
management, extraction of non-wood forest products, industrial development, resettlement,
hunting, negligence, and arson.
Effects of Forest Fire
Natural causes such as lightning or rubbing of dry bamboo with each other can sometimes
result in fires, but forest officials maintain that almost all forest fires can be attributed to
human factors. Setting up a temporary hearth to cook food by the herdsman and minor forest
produce gatherer may leave behind a smouldering fire which can develop into a forest fire.
Also, when people burn their fields to clear them of stubble, dry grass or undergrowth, the
fire sometimes spreads to the adjoining forest. A spark can also be produced when dry pine
needles or leaves fall on an electric pole.
Ways to prevent Forest Fire

CAREFULLY DISPOSE OF SMOKING MATERIALS: Whenever you smoke, douse
your butts with water and place them in a fire-proof container to safely dispose of them after
you’re sure they’ve gone out. And whatever you do, don’t toss them on the ground.
CAMP RESPONSIBLY: Make sure the conditions are safe and that there isn’t a fire ban
where you are and never leave your campfire unattended. When you’re done, douse it and
wait until it’s completely cold to the touch before leaving your campsite.
MOW THE LAWN BEFORE 10 A.M.: If you need to mow your lawn, the California
Wildland Fire Coordinating Group recommends doing it early, before temperatures peak. But
if it’s excessively windy and dry, wait for another day because the metal blades underneath
your mower can easily spark a fire if they strike a rock.
CYCLONE
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The cyclones are irregular wind movements involving closed air circulation around a low-
pressure centre. This closed air circulation is caused by atmospheric disturbances over and
above the earth’s surface, coupled with the earth’s ‘rotation which imparts to these
disturbances a whirling motion. Cyclones are associated with destructive and violent
disturbances, such as heavy squalls and torrential rainfall.
Causes For Cyclone
Cyclones are centred on areas of low atmospheric pressure, usually over warm ocean waters
near the equator. The warm moist air over the ocean rises from the surface in the upward
direction, resulting in the formation of the low-pressure zone over the surface. Air from the
surrounding region, with higher pressure, pushes into the low-pressure area. The cool air
becomes warm and moist and rises again, thus the cycle continues. As the warm air rises, the
moisture in the air cools thus leading to the formation of clouds. The whole system grows
gradually and becomes fast with time. As a result of this, an eye is created in the centre, as
shown in the figure, which is the low-pressure centre into which the high-pressure air flows
from above, thus creating a cyclone.
Effects of Cyclone
The warm temperature at sea surfaces. Coriolis force impact area that forms a low-pressure
zone. Atmospheric instability. Increased humidity in the lower to middle levels of the
troposphere. Low vertical wind shear. Seawater enters the low-lying coastal areas, causing
severe loss of life and property. It also reduces the fertility of the soil. Continuous heavy
rainfall may further worsen the flood situation. High-speed winds accompanying a cyclone
can damage houses, telephones and other communication systems, trees, etc., causing
tremendous loss of life and property.
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FIG.5.1.6 CYCLONES
Ways to prevent Cyclone
Leave early before your way to high ground or the shelter gets flooded. Do not delay and run
the risk of being marooned. If your house is securely built on the high ground take shelter in
the safe part of the house. However, if asked to evacuate do not hesitate to leave the place.
Board up glass windows or put storm shutters in place. Provide strong suitable support for
outside doors. If you do not have wooden boards handy, paste paper strips on glasses to
prevent splinters. However, this may not avoid breaking windows. Get extra food, which can
be eaten without cooking. Store extra drinking water in suitably covered vessels. If you have
to evacuate the house move your valuable articles to the upper floors to minimize flood
damage. Ensure that your hurricane lantern, torches or other emergency lights are in working
condition and keep them handy. Small and loose things, which can fly in strong winds,
should be stored safely in a room. Be sure that a window and door can be opened only on the
side opposite to the one facing the wind. Make provision for children and adults requiring a
special diet. If the centre of the cyclone is passing directly over your house there will be a lull
in the wind and rain lasting for half an hour or so. During this time do not go out; because
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immediately after that, very strong winds will blow from the opposite direction. Switch off
the electrical mains in your house. Remain calm.
LANDSLIDES
Sliding down the slopes of mountains or hills is called a landslide. Among the things that
come down with the sliding land mass, stones, mud and debris are important. Landslides
occurring in the steep mountainous regions are more destructive. The slipping of rocks in the
hilly region is called a landslide. It occurs due to gravitation and wetness. It can destroy the
entire habitat. Control Aforestation and By minimizing the activities in the hilly region.
Causes For Landslides
It can be caused because of heavy rain. Deforestation is also one of the main reasons for
landslides because trees, plants, etc., keep the soil particles compact and due to deforestation,
the mountain slopes lose their protective layers because of which the water of the rain flows
with unimpeded speed on these slopes. It can be caused by earthquakes as well. For example,
in the Himalayas, the tremor occurred because earthquakes unstabilized the mountains, which
led to landslides. Volcanic eruptions in specific regions can also cause landslides. Landslides
often occur in mountain regions while making roads and construction; a large number of
rocks have to be removed, which can cause landslides over there. In the regions of North East
India, landslides occur because of shifting agriculture. Due to the increasing population, a
large number of houses are being created, which leads to the creation of a large amount of
debris which can cause landslides.
Effects of Landslides
Lead to economic decline: Landslides have been verified to result in the destruction of
property. If the landslide is significant, it could drain the economy of the region or country.
After a landslide, the area affected normally undergoes rehabilitation. This rehabilitation
involves massive capital outlay. For example, the 1983 landslide at Utah in the United States
resulted in a rehabilitation cost of about $500 million. The annual loss as a result of
landslides in the U.S. stands at an estimated $1.5 billion. The decimation of infrastructure
forces the flow of mud, debris, and rocks as a result of a landslide can cause serious damage
to property. Infrastructure such as roads, railways, leisure destinations, buildings and
communication systems can be decimated by a single landslide. Loss of life: Communities
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living at the foot of hills and mountains are at a greater risk of death by landslides. A
substantial landslide carries along huge rocks, heavy debris and heavy soil with it. This kind
of landslide has the capacity to kill lots of people on impact. For instance, Landslides in the
UK that happened a few years ago caused a rotation of debris that destroyed a school and
killed over 144 people including 116 school children aged between 7 and 10 years. In a
separate event, NBC News reported a death toll of 21 people in the March 22, 2014, landslide
in Oso, Washington. Affects the beauty of landscapes: The erosion left behind by landslides
leaves behind rugged landscapes that are unsightly. The pile of soil, rock and debris downhill
can cover land utilized by the community for agricultural or social purposes. Impacts river
ecosystems:
The soil, debris, and rock sliding downhill can find their way into rivers and block their
natural flow. Many river habitats like fish can die due to interference with the natural flow of
water. Communities depending on the river water for household activities and irrigation will
suffer if the flow of water is blocked.
FIG.5.1.7 LANDSLIDES
Ways to prevent Landslides
The country should identify the vulnerable areas and actions should be taken in this regard on
a priority basis. Early warning systems and monitoring systems should be there. Hazard
mapping can be done to identify the areas which are more prone to landslides. Restriction on
the construction in risky areas should be imposed. Afforestation programs should take place.
Restricting development in landslide areas and protecting the existing ones. The country
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should specify codes or standards etc. For the construction of the buildings and other
purposes in such areas of risk. Insurance facilities should be taken by the people to deal with
the loss. Terrace farming should be adopted in hilly areas. Response teams should be quick to
deal with landslides if they occur.
VOLCANO
A volcano is an opening in a planet or moon’s crust through which molten rock, hot gases,
and other materials erupt. Volcanoes often form a hill or mountain as layers of rock and ash
build-up from repeated eruptions. Volcanoes are classified as active, dormant, or extinct.
Active volcanoes have a recent history of eruptions; they are likely to erupt again. Dormant
volcanoes have not erupted for a very long time but may erupt at a future time. Extinct
volcanoes are not expected to erupt in the future. Inside an active volcano is a chamber in
which molten rock, called magma, collects. Pressure builds up inside the magma chamber,
causing the magma to move through channels in the rock and escape onto the planet’s
surface. Once it flows onto the surface the magma is known as lava. Some volcanic eruptions
are explosive, while others occur as a slow lava flow. Eruptions can occur through the main
opening at the top of the volcano or through vents that form on the sides. The rate and
intensity of eruptions, as well as the composition of the magma, determine the shape of the
volcano. Volcanoes are found on both land and the ocean floor. When volcanoes erupt on the
ocean floor, they often create underwater mountains and mountain ranges as the released lava
cools and hardens. Volcanoes on the ocean floor become islands when the mountains become
so large they rise above the surface of the ocean.
Causes For Volcano
The Earth’s mantle within the crust is classified into different sections depending on
individual seismology. These include the upper mantle, which ranges between 8 – 35 km to
410 km; the transition zone ranges from 400 to 660 km; the lower mantle lies between 660 –
2891 km. The conditions change dramatically from the crust to the mantle location. The
pressures rise drastically and temperatures rise up to 1000 oC. This viscous and molten rock
gets collected into large chambers within the Earth’s crust. Since magma is lighter than
surrounding rock, it floats up towards the surface and seeks out cracks and weakness in the
mantle. It finally explodes from the peak point of a volcano after reaching the surface. When
it is under the surface, the melted rock is known as magma and erupts as ash when comes up.
Rocks, lava and ash are built across the volcanic vent with every eruption. The nature of the
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eruption mainly depends on the viscosity of the magma. The lava travels far and generates
broad shield volcanoes when it flows easily. When it is too thick, it makes a familiar cone
volcano shape. If the lava is extremely thick, it can build up in the volcano and explode,
known as lava domes
FIG.5.1.8 VOLCANO
Effects of Volcano
Volcanism can be a greatly damaging natural disaster. The damage is caused by advancing
lava which engulfs whole cities. Habitats and landscapes are destroyed by lava flows.
Showers of cinders and bombs can cause damage to life. Violent earthquakes associated with
volcanic activity and mud flows of volcanic ash saturated by heavy rain can bury nearby
places. Sometimes ash can precipitate under the influence of rain and completely cover the
surrounding regions. Health concerns after a volcanic eruption include infectious disease,
respiratory illness, burns, injuries from falls, and vehicle accidents related to the slippery,
hazy conditions caused by ash. Further effects are the deterioration of water quality, fewer
periods of rain, crop damage, and the destruction of vegetation. In coastal areas, seismic sea
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waves called tsunamis are an additional danger which is generated by submarine earth faults
where volcanism is active.
Ways to prevent Volcano

Leave the area immediately. If you are warned to evacuate because an eruption is imminent,
evacuate. If you can drive rather than walk, use your vehicle to evacuate. When driving keep
doors and windows closed, drive across the path of danger if you can or away from the
danger if you can not, and watch for unusual hazards on the road. Close all windows, doors,
and fireplace or woodstove dampers. Turn off all fans and heating and air conditioning
systems. Bring pets and livestock into closed. Seek shelter indoors. If caught in a rockfall,
roll into a ball to protect your head. Be aware of rising water and possible mudflows in low-
lying areas if near a stream or river. Move up-slope as quickly as possible. Seek care for
burns right away. Immediate care can be life-saving. If your eyes, nose, and throat become
irritated from volcanic gases and fumes, move away from the area immediately. Your
symptoms should go away when you are no longer in contact with the gases or fumes. If the
symptoms continue, consult your doctor.
TORNADO
A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the surface of
the Earth. This mobile, funnel-shaped cloud typically advances beneath a large storm system.
Tornadoes are visible because, nearly all the time they have a condensation funnel made up
of water droplets, dust, dirt, and debris. While a tornado may go by many names like
“whirlwind,” “windstorm,” “cyclone,” “twister,” and “typhoon,” they are important to
understand because they are the most violent atmospheric storm. Keep reading to become a
tornado expert and learn everything from quick tornado facts to how to track these destructive
and even deadly storms.
Causes For Tornado
A lot of people wonder: “How do tornadoes form?” These severe weather events typically
stem from thunderstorms, although they don’t have to. Wind shear is one of the most critical
components for the formation of a tornado. Wind shear is the change of direction and speed
of the wind with height. This can create a horizontal spinning effect within a storm cell. The
rotating air of an updraft meets the rotating air of a downdraft and creates that iconic and
scary funnel cloud you’re probably used to seeing. Typically, this combination of winds can
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happen when moist, warm air meets cool, dry air. When these air masses meet, they create
instability in the atmosphere, which allows wind to change direction, move faster, get higher,
and start that rotation we mentioned above.
FIG.5.1.9 TORNADO
Effects of Tornado
Injuries and Loss of life: The violent nature of tornadoes can cause severe injuries and lead
to loss of life. Statistically, tornadoes cause 1,500 injuries each year. Averagely, 80 deaths as
a result of devastating tornadoes are recorded each year. These figures point to the fact that
tornadoes are a life-threatening phenomenon that must be treated as a national disaster.
Although tornadoes are still costing lives, scientists are working hard to develop powerful
technologies that include detection and warning systems for residents to enable them to
vacate before they strike.
Environmental contamination: A strong tornado can destroy pipelines; break chemical
containers, which can lead to contamination of groundwater with oil, raw sewage, dioxides,
asbestos and other toxic pollutants. Other wastes like medical wastes, industrial wastes, and
household chemicals can be disbursed widely leading to environmental contamination.
Strong thunderstorms on numerous occasions generate flooding rains and when added to
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tornadoes, can lead to long-term hazards to Mother Nature, for instance, enhanced risk of
transmission of diseases via contaminated water and soils.
Impacts on the ecosystem: When a tornado uproots trees, sunlight penetrates the forest
sections that were once covered, hence, affecting animal habitats. Tornadoes can also destroy
the whole habitat, killing and displacing huge numbers of animals. A powerful tornado is also
capable of damaging healthy soil by carrying away the topsoil, which is essential for
nourishing crops and other plants.
Psychological impacts: According to research findings by American Psychological
Association, tornadoes can lead to long-term mental problems. Some people that have
experienced tornadoes first-hand, exhibit strong emotional responses, which can be abnormal
or normal. Natural disasters are capable of triggering traumatic recollections where the victim
relives the phenomenon, and experiences grave anxiety, depression, withdrawal, and
enhanced fear of loss and death.
Ways to prevent Tornado
The safest place in the home is the interior part of the basement. If you don’t have a
basement, go to an inside room, without windows, on the lowest floor. This could be a centre
hallway, bathroom, or closet. Avoid taking shelter where there are heavy objects on the floor
directly above you. Heavy objects, such as refrigerators or pianos, could fall through the floor
if the tornado strikes your house. For added protection, get under something sturdy such as a
heavy table or workbench. If possible, cover your body with a blanket, sleeping bag, or
mattress, and protect your head with anything available—even your hands. Don’t stay in a
mobile home during a tornado. Mobile homes can turn over during strong winds. Even
mobile homes with a tie-down system cannot withstand the force of tornado winds. If you
live in a mobile home, go to a nearby building, preferably one with a basement. If there is no
shelter nearby, lie flat in the nearest ditch, ravine, or culvert and shield your head with your
hands. Follow your tornado drill and proceed to your tornado shelter location quickly and
calmly. Stay away from windows and don’t go to large open rooms such as cafeterias, gyms,
or auditoriums. Don’t try to outrun a tornado. Drive to the closest shelter. The least desirable
place to be during a tornado is in a motor vehicle. Cars, buses, and trucks are easily tossed by
tornado winds. If you’re unable to make it to a safe shelter, either get down in your vehicle
and cover your head and neck or leave your vehicle and seek shelter in a low-lying area such
as a ditch or ravine. Stay away from highway overpasses and bridges.
AVALANCHE
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An avalanche is a natural disaster that occurs when snow rapidly flows down a mountain.
During an avalanche, a combination of snow and ice (snowpack) is formed. The avalanche
begins when the snowpack is unstable and breaks off along a mountain slope. When the snow
breaks apart from the mountain, it begins to accelerate downhill and picks up other material
along the way. A fully developed snow avalanche can travel as fast as 320 kilo-meter per
hour.
FIG.5.10 AVALANCHE
Causes For Avalanche
Snowstorm and Wind Direction: Heavy snowstorms are more likely to cause Avalanches.
Wind normally blows from one side of the slope of a mountain to another side.
Heavy snowfall: Heavy snowfall is the first since it deposits snow in unstable areas and puts
pressure on the snow-pack. Precipitation during the summer months is the leading cause of
wet snow avalanches.
Human Activity: Humans have contributed to the start of many avalanches in recent years.
Winter sports that require steep slopes often put pressure on the snow-pack which it cannot
deal with.
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Vibration or Movement: The use of All Terrain Vehicles and Snowmobiles creates
vibrations within the snow that it cannot withstand. Coupled with the gravitational pull, it is
one of the quickest ways to cause an avalanche.
Layers of Snow: There are conditions where snow is already on the mountains and has
turned into ice. Then, fresh snow falls on top which can easily slide down.
Steep Slopes: Layers of snow build-up and slide down the mountain.
Warm Temperature: Warm temperatures that can last several hours a day can weaken
some of the upper layers of snow and cause it to slide down.
Effects of Avalanche
Damage to Life and Property: A large number of casualties take place after avalanches hit
heavily populated areas. Infrastructure is damaged, and the blockage caused impacts the
livelihood of many. People who enjoy skiing, snowboarding and snowmobiling are at a
greater risk of losing their lives. A powerful avalanche can even destroy buildings, and power
supplies can be cut off.
Death: The biggest way in which avalanches affect people is by causing death or injury. The
force from an avalanche can easily break and crush bones, causing serious injury.
Asphyxiation is the most common cause of death, followed by death from injury and lastly,
hypothermia people buried in an avalanche if found within 15 minutes have more than a 90
per cent survival rate. The rate drops to around 30 per cent if found after 35 minutes.
Flash floods: When an avalanche occurs, it brings down all the debris with it and can cause
havoc in low-lying areas. Flash floods are seen to happen after avalanches, which is a long-
term problem many villagers and townspeople have to deal with. They can also change
weather patterns and cause crop failure in farms present in the lower fields. Property and
Transportation Avalanches can completely destroy whatever is on their pathways such as
houses, cabins and shacks. This force can also cause major damage to ski resorts as well as
ski lift towers near or on the mountain. Avalanches also can cause roads and railroad lines to
close. A large amount of snow can cover entire mountain passes and travel routes with cars
and trains travelling on these routes. Utilities and Communication, Avalanches can affect
humans by damaging utilities and communication. The power from these snow waves can
completely destroy pipelines carrying gas or oil, thus causing leaks and spillage. Broken
power lines can cause a disruption in electricity and cause thousands of people to go without
power. Communication fields, such
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as telephone and cable lines, could go silent, causing panic and a delay in response time and
rescue. Economic Impact: An avalanche can block anything in its path and even restrict the
normal movement of traffic. Various ski resorts depend on tourists to run their businesses
successfully. Ski resorts and other businesses are forced to close until the avalanche
decreases, and weather conditions become suitable.
Crop Failure: if the snow from an avalanche accumulates on farmland located at the lower
altitudes, it can completely destroy the crop, causing crop failure and heavy economic losses
for the farm.
Ways to prevent Avalanche

Hiking after a storm: Avoid hiking immediately after a storm. Most avalanches occur at the
time of or shortly after a heavy snowfall.
Avoid steep slopes: Avoid slopes with pitches greater than 25 degrees.
Stay on the windward side of ridges: Stay on the windward side of gently sloping ridges. The
snow is usually thinner there.
Avoid treeless slopes: Avoid treeless slopes and gullies. The absence of trees may reflect
that previous avalanches have occurred in the area.
Watch for cracks: Watch for cracks or small slabs that have sheared off.
Listen: Listen for hollow or thumping noises as you walk.
Dig snow pits: Use a collapsible shovel to dig frequent snow pits. As you check the structure
of the snowpack, be on the lookout for weak layers.
MAN-MADE DISASTER
Man Made disaster is a threat to having an element of human intent, negligence, or error, or
involving a failure. Man Made disasters are hazards caused by human action or inaction.
They are contrasted with natural hazards. Man Made disasters may adversely affect humans,
other organisms and ecosystems. The frequency and severity of hazards are key elements in
some risk analysis methodologies.
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FIG.5.2.1 TYPES OF MAN-MADE DISASTER

NUCLEAR DISASTERS
A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency as
"an event that has led to significant consequences to people, the environment or the facility. It
is a type of explosion deriving its force from nuclear reactions of fusion. It is of two types
fission and fusion. Examples are Of Fission atomic bombs, A-bombs, and Fission bombs.
Examples are Of Fusion bombs are Hydrogen bombs, H- bombs, fusion bombs, etc.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Common indicators of these disasters are vomiting, nausea, dizziness etc.
2. Don't look at the fire as it causes instant blindness.
3. Close all doors and windows as radioactivity does not penetrate into solid structures.
4. Cover all food and water and listen to government orders.
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FIG.5.2.2 NUCLEAR DISASTERS

BIOLOGICAL DISASTERS
These are referred to as poor man's nuclear bombs as they are easy to manufacture, and
transport and have the ability to kill hundreds and thousands of people. They are delivered
using dusting aeroplanes or small perfume atomizers. They have the ability to generate
immediate effects.
PRECAUTIONS
1. The WHO should lay emphasis on the prohibition against biological warfare.
2. We should immediately get away from a suspicious thing.
3. Cover your mouth with a wet cloth.
4. Listen to I. V. and Radio for further GOVT. instruction
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FIG.5.2.3 BIOLOGICAL DISASTERS
FIG.5.2.4 BIOLOGICAL DISASTERS

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CHEMICAL DISASTERS
Disasters that are caused by the excessive use and misuse of chemicals in industries are called
chemical disasters. The irresponsible handling of powerful chemicals can cause widespread
devastation.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Industries using harmful and powerful chemicals should be located far away from
residential areas
2. There should be surveys to keep a check on their activity
3. The government should formulate an emergency plan in case of an accident
4. Pollution levels should be checked and maintained.
FIG.5.2.5 CHEMICAL DISASTERS
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FIRE DISASTERS
Accidents that are caused due to fire are quite common fire results in heavy damage both in
terms of life and property. Loss of life is high in a crowded building.
FIG.5.2.6 FIRE DISASTERS

PRECAUTIONS
FIG.5.2.7 PRECAUTIONS FOR FIRE DISASTERS

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1. The main reason is poor wiring and faulty electrical equipment, leaking gas or carelessly
thrown cigarettes and matches.
2. The main power supply source is in good condition.
3. The wire should be properly covered.
4. Inflammable things should be kept out of reach of children
5. Power points shouldn't be overloaded.
ROAD DISASTERS
Travel accidents are quite common. An accident which involves a no. of people becomes a
disaster, Examples of these disasters are air crashes train or vehicle collisions, capsizing of
boats etc.
FIG.5.2.8 ROAD DISASTERS

PRECAUTIONS
1. All efforts should be made to carry victims to a nearby hospital.
2. If possible, first aid can be given to victims.
3. It is the duty of people present there to get trapped people out.
4. If we smell fuel at the accident site, warn people and do not light a fire.
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FIG.5.2.9 PRECAUTIONS FOR ROAD DISASTERS

TERRORISM
This is another type of disaster that results in loss of life and property. Terrorists use violence
and strike without warning. They use bombs, guns etc to terrorize people.
1. We must inform the police if we come across any suspected group of people.
2. We must stay away from any suspicious things and inform the police about them.
3 Do not accept packages from strangers.
4. Do not leave luggage unattended.
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FIG.5.2.10 TERRORISM
PRECAUTIONS
FIG.5.2.11 PRECAUTIONS FOR TERRORISM
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EPIDEMIC
An epidemic occurs when a disease attacks a large no of people at one time. It spreads at a
rapid rate among the human population. Most diseases are spread after natural disasters like
tsunamis, floods, etc.
FIG.5.2.12 EPIDEMIC
PRECAUTIONS
• Ensure safe drinking water, and sanitation after a disaster.
• Health workers should be trained.
• Covering all stored water containers.
• A surveillance should be established to detect outbreaks.
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FIG.5.2.13 PRECAUTIONS FOR EPIDEMIC
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CHAPTER-6
INDIA AND REGIONAL CO-OPERATION
India is facing various types of disasters on account of its larger size and geographical
location. The country has over the years well tested disaster relief and rehabilitation
mechanisms. Relief manuals and codes backed by contingency action plan along with the
allocation of resources facilitates emergency management operations. A Plan scheme has
been initiated with the objective of enhancing the national capability for disaster reduction
and preparedness. The institutional mechanism has been strengthened by establishing disaster
management centres at the national and state levels.
The National Centre for Disaster Management, New Delhi is working in the area of natural
disaster management for human resource development, creation of database, documentation
of disaster events, research studies and networking of the institutions at national and
international levels. In addition, small Centres on disaster management are also operating in
the state-level training institutes. A large number of institutes are already engaged in
activities related to disaster reduction activities. Some of these are:-
1. Department of Earthquake Engineering, University of Roorkee,
2. Building Material Technology Promotion Council, New Delhi.
3. Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee.
4. National Civil Defence College, Nagpur.
5. National Institute of Rural Development, Hyderabad.
6. Indian Institutes of Technology, Delhi, Kanpur, Mumbai.
7. Structural Engineering Research Centres, Hyderabad.
8. Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi.
9. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi.
10. Anna University, Chennai.
Indra Gandhi National Open University, New Delhi. Indra Gandhi National Open University,
New Delhi. India can provide the available expertise for disaster relief and rehabilitation,
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human resource development, preparation of relief manuals and codes, contingency action
plans, post-disaster evaluation and information technology.
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CHAPTER-7
NATURAL DISASTER RISK IN INDIA
India, the second most populated country in the world, is highly exposed to natural
disasters. Due to its geographical location, seismic risk zone and intertropical
convergence point, the Indian subcontinent also faces recurring atmospheric
phenomena: heavy monsoon rains, floods, episodes of high heat, drought, etc.
In addition, the high population density in risk areas further aggravates the situation. The
number of human casualties continues to rise, from 1 674 deaths in 2015 to 2 045 in 2019.
According to the report of the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNDRR),
the total number of people who died between 2 000 and 2 019 is 79 732.
During the same period, India reported 321 catastrophic events. It is the third country in the
world in terms of the number of natural disasters, behind China and the United States.
According to the same report, India has suffered nearly 80 billion USD in economic losses in
20 years.
Breakdown of natural disasters in India per type of event and nature of

loss
Natural disasters Material loss Human loss
Floods 52% 63% 32%
Hurricanes 30% 19% 32%
Landslides 10% - 2%
Earthquakes 5% 10% 33%
Droughts 3% 5% 1%
Total 100% 100% 100%
(FIG.7.1 Natural disasters in India per type of event and nature of loss)
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List of major natural disasters that have occurred over the last 20 years in
India
Economic Insured
Nature of the Number of Number of
Date Place losses losses
event fatalities affected persons
(in billion USD)
Hurricane
May 2020 West Bengal 13.5 ND 103 500 000 homeless
Amphan
August
Kerala Floods 3.52 0.37 504 223 139 homeless
2018
November Chennai
Floods 2.37 0.98 289 -
2015 (Tamil Nadu)
April 2015 Himalaya Storm - - 78 20 000 injured
October Andhra
Storm 7.56 0.68 68 43 injured
2014 Pradesh
September Jammu and

Floods 6.45 0.26 665 -
2014 Kashmir
4 473 injured
June 2013 Uttarranchal Floods 1.21 0.55 5 748
271 931 homeless
September Andhra
Floods 5.63 0.06 300 2 000 000 homeless
2009 Pradesh
August
Gujarat Floods 4.3 0.52 350 4 000 000 homeless
2006
July 2005 Maharashtra Floods 4.36 0.93 1 150 15 000 homeless
January 166 850 injured

Gujarat Earthquake 6.13 0.14 19 737
2001 1 790 000 homeless
(FIG.7.2 Natural disasters that have occurred over the last 20 years in India)
CHAPTER-8
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DISASTER
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NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTER

Natural disasters affect human beings in numerous ways. The effects include
1. Food insecurity
2. Health Risks
3. Displacement of large groups of people
4. Financial distress
5. Insecurity about the future after each disaster.
Food insecurity: Disasters are a leading cause of hunger. Food insecurity leads to many
health, social, political, and economic disturbances.
i) Droughts, for example, are detrimental to agricultural production losses and food
security. In sub-Saharan Africa, the total crop and livestock production losses after major
droughts exceeded $30 billion between 1991 and 2013 in the region. Droughts also have
cascading effects in the food processing industry like grain milling, coffee, and tea
processing. Many Asian countries also roll under the havoc created by drought. Around 85%
of the damage caused to livestock is by drought.
ii) The floods have their own negative impacts on food security. It makes the land wet
and difficult to use. This leads to food shortages which in turn leads to altering food habits
resulting in malnutrition and diseases. Reduced wage income and poor purchasing power lead
to borrowing at high rates and their consequences.
iii) Earthquakes sometimes trigger tsunamis, landslides, and even volcanic activity.
Tsunamis result in lesser fishing activity and resultant food insecurity in the coastal areas. In
many cases, after earthquakes, water and food shortages become acute. In most situations
after disasters, distribution happens to be the bottleneck.
A study by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States on the impact of
disasters in agriculture and food security reveal that disasters can cause considerable
damage to physical agricultural assets.
1. They destroy standing crops, irrigation systems, livestock shelters, veterinary
services, and aquaculture equipment and hatcheries.
2. Further, the post-production infrastructure such as storage facilities, processing,
marketing and transport, buildings, farm equipment, and cooperatives get impaired to
a great extent.
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3. These lead to a decline in output from crop, livestock, fisheries, aquaculture, and
forestry production.
4. The domino effect on the food value chain, agro-industries, imports and exports, and
sector growth.
5. These hazards have a direct effect on food supply, market access, increased food
prices, and poor farm income. This leads to poverty thereby increasing food insecurity
and malnutrition.
Health Risks
Over the last few decades, millions of people got killed by natural disasters. Coronavirus has
become a household terror of unimaginable proportions. Apart from a million deaths, its
after-effects on people linger. Also, the lives of billions of people were severely affected. But
there are also other diseases which threaten the world.
i) Communicable diseases spread immediately after each disaster due to population

displacement.
ii) Diarrheal disease outbreak due to contaminated water occurs after a flood.
iii) The cholera epidemic is also common.
iv) Hepatitis A and E are also transmitted due to a lack of access to safe water and
sanitation.
v) Leptospirosis, a bacterial disease due to rodents shedding leptospires in their urine in

floodwater is another health hazard. This has occurred in China (Typhoon Nali, 2001); in
Mumbai, India, 2000, and in Argentina,1998.
vi) Measles is another risk which occurs due to overcrowding.
vii) Neisseria meningitides are transmitted from person to person in situations of

overcrowding.
Displacement of large groups of people

Displacement of the population from their home or country can be due to
1. disasters
2. development taking place in the area
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3. forced displacement by political environment or wars.
Natural disasters like drought, floods, landslides, earthquakes, wildfires, and tsunamis have
caused many to displace from their homes. In India, the rural population migrating to nearby
cities after the severe drought is a common sight. Their livelihood is taken away and they
have to make do with whatever work available in cities. This creates a burden on the
resources of the cities also. Further, most of the displaced population get stagnated in the
cities permanently. The problems faced by the displaced population include:
i) Poor shelters and sanitation facilities ii) Unsafe water iii) Poor quality food which leads to
malnutrition iv) Loss of property and fear of future v) Experiencing trauma and depression
vi) Women and children needing better protection vii) Loss of important documents to
ascertain the identity needed to receive aid.
Financial distress
Natural disasters have the potential to destroy tangible and intangible economic assets. One
has to understand the short and long-term financial impact on individuals, firms and
governments more carefully. Financial stress is more pronounced in the livelihood of the
poor. It causes insecurity among people. Personal financial distress can come from various
things. For example, a lost job, bankruptcy, a sudden medical emergency and so on. The
stress can cause a regret-mode phenomenon – regretting past blunders. If you owe someone a
lot of money, it can lead to mental stress. Financial stress can occur due to the death of
earning member of the family. Many times, people do not have insurance cover for such
eventualities. . Tangible assets like equipment and buildings combined with human capital
deteriorate and become fatal to the firms. Many firms are forced to close down. The
breakdown of communication systems, and damage to buildings, and roads will leave all
businesses paralyzed. Many small, medium and big businesses will find it difficult to
recover immediately. Here the government has to step in and ease the loan facilities to bring
back the industries to normalcy economically. One has to study the short and long-term
financial impact on industries more carefully. Even the governments are not immune. The
stress is more pronounced in the case of underdeveloped and developing nations. Developed
nations also feel a dent in their economy. Financial stress can lead to job losses. This can
trigger social unrest.
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Insecurity about the future after each disaster

When natural disasters occur, their impact can be devastating not only in the present but
also for a long time to come. People might have lost their family members, friends,
neighbours, pets, property and other possessions. The impact triggers insecurity on account of
economic fear, guilt feeling, confusion, anxiety and on.
i) People who have survived natural disasters often have a guilty feeling. This can be due to
incapacity to do anything in such a situation.
ii) post-traumatic stress disorder may affect some. This disorder may last for months or
years. The symptoms may include nightmares or flashbacks.
iii) Migration from their long-lived place leads to greater insecurity. This is because of a
totally newer way to survive which in most cases makes people begin life right from scratch
with no identifiable resources.
Positive effects of Natural Disasters

Disasters are not welcome but they do come. While it does massive
destruction, it also has some ecological benefits. However, it should not be construed that we
are finding good out of bad. Natural disasters are nature’s way of keeping things in balance.
They provide some ecological balancing of the temperature of the earth.
Positive effects on the environment
heavy rains, storms and hurricanes transfer heat from the tropic to the poles and balance
climatic conditions. Hurricanes and storms redistribute the topsoil and benefit agriculture.
Floods bring in nutrients that were deposited along the way elsewhere. Volcanoes when they
erupt bring up the nutrients that were trapped in the earth and enrich the soil. They also
release useful chemicals like hydrogen and carbon –dioxide which are part of the water cycle.
They also create land mass and hence new islands.
Positive effects on human behaviour
In times of crisis, human beings come forward to save people and nurse the wounded.
Volunteers crop up and try to save people even at the cost of their own life. Neighbours help
spontaneously by giving food, shelter and clothes. Charity comes in the form of money and
materials from all directions irrespective of caste, religion, region or creed. There is a general
atmosphere of feeling sad for the affected ones. People learn to appreciate the power of
nature. We should not take it for granted. It gives a sense of clarity on the outlook for life.
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Positive effects on productivity

Reconstruction work demands more assimilation of newer talents and innovation. New
projects benefitting the poor come up and provide better facilities to withstand future
occurrences.
Alerting the authorities
Disasters put nations and governments on alert mode and prepare them to plan and execute
disaster management efforts on a regular basis. Systems and organizations get activated to
face future such disasters. Finding positive effects in such calamities cannot be construed as
evil thinking. Disasters do affect us and they are unavoidable in most cases. But then we
have to make the best out of such situations. This demands understanding the pros and cons
of even the inevitable.
NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF MAN-MADE DISASTER
Man-made disasters are preventable though it is generally difficult to predict. Wars,
terrorism, oil spill, nuclear accidents, human stampede, internet hacking, global warming,
financial fraud and so on do happen in various parts of the world. Media goes agog for some
time and then they move on. But the death of thousands of people in war cannot be
compensated by any measures. The greatest enemy of the human being is a human being.
Most of the effects of natural disasters and man-made disasters are common. However, some
of the effects need more analysis. Some positive outlook and humanitarian approaches bring
some solace in future.
In the case of civil conflict and war, the reasons may be rooted in tribal, ethnic, traditional,
political, economic or religious animosity. A flare-up on one of these aspects may result in
deteriorated authority.
The central government loses its hold and public control gets lost. This leads to the mass
movement of the population in search of food and safety. The movement may be internal or
may spread to neighbouring countries. The internally displaced persons do not leave their
country. The internally displaced persons often get very little protection. They are also
deprived of food, water and shelter. The persons leaving the country are stationed in refugee
camps and treated as second-class citizens even for their basic livelihood. Within the area of
distress, hyperinflation settles in. Devaluation of money, fall in the gross national product,
exponential increase in unemployment and so on may lead to social unrest also.
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Terrorism affects the growth of a nation. It creates insecurity and helplessness. It reduces
government revenue. Tourism and other related activities get shelved or shunted. It
destroys physical infrastructure. To reconstruct is a painful task. At the individual level death,
physical deformity, anxiety, hatred and long-term pain become a way of endurance in life.
Industrial and technological disasters may occur due to industrial accidents or

technology failures. The accidental leakages of pollutants like chemicals or toxic and
carcinogenic do affect the population. Apart from death, large populations are crippled for
their whole life in the form of paralysis, blindness and many other chronic diseases. The
impact on the environment has short-term and long-term effects on human health. Long-term
impact includes genetic imbalances in humans which continue even to their future
generations. Soil and water resources may get polluted for long durations leading to genetic
disorders among larger populations.
The oil spills can have an impact on fish and animals' loss of habitat. The functions of several
organisms function as respiration and feeding, and their regulation may get affected. The oil
spills in the sea such as Exxon Valdez (1989) and the BP oil spill in 2010 had serious
consequences on marine life, human beings, birds and the ecosystem.
Nuclear accidents create fire and explosions. Equally or even more harmful is the release of
radioactive materials. Beyond a threshold limit, exposure to radiation causes vomiting,
diarrhoea and skin rashes in human beings. High enough doses also damage brain cells. Gut
damage can lead to blood infection. The nuclear force also has become a deterrent among
nuclear nations from going into full-scale war.
Human stampede is the most feared crowd disaster. Death occurs in a cruel way.
Tragedy happens when people might have congregated for religious worship or for watching
a match. Paradoxically, the sane moment becomes insane.
Internet hacking and cybercrime go hand in hand. They create financial havoc in banks,
financial institutions and individuals. Along with the convenience of reaching the world with
tapping, there is a lurking danger of losing one’s savings or information. Hackers gain access
to sensitive information including passwords and user identity, credit card information and
sensitive government and corporate information. The governments may lose valuable
information and it may fall into the hands of not-so-friendly countries or troublemakers. Also,
they can install malicious software (malware) which can compromise your system. In this
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age of information, it is more damaging if the manipulated information reaches people. It can
play havoc in their lives. The worst part of it is that the culprits are difficult to be located or
arrested.
Global warming is a much talked about but less acted upon threat. It has multiple effects on
earth. To mention a few - Temperature rise, water shortage, drought, pest invasions, storm
damage and fire threats. The most damaging one is climate change which directly affects the
natural environment. Global warming has increased the temperature of the earth by 10 C. To
bring it back to normal, the amount of energy required is enormous. The impact of global
warming includes rising sea levels (threatening low-lying islands and coastal cities), extreme
weather events ( causing bush fires, cyclones, droughts and floods) and acidifying oceans.
When such intricate ecosystems are affected then plants, birds and animals confront
extinction or the necessity to adapt. For human beings, every aspect of our life like food,
water and the air gets impacted forever.
positive effects of man-made disasters

Disasters are bad. But they are occurring everywhere. Though it may appear cynical, even
a casual look into the positive effects has some convoluted advantages. In the case of man-
made disasters, it is needed to prevent future occurrences. Many new organizations and
systems have sprung up just to fight the menace of man-made disasters.
Consider some of the effects-
1. The birth of the League of Nations and the United Nations after the First World War
and Second World War respectively prove to be the way positive in a composite world.
2. The security checks in the airports were the result of countering terrorism during air travel.
Security has become the watchword in every aspect of human endeavour.
3. Cyber Security is becoming a science by itself to counter internet hacking. In general,

security has become the watchword in every aspect of human endeavour.
4. Crowd Management has become an art and science to contain mob violence and human
stampede.
5. Global warming is a real threat. In short term, it may benefit some farmers in some
regions from the early onset of spring and from a longer warm season that is suitable for
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growing crops. Also, some plants grow better in the presence of high carbon dioxide. But this
benefit is a two-edged sword. In the long run, the negative impact due to global warming
will be far greater than the positive impacts.
6. Nuclear Non- Proliferation is a serious issue for many countries in the world. There are
several world bodies toiling for nuclear disarmament. Technology is trying to catch up to
mitigate the effects of natural and man-made disasters but the race is uneven due to the
unpredictable nature of disaster events. The efforts are on to reduce the gap.
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CHAPTER-9
QUESTIONNAIRE
.What is the most effective way for you to receive information about how to protect your
family and prepare your home from hazardous events?
a. Television
b. Radio
c. Internet
d. Mail
f. Public Meetings/Workshops
g. School Meetings
.What is the most effective way for you to receive information about how to protect your
family and prepare your home from hazardous events?
Nowadays Television and social media is the most powerful tool in such disaster situations.
Through the internet, we can easily receive information about disasters.
.what is meant by flood insurance

Flood insurance is the specific insurance coverage issued against property loss from flooding.
To determine risk factors for specific properties, insurers will often refer to topographical
maps that denote lowlands, floodplains and other areas that are susceptible to flooding.
.Can the disaster be prevented or predicted?
Natural disasters cannot be prevented, but some can be predicted, allowing humans to
engineer and design solutions for minimizing the impact of natural disasters.
.Why is it important to prevent disasters?
The objective of prevention is to reduce the risk of being affected by a disaster. Even if the
hazard cannot be removed, vulnerability can be decreased and in case of an impact, the
capacity to withstand, respond and recover will be stronger.
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.What are the consequences of a flood?
Floods cause immense destruction. They are responsible for the loss of human and animal
lives. People lose their homes and cars in floods. They also cause soil erosion and uprooting
of trees.
.How can we prevent floods?
Governments must take up certain measures to prevent floods. We can install flood warning
systems. Make people aware of what to do in times of flood. Moreover, we can also build a
proper drainage system that will ensure no waterlogging.
.Why do landslides occur because of earthquakes?
Landslides happen due to slope instability. Most noteworthy, this slope instability is caused
by an Earthquake.
.What are the solutions to natural disasters?
Nature-based solutions, such as conserving forests, wetlands and coral reefs, can help
communities prepare for, cope with, and recover from disasters, including slow-onset events
such as drought. They can also reduce the secondary impacts from non-climate-related
disasters such as landslides following an earthquake.
.What do you think is the most important thing to do during a disaster?
The most important thing to remember during a natural disaster is to follow the instructions
of local authorities and emergency services and remain calm. If advised to evacuate, do so
immediately and make sure to follow instructions.
.How can people prepare for disasters?
Pack an emergency preparedness kit Ready.gov recommends you have at least three days'
worth of food, water and medications on hand. They also provide a list of items to include in
your disaster kit: Drinking water (at least one gallon per person per day) Non-perishable
food, such as canned veggies and protein bars.
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CHAPTER-10
CASE STUDY
Case Study Regarding Losing Her Family And House In Floods
Now we can take a case study based on a true incident near our locality. Who lost her house
because of natural calamities(floods).
FIG.10.1 CASE STUDY OF FLOODS

Her name is yellamma. She is nearly 50 years old and lost her house and family
in the floods. Now she is the only person who remains in her family. And also yellamma lost
her government authentication identification like aadhar, ration, vote id, etc. Because of
losing this identification, the government shouldn’t provide any food resources from, ration
shops. So finally she is hopeless at that time their neighbours help to build a small hut and
they provide work for her. so, she went for labour work and starts a small happy life.
So, now our survey is going to make a small favour for her. That is we are
taking her personal details and we inform her personal details and we inform the nearby
panchayat office which helps us to take back her government authentification identifications.
So finally, the extreme flooding witnessed hundreds of families losing their
houses and some of them losing their families like yellamma. So government should make
concerned all about these pandemic situations.
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CASE STUDY REGARDING FISHERMAN
FIG.10.2 CASE STUDY FOR FISHERMAN
In this case, we are going to take a survey with the help of a fisherman name Ramanaiah.
His family totally depends on fishing in a small river which is located near Mangalam
Tirupati. Recently in Tirupati flooding is too heavy. Because of this pandemic situation. They
are not able to go near the river. Their daily labour work discontinues. Because of this, their
earnings will lose.
Ramanaiah nearly two to this weebs the water levels are not decreases. These days he faces a
lot of financial issues. But now the water level is under minimum level so he is able to fish
now the lead a happy life with his family. And he is much excited to talk with us and he
requests to provide government schemas to all the fishermen.
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CASE STUDY REGARDING DESTRUCTION OF CHIGURUVADA

BRIDGE
FIG.10.3 CASE STUDY FOR DESTRUCTION OF CHIGURUVADA

BRIDGE
In this case study, Her name is She is nearly 50 years old and lost her house and family in the
floods. we are going to take a small survey based on the destruction of the bridge, near the
Chiguruvada Bridge, due to the heavy water flow.
It impacts the nearby citizens, to travel from one place to another. To overcome these
problems the government provide a temporary soil road facility for transportation.
The main reason for the destruction of bridges as per civil engineering is corrosion of iron,
from earlier days. And also the heavy water, the flow will destroy the bridge basement which
is interconnected to the earth.
In this case study, we acquire knowledge about the construction of the bridge, what the raw
materials are used and how the process had done. And how it may destructs, etc.
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CHAPTER-11
BENEFITS FOR CSP
.INDIVIDUAL IMPACT
.COMMUNITY IMPACT
.ECONOMIC IMPACT
.ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
INDIVIDUAL IMPACT
.Can be felt physically, mentally and emotionally.
.Destruction of poverty, loss of financial resources and personal injury or illness.
. Developing serve post-traumatic stress disorders or withdrawing into states of depression

leads to significant population migrations.
COMMUNITY IMPACT
.Loss of economic resources that recovery becomes difficult, if not almost impossible.
.Opportunity in the aftermath of a disaster to rebuild better and stronger communities than
before.
.Population, demographic and cultural shifts are also a result of the impact.
ECONOMIC IMPACT
.Reduced tax revenue.
.Loss of infrastructure.
.Expense of reclamation efforts.
.Loss of normal revenue.
.Huge sums of federal assistance were necessary to held start recovery efforts.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
.Our ecosystem can be dramatically damaged.
.Global climate changes.
.Sea level increases that will completely swamp some island nations.
.Edible fish supply decreases.
.Loss of coral reefs.

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Social Outcomes
.Learning service as a graduate attribute
.Reduced stereotypes and greater inter-cultural understanding
. Improved social responsibility and citizenship skills
.Greater involvement in community service after graduation
Benefits of community service projects to the community

Volunteering allows students to become directly involved in their communities. Some
students don’t realize how important volunteers are to the country and to many organizations.
But try to imagine if no volunteers showed up to work tomorrow. Can you imagine what
would change?
Volunteers are responsible for many things that we take for granted. When hurricanes hit the
south coast or wildfires burn up California, volunteers are critical in helping victims get
resettled, fed, and back to their “normal” lives as quickly as possible. Without volunteers,
many of our country’s elderly would not be able to get food. Our parks and beaches would be
much dirtier. Our children would struggle more without the help of volunteer tutors and
mentors.
To get a real idea of how important volunteers are to keeping the country running, let’s look
at the numbers.
The Corporation for National and Community Service says that in 2013, 62.6 million
Americans volunteered 7.7 billion hours of work. The estimated value of this work is almost
$173 billion. That’s almost as much as the GDP of Ukraine – just in volunteer hours!
The top activities performed included raising money for important causes; collecting,
preparing, and giving out food to people who need it; providing labour and transportation;
tutoring and mentoring youth; and lending professional expertise.
Furthermore, volunteers are almost twice as likely to donate to charities as non-volunteers. In

all, just over 50% of Americans donated over $25 to charities in 2013, making at least $4
billion in donations.
The knowledge that they are making a real difference also affects student volunteers on a
more personal level. When students know their work is helping someone, they show
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increased rates of self-esteem. Furthermore, students who volunteer are more likely to
become actively involved citizens who take a strong interest in current events and local
affairs. and are much more likely to vote.
Apart from helping out your community here and now, you’ll also be helping out your future
self.
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CHAPTER-12
CONCLUSION
Disasters are harmful events that have a destructive effect on human beings, the
animal kingdom, lands and properties, vegetation, and other aspects of society.
Disasters can be broadly classified as man-made and natural. Natural disasters are
involuntary and cannot be managed. They are external factors and are
unpredictable. Current in the oceans, seismic and tectonic activities and various
other natural processes of the universe lead to natural disasters. Hurricanes, floods,
volcanoes, earthquakes, and storms, are some examples of natural disasters. Man-
made disasters are an adverse result of human activities like excessive construction,
felling of trees, mining, and clearing forest covers for construction purposes, which
are some of the examples that lead to man-made disasters. Activities that create
pollution like, irrigation leads to soil pollution, and oil leakage leads to water pollution
are also major contributors to man-made disasters. They are controllable and can be
managed by reducing the above-mentioned activities. Planting more trees is one of
the primary solutions.
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CHAPTER-13
REFERENCES
The following are the sources from which the information related to NATURAL
DISASTER MANAGEMENT is gathered for research purposes.
1. Information collect from local people of Kadapa District.
2. Information collected from people of various sectors in Tirupati District.
3. Information collected from Nellore, Rajampeta, Anantapur,
Proddatur, Banglore, Kurnool, and Visakhapatnam.
4. http://www.unisdr.org/we/inform/terminology#letter-p
5.
http://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/disaster-management/about-
disasters/what-is-a-disaster/
6.
disasters/definition-of-hazard/
7.
disasters/definition-of-hazard/complex-emergencies/
8. http://www.wcpt.org/disaster-management/what-is-
disaster-management
9. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandemic
10. http://www.ifrc.org/en/what-we-do/disaster-
management/about-disaster-management/
11. http://www.wcpt.org/disaster-management/what-is-
disaster-management
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Chapter-1: Natural Disaster Managemenet

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Chapter-1: Natural Disaster Managemenet

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NATURAL DISASTER MANAGEMENET

A disaster is defined as a "sudden or great misfortune" or simply "any unfortunate event."

These definitions identify an event that includes three elements:

Emergency managers use sound risk management principles(hazard identification, risk

Emergency managers synchronize the activities of all relevant stakeholders to achieve a

PHASES OF NATURAL DISASTER

There are four phases in a natural disaster:

FIG.4.1 PHASES OF NATURAL DISASTERS

They are two types of disasters:

A natural disaster is characterized by the abnormal intensity of a natural agent (flood,

Causes for Floods

Causes For Earthquake

Ways to prevent Earthquake

Causes For Tsunami

Underwater Landslide: Landslides occurring in a coastal area can bring a surge of

Strong Volcanic Collapses/Slope Failures/Eruptions: While this isn’t as common as other

Causes For Drought

Ways to prevent Drought

FIG.5.1.5 FOREST FIRE

Causes For Forest Fire

Effects of Forest Fire

Ways to prevent Forest Fire

Causes For Cyclone

Causes For Landslides

Causes For Volcano

Ways to prevent Volcano

Causes For Tornado

Causes For Avalanche

Ways to prevent Avalanche

FIG.5.2.1 TYPES OF MAN-MADE DISASTER

FIG.5.2.2 NUCLEAR DISASTERS

FIG.5.2.3 BIOLOGICAL DISASTERS

FIG.5.2.4 BIOLOGICAL DISASTERS

FIG.5.2.5 CHEMICAL DISASTERS

FIG.5.2.6 FIRE DISASTERS

FIG.5.2.7 PRECAUTIONS FOR FIRE DISASTERS

FIG.5.2.8 ROAD DISASTERS

FIG.5.2.9 PRECAUTIONS FOR ROAD DISASTERS

FIG.5.2.11 PRECAUTIONS FOR TERRORISM

FIG.5.2.13 PRECAUTIONS FOR EPIDEMIC

INDIA AND REGIONAL CO-OPERATION

1. Department of Earthquake Engineering, University of Roorkee,

2. Building Material Technology Promotion Council, New Delhi.

3. Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee.

4. National Civil Defence College, Nagpur.

5. National Institute of Rural Development, Hyderabad.

6. Indian Institutes of Technology, Delhi, Kanpur, Mumbai.

7. Structural Engineering Research Centres, Hyderabad.

8. Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi.

9. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi.

10. Anna University, Chennai.

NATURAL DISASTER RISK IN INDIA

Breakdown of natural disasters in India per type of event and nature of

Natural disasters Material loss Human loss

Floods 52% 63% 32%

Hurricanes 30% 19% 32%

Earthquakes 5% 10% 33%

Total 100% 100% 100%

April 2015 Himalaya Storm - - 78 20 000 injured

September Jammu and

July 2005 Maharashtra Floods 4.36 0.93 1 150 15 000 homeless

January 166 850 injured

NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF NATURAL DISASTER