INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF VARIATION OF AMBIENT

TEMPERATURE ON THE WORKING PERFORMANCE OF SOLAR

PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES

BY

ADIGUN RASHEED DAMILARE

CT/ND/P17/1420

SUBMITTED TO THE

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGNEERING, SCHOOL OF

ENGINEERING FEDERAL POLYTECHNIC OFFA, KWARA STATE.

IN PARTIAL FILFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD

OF NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN COMPUTER ENGINEERING.

SEPTEMBER 2019.

i
 CERTIFICATION

This report with the title “Investigation of the Effect of Variation of Ambient

Temperature on the Working Performance of Solar Photovoltaic Modules”

Submitted by

ADIGUN RASHEED DAMILARE

Has satisfied the regulation governing the award of

National Diploma in Computer Engineering

The Federal Polytechnic Offa, Nigeria.

_____________________ _______________
Engr. M.J. Ambali Date
Supervisor

_____________________ _______________
Engr. A.O Ajao Date
Head of Dept

ii
 DEDICATION

This project is dedicated to almighty Allah, the creator of the earth and heaven.

And to my family and friends.

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost praises and thanks to the God, the Almighty, for his showers

of blessings throughout my project work to complete the project successfully.

I will like to expressing deep and sincere gratitude to my project Supervisor

Engr. M.J Ambali and my Head of Department Eng. A.O Ajao and other staffs of

Computer Engineering Technology Department.

I am extremely grateful to my parents for their love, prayer, caring and

sacrifices for educating and preparing me for my future. I am very much thankful to my

brothers and sisters for their love, understanding and prayers to support me to complete

this project work.

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 ABSTRACT

This project involved the determination of the current and voltage

characteristics both in parallel and series connection, the output power and the ambient

temperature of solar photovoltaic modules. The methodology involved the

measurement of the ambient temperature, current and voltage. These parameters where

obtain everyday at one hour interval from the hours of 9am to 4pm for a period of eight

(8) weeks. The results of the analysis which where graphically represented shows that

the change in ambient temperature is directly proportional to the change in power

output for both series and parallel connections.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE

TITLE PAGE i

CERTIFICATION ii

DEDICATION iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENT iv

ABSTRACT v

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 1

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 2

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES 3

1.4 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 3

1.5 CLARIFICATIONS OF MAJOR VARIABLES AND TERMS 4

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION 6

2.2 THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE PROJECT 7

2.3 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK 11

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 MATERIALS USED 13

3.2 PROCEDURE 13

3.3 TESTING AND DATA COLLECTION 13

vi
CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1 INTRODUCTION 15

4.2 DATA PRESENTATION 15

4.3 DATA ANALYSIS 45

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 DISCUSSION 46

5.2 CONCLUSION 48

5.3 RECOMMENDATION 49

REFERENCES 50

vii
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Solar energy is energy from the sun inform of heat and light. The sun has produce energy

for billions of years. Solar energy is the suns ray (solar radiation) that reaches the earth.

Although the solar radiation (isolation) is relatively constant outside the earth atmosphere, local

climate influence can cause wide variations in available isolation on the earth’s surface from site

to site.

(http://www.pv.unsw.edu.au/Research/3gp.asp):2001.

In addition, the relative motion of the sun with respect to the earth will allow surfaces

with different orientations to intercepts different amount of solar energy.

Radiation from the sun is capable of producing heat, causing chemical reaction or

generating electricity. The sun is an extremely powerful energy source, and sunlight is by far the

largest source of energy received by the earth, but its intensity at the earth’s surface is actually

quite low. This is essential because of the enormous radial spreading of radiation from the distant

sun. a relatively minor additional loss is due to earth’s atmosphere and clouds, which absorbs or

scatter as much as 54 percent of the incoming sunlight.

(http://www.pv.unsw.edu.au/Research/3gp.asp):2001.

Yet the total amount of solar energy incident on earth Is vastly in excess of the world’s

current and anticipated energy requirements. If suitably harnessed, this highly diffused source

has the potential to satisfy all future energy needs. In the 21 st century, solar energy is expected to

become increasingly attractive as an energy source because of its inexhaustible supply and it

non-polluting character in stark contrast to the finite fossils fuels such as coal, petroleum and
natural gas. The sunlight that reaches the ground consist of nearly 50 percent visible light with

wavelength between 0.4 and 0.8 micrometer, 45 percent infrared radiation with wavelength

longer than 0.8 micrometer and smaller amount of ultraviolent, with wavelength shorter than 0.4

micrometer. (http://www.pv.unsw.edu.au/Research/3gp.asp):2001. On its path through the

atmosphere, the solar radiation is absorb and weakened by various constituents of the

atmosphere. It is also scattered by air molecules and dust particles. Short wavelengths of light,

such as blue, scatter molecule easily than the longer wavelengths.

The radiation from the sun can be converted either into thermal energy (heat) or in to

electrical energy (current). Though, the former is easier to accomplish. To main types of devices

are used to capture solar energy and convert it to thermal energy: flat plate collectors and

concentrating collectors. The heat may be used directly or may be transferred to another medium

for storage. Solar radiation may be converted directly into electricity by solar cells (photovoltaic

cells). In such cells, a small electric voltage is generated when light strikes the junction between

a metal and a semi-conductor (such as silicon) or the junction between two different semi-

conductors.

This energy drives the climate and weather and supports virtually all life on earth. Heat

and light from the sun, along with biomass, account for over 99.9 percent of the available flow of

renewable energy on earth. (http://www.pv.unsw.edu.au/Research/3gp.asp):2001.

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The world faces a big problem of depletion of conventional sources of energy which as to

be replaced by new ones. This brings about the choice of renewable source of energy. Solar

energy may be used to produce electricity in photovoltaic (PV) modules and heat in photo-

collectors by photovoltaic and photo- thermal conversions. Solar cells provide cost effective

ix
solutions to energy problems in places where there is no mains electricity. Solar cells are also

totally silent and non-polluting. As they have no moving parts, they required little maintenance

and has a long life time compared to other renewable sources, they also possess many

advantages; wind and water power rely on turbine which are noisy, expensive and liable to

breaking down.

Rooftop power is a good way of supplying energy to a growing community. More cells

can be added to homes and businesses has the community grows, so that energy generation is in

line with demand.

1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this project is to investigate the effect of variation of ambient temperature on

the working performance of solar photovoltaic modules.

The objectives towards achieving the above stated aim are:

1. To determine the relationship between the mean ambient temperature and time for both

series and parallel connection within July and August 2019.

2. To determine the relationship between the mean daily output power and time for both

series and parallel connection within July and August 2019.

1.4 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is important to have the knowledge of how much energy the photovoltaic solar system

produces in different atmospheric conditions how well they maintain their performance during

usage in various operating climates. From this knowledge, the system performance efficiency

will be improved there by reducing the cost of the system as well as avoiding disappointment

from the system performance at any climate condition. The issues that are of primary interest in

x
this research work are the evaluation and assessment of performances of photovoltaic system in

different atmospheric conditions.

The analysis and the result obtain from this study provide a means for improving the

accuracy of the system design and performing rating. The model can be used in designing and

predicting the impact of fluctuation in the climatic factors on the efficiency performance of the

system and any other solar devices.

1.5 CLARIFICATIONS OF MAJOR VARIABLES AND TERMS

1.5.1 RADIATION: - Radiation can be defined as the process by which energy is transfer

from one point to another without heat the intervening medium. Radiation is a form of energy

which is called radiant energy.

Types of energy includes beam radiation which is the direct radiant energy from the sun

received without change of direction and diffuse radiation which is the radiant energy received

after its direction has been changed by scattering and reflection.

1.5.2 ALTITUDE OF THE SUN:- This is the angle a direct ray from the sun makes with

horizontal plane at a particular place on the surface of the earth for a given date and time, the

sun’s altitude is different at different places all over the world.

1.5.3 SOLAR DECLINATION: - This is the angle made by the line joining the center of the

sun and the earth with its projection on the equatorial plane. It arises from the fact that the earth

rotes about an axis which makes an angle of approximately 66.5 degree with the plane of its

rotation about the sun.

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1.5.4 AZIMUTH OF THE SUN: - This is the angel which the horizontal components of a

direct ray from the sun make with the true south in northern hemisphere. Solar azimuth is in

degree of angular displacement east and west of south.

1.5.5 SOLAR SURFACE AZIMUTH: - This is the angle made in horizontal plane between

the time due to the south and the projection of the normal to the surface on the horizontal plane.

1.5.6 PHOTOVOLTAIC: - This is the direct conversion of light into electricity at the atomic

level. Some materials exhibit property knows as photoelectric effect that causes them to absorb

photons of light and release electrons. When these free electrons are captured, an electric current

resulted that can be used as electricity.

1.5.7 SOLAR CELLS: - These are made of the same kinds of semi-conductors materials, such

as silicon used in the microelectronics industry.

1.5.8 PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE (SOLAR MODULE):- A number of solar cells

electrically connected to each other and mounted in a support structure of frame is called a

photovoltaic module. Modules are designed to supply electricity at a certain voltage such as

common 12volts system. The current produced is directly dependent on how much light strikes

the modules.

1.5.9 SEMI-CONDUCTORS:- Semi-conductors are class of materials (solid state) with

electrical conductivity and resistivity somewhere between that of metals and those of insulators.

The resistivity of metal varies between 0.001 – 100Ωcm. Germanium (Ge), and Silicon (Si) are

two semiconductors most commonly used in construction of semi conductor device (Somoye et

al. 2005)

CHAPTER TWO
xii
 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

Photovoltaic phenomenon is the direct conversion of light into electricity. Some materials

exhibit property known as the photoelectric effect that causes them to absorb photons of light

and release electron. When these free electrons are captured and electric current resulted that can

used as electricity.

The photoelectric effect was first noted by a French physicist, Edmund Becquerel, in

1839. He found that certain materials would produce small amount of electric current when

exposed to light.

Albert Einstein (1905) described the nature of light and the photoelectric effect in which

photovoltaic technology is based. The first photovoltaic module was built by bell laboratories in

1954. It was built as a solar battery and was too expensive to gain widespread use. In 1960s, the

space industry began to make the first serious use of the technology to provide power aboard

spacecrafts. Through the space programs, the technology advanced its reliability was established,

and cost began to decline. During the energy crisis in 1970s, photovoltaic technology gain

recognition as source of power for non-space applications.

The photovoltaic cell, also called solar cell is made of the same kinds of semiconductor

materials such as silicon used in the microelectronic industry. For solar cells, a thin

semiconductor wafer is specially treated to produce and electric field, positive on one side and

negative on the other.

When light energy strikes the solar cells, electrons are released from atoms in

semiconductor materials. If electrical conductors are attached to positive and negative sides,

forming an electrical circuit, the electrons can flow in form of an electric current. This electricity

xiii
can then be used to power a load, such as light or a tool. A number of solar cells electrically

connected to each other and mounted in a support structure or frame is called photovoltaic

module. Modules are designed to supply electricity at a certain voltage, such as common 12volts

system. Multiple module can be wired together to form an array. In general the larger the area of

a module or array, the more electricity it will produces.

Photovoltaic modules and arras1y produce direct-current (d.c) electricity. They can be

connected in both series and parallel electrical arrangement to produce any requirement of

voltage and current.

Today’s most common photovoltaic (PV) devices use single junctions or interface to

create an electric field within a semi conductor such as a PV cells. In a single-junction PV cells,

only photon whose energy is equal to or greater than the band gap of the cell material can free an

electron for an electric circuit. In other words, the photovoltaic response of single-junction cells

is limited to the portion of the sun’s spectrum whose energy is above the band gap of absorbing

material and lower- energy photons are not used (www.google.com 2008).

2.2 THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE PROJECT

Photovoltaic devices are composed of solar cells which are semiconductors. A

semiconductor material is one whose electrical properties lie in between those of insulators and

good conductors’ e.g. silicon and germanium. Germanium (Ge) and silicon (Si) are two

semiconductors most commonly used in construction of semiconductors devices. When atoms of

material are brought together to form a material, the different energy levels of the electrons of

individual atoms overlap to form bands of allowable energy. At 0k, there are no electrons in the

conduction band the valence band is completely filled. However, with increase in temperature,

the width of the forbidden energy band decreases so that some of the electrons are librated into

xiv
conduction band. In other words, conductivity of semiconductors increases with rise in

temperature.

The electrical characteristics of materials are determined by the position the electron

occupies in the band. Semiconductor materials have the following merits that made them widely

accepted in semi conductor devices.

I. They come in small sizes

II. They are cheap

III. Have almost unlimited life

IV. They required small voltage

V. No cathode heating time is needed, hence response is instantaneous. (Somoye et

al, 2005).

2.2.1 TYPES OF SEMI-CONDUCTORS

There are basically two types of semiconductor namely: intrinsic semiconductor and

extrinsic semiconductors. At absolute zero degree temperature all valence electrons are normal in

the outer most bands. But at normal atmospheric temperature, electrons can be excited into the

conduction band. The excitation can be due to thermal excitation/heat or optical means. Now

once an electron leaves a valence band to conduction band, it creates a vacancy. That vacancy is

referred to as HOLE. Thus any electron near this hole can jump into it, thereby creating another

vacancy or hole; likewise another electron nearby this new hole can jump into the hole. Hence

there is a kind of two way motion or traffic and this constitutes the flow of current and electricity

which in nothing but flow of electrons. The picture here can be viewed as a flow of positively

charged holes moving in opposite direction to that of electron. Hence conduction is due to both

the electron in the conduction band, holes in valence band. Any material in which conduction of

xv
electricity is due to this type of movement is called an INTRINSIC SEMI CONDUCTOR. On

the other hand, when impurities called DOPANTS are added to the semi conductor, these

impurities create some allowable energy levels in that semiconductor. The process of adding

dopants into any semi conductor is called DOPPING. Since there are now more allowable energy

levels, this means that electrons can easily move from one energy level to another. Thus when

conduction is due to the addition of impurity to a material, that semi conductor is called

EXTRINCIS SEMICONDUCTOR. Extrinsic semiconductor is basically two types:

I. N-type Extrinsic Semiconductor

II. P-type Extrinsic Semiconductor

N- type extrinsic semi-conductor is a type of semi conductor obtained when a pentavalent

material like antimony (Sb) is added to a pure silicon crystal, each antimony atom forms covalent

bonds with the surrounding four silicon atom with help of four of its five electrons. The fifth

electron is superfluous and is loosely bond to the silicon atom. Hence it can be easily excited

from the valence band to the conduction band by the application of electric field or increases in

its thermal energy. Thus practically, every antimony atom introduced into silicon lattice

contributes a conduction electron without creating a positive hole. Antimony is called donor

impurity and makes the pure silicon an N-type (N-for Negative extrinsic semiconductor).

P-type Extrinsic semiconductor is the one obtained when traces of a trivalent impurity like

boron (B) are added to a pure silicon crystal. In this case, the three valence electrons of boron

atom form covalent bond with four surrounding silicon atom but one bond is left incomplete and

gives rise to a hole. Thus boron which is called the acceptor impurity causes as many positive

holes in silicon crystal as there boron atoms there by producing a p- type (P-for positive extrinsic

semi-conductor). In this type of semi-conductor, conduction means is by hole in the valence

xvi
band. Accordingly holes form the majority carriers whereas electrons constitute minority carriers

(Theraja 2000).

II.2.2 THE P-N JUNCTION

The most commonly known solar cell is configured as a large area p-n junction made from

silicon. As a simplification, one can imagine bringing a layer of N-type silicon into direct contact

with a layer of p-type silicon to form a depletion layer. In practice, p-n junctions of silicon solar

cells are not made in this way, but rather, by diffusing an n-type dopant into one side of a p-type

wafer or vice-versa.

If a piece of a p-type silicon is placed in intimate contact with a piece of n-type silicon, then a

diffusion of electron occurs from the region of high electron concentration (the n-types side of

the junction) into the region of low electron concentration (p-type side of the junction). When the

electrons diffuse across the p-n type junction, they recombine with hole on the p-type side. The

diffusion of carriers does not happen indefinitely. However, because of an electric field, which is

created by the in balance of charge immediately on either side of the junction which this

diffusion creates. The electric field established across the p-n junction creates a diode that

promotes current to flow in only one direction across the junction. “Electrons may pass from the

n-type side into p-type side and holes may pass from the p-type side to n-type”. This region

where electron has diffused across the junction is called depletion region because it no longer

contains any mobile charge carriers and it is known as “space charge region”. Recombination of

holes and electrons will then take place in the external circuit (within the electric wire).

Consequently, a current will flow (Somoye et al, 2005).

2.3 REVIEW OF PREVIOUS WORK

xvii
 Wolfgan Scheffler (1992), developed a reflector that was made through the flexible

parabolic dishes, the flexible parabolic dishes combined aspects of through and power tower

concentrator. He used solar tracking to follow the sun’s daily course and the curvature of the

reflector was adjusted for seasonal variation in the incident angle of sunlight. These reflector can

reach temperature of 450-6500C and have fixed focal point which simplifies cooking and it is

used in many solar kitchens. As of 2008 over 2,000 large Scheffler cooker had been built

worldwide (http//www.google.com 2008).

Eric Raymond (1990), made solar ballon by using a synthetic rubber to made ballon by

painted the ballon black which he filled with ordinary air, as sunlight shines on the ballon, the air

inside gets heated and expands causing an upward buoyancy force, much like an artificially

heated hot air ballon. Some solar ballon are large enough for human flight, but usage is general

limited to toy market as the surface area to pay load-weight ratio is relatively high

(http//www.Eran.doe.gov/pvl, 1990).

Alan Heager (2000), invented conducting polymers as alternative and better source of

photovoltaic solar cells instead of using silicon solar cell because it is cheaper in construction

than silicon solar cell construction.

Alan Heager used organic polymers instead of inorganic silicon, organic polymers are

electrical insulators. Conductive polymers which are almost organic have extended delocalized

bond (often comprised of aromatic units) that creates a band structure similar to silicon. When

charge carriers (from the addition or removal of electrons) are introduced into the conduction or

valance bands, the electrical conductivity, increases dramatically. Technically almost all known

conductive polymers are semiconductors due to the band structure, however so called zero band

gap conductive polymer may behave like metals. The most notable difference between the

xviii
conductive polymers and inorganic semi conductors is the mobility which, until very recently

was dramatically lower in conductive polymers than their inorganic counterparts.

Although conductive polymers exhibit very low conductive but Alan Heager used the

process of Doping to make conductive polymer to be highly conductive.

Common classes of organic polymer used include poly (acetylene)s, poly(pyrrole)s, poly

(aniline)s, and poly (para-phenylene vinylene)s.

2.3.1 DOPING METHOD USED BY ALAN HEAGER

There were two primary method of doping used when doping conductive polymer, both

through an oxidation-reduction (REDOX) process. The first method, chemical doping, involves

exposing the polymer (typically a thin film), to an oxidant (typically iodine and bromine) or

reductant (far less common, but typically involves alkali metals). The second was electro-

chemical doping in which the polymer was coated; working electrode is suspended in an

electrolyte solution in which polymer is insoluble along with separate counter and reference

electrode. A potential difference is created between the electrodes which causes charge (and the

appropriate counter ion from the electrolyte) to enter the polymer in the form of electron addition

(n-doping) or removal (p-doping).

The biggest advantage of conductive polymers is processiblity. Conductive polymers are

also plastic (which are organic polymers) and therefore can combine the mechanical properties

(flexibility, toughness, elasticity) of plastics with the high electrical conductivities of a doped

polymer. (http//www.physics daily.com, 2000).

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY
xix
3.1 MATERIALS USED

The following materials were used in this experimental work; Photovoltaic modules (4

sets) with its photovoltaic module specification as follows; at 1000w/sqm solar irradiance and

250c cell temperature. Maximum power =5.0wp current.

Short circuit =450Ma, Rated =350Ma maximum system, open circuit voltage = 30V and

open circuit 21-22V, Rated 17V and series fuse = 1.6A, Ammeter, Voltmeter, thermometer and

stand.

3.2 PROCEDURE

All experiments carried out in this project work were performed using 4 sets of solar

panel which were mounted in the stand in the open place where the direct ray from the sun fell

on the panel in front of the physics laboratory. The solar panel was divided into 2 sets with one

set connected in series and another one connected in parallel. The measurement of the solar panel

current was carried out using ammeter with each connection of the sets of panel to measure

current in both series and parallel connections and volt meter was also connected to each

connection of the sets of panel to measure voltage in both series and parallel connections. The

temperature of the sets of panel to measure voltage in both series and parallel connection. The

temperature of the surrounding air (ambient temperature) was also measured using thermometer.

The readings were taken on hourly basis everyday from 9:00am to 4:00pm for 8 weeks.

3.3 TESTING AND COLLECTION OF DATA

The output current, which is the current generated by the solar panel and output voltage

were monitored and recorded with the aid of ammeter and voltmeter respectively throughout the

period of the experiment and temperature was also measured by using a thermometer. Reading

was carried out at one hour interval everyday from period of 9:00am to 4:00pm for the month of

xx
July and August 2019. The ambient temperature was measured with the aid of the thermometer

(measurements are in degree Celsius).

xxi
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

4.1 INTRODUCTION

The table below show the measurements of parameters recorded daily for the months of

July and August 2019. It consists of time, ambient temperature, voltage, current and power

output for both series and parallel connections. Also it shows the mean output power, mean

temperature and time.

4.2 DATA PRESENTATION

TABLE 4.2.1 (TUESDAY 02-07-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAGE CURRENT POWER VOLTAGE CURRENT POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C (mV) (mA) IV(µW) (mV) (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 33.5oC 23.60 x 10-3 0.56 x 10-3 13.22 x 10-6 42.20 x 10-3 0.25 x 10-3 10.55 x 10-6

10:00 34.3 oC 23.80 x 10-3 0.57 x 10-3 13.57 x 10-6 42.50 x 10-3 0.26 x 10-3 11.05 x 10-6

11:00 34.4 oC 22.40 x 10-3 0.41 x 10-3 9.80 x 10-6 39.60 x 10-3 0.19 x 10-3 7.52 x 10-6

12:00 30.6 oC 22.00 x 10-3 0.30 x 10-3 6.60 x 10-6 38.90 x 10-3 0.14 x 10-3 5.45 x 10-6

13:00 38.5 oC 22.80 x 10-3 0.84 x 10-3 19.15 x 10-6 40.00 x 10-3 0.42 x 10-3 16.80 x 10-6

14:00 42.1 oC 21.10 x 10-3 0.96 x 10-3 20.26 x 10-6 37.10 x 10-3 0.43 x 10-3 15.95 x 10-6

15:00 36.3 oC 21.20 x 10-3 0.70 x 10-3 15.69 x 10-6 37.40 x 10-3 0.38 x 10-3 14.21 x 10-6

16:00 38.6 oC 21.40 x 10-3 0.39 x 10-3 8.35 x 10-6 38.10 x 10-3 0.19 x 10-3 7.24 x 10-6

xxii
 TABLE 4.2.2

(SATURDAY 06-07-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME GMT AMBIENT VOLTAGE CURRENT POWER VOLTAGE CURRENT POWER

(HRS) TEMP.Øo C (mV) (mA) IV(µW) (mV) (mA) IV(µW)

9:00 29.5oC 22.40 x 10-3 0.23 x 10-3 5.15 x 10-6 42.20 x 10-3 0.25 x 10-3 10.55 x 10-6

10:00 30.4 oC 21.30 x 10-3 0.20 x 10-3 4.26 x 10-6 42.50 x 10-3 0.26 x 10-3 11.05 x 10-6

11:00 41.0 oC 22.80 x 10-3 1.00 x 10-3 22.80 x 10-6 39.60 x 10-3 0.19 x 10-3 7.52 x 10-6

12:00 36.1 oC 21.30 x 10-3 0.74 x 10-3 15.76 x 10-6 38.90 x 10-3 0.14 x 10-3 5.45 x 10-6

13:00 47.0 oC 21.00 x 10-3 1.10 x 10-3 23.10 x 10-6 40.00 x 10-3 0.42 x 10-3 16.80 x 10-6

14:00 37.8 oC 20.20 x 10-3 0.28 x 10-3 5.66 x 10-6 37.10 x 10-3 0.43 x 10-3 15.95 x 10-6

15:00 48.1 oC 22.50 x 10-3 0.74 x 10-3 16.65 x 10-6 37.40 x 10-3 0.38 x 10-3 14.21 x 10-6

16:00 40.0 oC 21.60 x 10-3 0.34 x 10-3 7.34 x 10-6 38.10 x 10-3 0.19 x 10-3 7.24 x 10-6

xxiii
TABLE 4.2.3

(SUNDAY 07-07-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME GMT AMBIENT VOLTAGE CURRENT POWER VOLTAGE CURRENT POWER

(HRS) TEMP.Øo C (mV) (mA) IV(µW) (mV) (mA) IV(µW)

9:00 25.8oC 21.70 x 10-3 0.15 x 10-3 3.26 x 10-6 40.10 x 10-3 0.08 x 10-3 3.21 x 10-6

10:00 28.6 oC 22.00 x 10-3 0.30 x 10-3 6.60 x 10-6 39.70 x 10-3 0.14 x 10-3 5.56 x 10-6

11:00 34.2 oC 21.70 x 10-3 0.50 x 10-3 10.85 x 10-6 38.70 x 10-3 0.17 x 10-3 6.58 x 10-6

12:00 41.1 oC 22.50 x 10-3 1.00 x 10-3 22.50 x 10-6 39.80 x 10-3 0.48 x 10-3 19.10 x 10-6

13:00 33.3 oC 21.50 x 10-3 0.34 x 10-3 7.31 x 10-6 37.50 x 10-3 0.16 x 10-3 6.00 x 10-6

14:00 41.7 oC 21.30 x 10-3 0.83 x 10-3 17.68 x 10-6 38.80 x 10-3 0.37 x 10-3 14.36 x 10-6

15:00 38.5 oC 21.80 x 10-3 0.77 x 10-3 16.79 x 10-6 37.80 x 10-3 0.34 x 10-3 12.85 x 10-6

16:00 36.4 oC 21.30 x 10-3 0.29 x 10-3 6.18 x 10-6 37.70 x 10-3 0.12 x 10-3 4.52 x 10-6

xxiv
TABLE 4.2.4

(MONDAY 08-07-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 23.9oC 21.40 x 10-3 1.00 x 10-3 21.40 x 10-6 40.30 x 10-3 0.50 x 10-3 20.15 x 10-6

10:00 26.0 oC 21.60 x 10-3 0.13 x 10-3 2.81 x 10-6 39.80 x 10-3 0.70 x 10-3 27.86 x 10-6

11:00 26.0 oC 20.90 x 10-3 0.11 x 10-3 2.30 x 10-6 39.00 x 10-3 0.69 x 10-3 26.91 x 10-6

12:00 26.6 oC 22.00 x 10-3 0.19 x 10-3 4.18 x 10-6 39.60 x 10-3 0.08 x 10-3 3.17 x 10-6

13:00 27.3 oC 21.70 x 10-3 0.24 x 10-3 5.21 x 10-6 39.60 x 10-3 0.12 x 10-3 4.75 x 10-6

14:00 33.5 oC 22.10 x 10-3 0.58 x 10-3 12.85 x 10-6 39.10 x 10-3 0.25 x 10-3 9.78 x 10-6

15:00 32.3 oC 21.40 x 10-3 0.26 x 10-3 5.56 x 10-6 39.20 x 10-3 0.12 x 10-3 4.70 x 10-6

16:00 33.1 oC 22.50 x 10-3 0.51 x 10-3 11.48 x 10-6 40.30 x 10-3 0.23 x 10-3 9.27 x 10-6

xxv
TABLE 4.2.5

(TUESDAY 09-07-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 25.3oC 21.90 x 10-3 0.13 x 10-3 2.85 x 10-6 40.20 x 10-3 0.06 x 10-3 2.41 x 10-6

10:00 25.4 oC 22.40 x 10-3 0.16 x 10-3 3.58 x 10-6 40.70 x 10-3 0.07 x 10-3 2.85 x 10-6

11:00 30.0 oC 22.60 x 10-3 0.32 x 10-3 7.23 x 10-6 40.80 x 10-3 0.14 x 10-3 5.71 x 10-6

12:00 28.1 oC 22.50 x 10-3 0.31 x 10-3 6.98 x 10-6 40.40 x 10-3 0.14 x 10-3 5.66 x 10-6

13:00 29.9 oC 21.70 x 10-3 0.26 x 10-3 5.64 x 10-6 39.10 x 10-3 0.13 x 10-3 5.08 x 10-6

14:00 30.2 oC 21.40 x 10-3 0.45 x 10-3 9.63 x 10-6 38.00 x 10-3 0.20 x 10-3 7.60 x 10-6

15:00 33.2 oC 21.30 x 10-3 0.29 x 10-3 6.18 x 10-6 37.90 x 10-3 0.13 x 10-3 4.93 x 10-6

16:00 33.1 oC 22.00 x 10-3 0.47 x 10-3 10.34 x 10-6 39.00 x 10-3 0.19 x 10-3 7.41 x 10-6

xxvi
TABLE 4.2.6

(WEDNESDAY 10-07-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 27.3oC 22.10 x 10-3 0.25 x 10-3 5.53 x 10-6 44.40 x 10-3 0.11 x 10-3 4.88 x 10-6

10:00 28.3 oC 23.10 x 10-3 0.39 x 10-3 9.01 x 10-6 43.10 x 10-3 0.10 x 10-3 4.31 x 10-6

11:00 28.3 oC 21.70 x 10-3 0.22 x 10-3 4.77 x 10-6 42.70 x 10-3 0.13 x 10-3 5.55 x 10-6

12:00 33.3 oC 22.40 x 10-3 0.59 x 10-3 13.22 x 10-6 43.60 x 10-3 0.18 x 10-3 7.85 x 10-6

13:00 34.8 oC 21.50 x 10-3 0.62 x 10-3 13.33 x 10-6 42.90 x 10-3 0.18 x 10-3 7.72 x 10-6

14:00 36.8 oC 22.30 x 10-3 0.75 x 10-3 16.73 x 10-6 43.50 x 10-3 0.42 x 10-3 18.27 x 10-6

15:00 28.0 oC 22.50 x 10-3 0.05 x 10-3 1.13 x 10-6 42.80 x 10-3 0.34 x 10-3 14.55x 10-6

16:00 24.5 oC 22.50 x 10-3 0.22 x 10-3 4.95 x 10-6 41.90 x 10-3 0.21 x 10-3 8.80 x 10-6

xxvii
TABLE 4.2.7

(SATURDAY 13-07-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 25.9oC 21.50 x 10-3 0.23 x 10-3 4.95 x 10-6 40.00 x 10-3 0.07 x 10-3 2.80 x 10-6

10:00 26.5 oC 22.70 x 10-3 0.21 x 10-3 4.77 x 10-6 40.80 x 10-3 0.08 x 10-3 3.26 x 10-6

11:00 27.0 oC 20.10 x 10-3 0.15 x 10-3 3.02 x 10-6 43.30 x 10-3 0.09 x 10-3 3.90 x 10-6

12:00 27.8 oC 21.10 x 10-3 0.16 x 10-3 3.38 x 10-6 43.40 x 10-3 0.06 x 10-3 2.60 x 10-6

13:00 22.2 oC 20.00 x 10-3 0.06 x 10-3 1.20 x 10-6 41.70 x 10-3 0.03 x 10-3 1.25 x 10-6

14:00 24.6 oC 20.50 x 10-3 0.12 x 10-3 2.46 x 10-6 44.00 x 10-3 0.07 x 10-3 3.08 x 10-6

15:00 24.9 oC 20.50 x 10-3 0.14 x 10-3 2.87 x 10-6 44.20 x 10-3 0.08 x 10-3 3.54 x 10-6

16:00 25.8 oC 20.40 x 10-3 0.14 x 10-3 2.86 x 10-6 44.10 x 10-3 0.08 x 10-3 3.53 x 10-6

xxviii
TABLE 4.2.8

(SUNDAY 14-07-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 33.4oC 20.30 x 10-3 0.21 x 10-3 4.26 x 10-6 39.90 x 10-3 0.06 x 10-3 2.39. x 10-6

10:00 34.3 oC 23.30 x 10-3 0.52 x 10-3 12.12 x 10-6 40.10 x 10-3 0.25 x 10-3 10.03 x 10-6

11:00 30.0 oC 23.00 x 10-3 0.50 x 10-3 11.50 x 10-6 41.80 x 10-3 0.20 x 10-3 8.36 x 10-6

12:00 43.2 oC 20.00 x 10-3 1.00 x 10-3 20.00 x 10-6 43.70 x 10-3 0.59 x 10-3 25.78 x 10-6

13:00 42.6 oC 19.60 x 10-3 0.91 x 10-3 17.84 x 10-6 42.80 x 10-3 0.54 x 10-3 23.11 x 10-6

14:00 41.4 oC 21.30 x 10-3 0.83 x 10-3 17.68 x 10-6 37.50 x 10-3 0.39 x 10-3 14.63 x 10-6

15:00 39.2 oC 20.90 x 10-3 0.78 x 10-3 16.30 x 10-6 37.20 x 10-3 0.22 x 10-3 8.18 x 10-6

16:00 36.1 oC 20.10 x 10-3 0.60 x 10-3 12.06 x 10-6 36.50 x 10-3 0.21 x 10-3 7.67 x 10-6

xxix
TABLE 4.2.9

(SATURDAY 20-07-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 25.4oC 20.20 x 10-3 0.10 x 10-3 2.02 x 10-6 42.90 x 10-3 0.06 x 10-3 2.57 x 10-6

10:00 33.1 oC 21.00 x 10-3 0.32 x 10-3 6.72 x 10-6 45.00 x 10-3 0.19 x 10-3 8.55 x 10-6

11:00 30.0 oC 19.70 x 10-3 0.19 x 10-3 3.74 x 10-6 42.70 x 10-3 0.10 x 10-3 4.27 x 10-6

12:00 30.4 oC 19.20 x 10-3 0.14 x 10-3 2.69 x 10-6 41.50 x 10-3 0.09 x 10-3 3.74 x 10-6

13:00 32.8 oC 19.40 x 10-3 0.32 x 10-3 6.21 x 10-6 42.40 x 10-3 0.19 x 10-3 8.06 x 10-6

14:00 36.2 oC 20.30 x 10-3 0.81 x 10-3 16.44 x 10-6 44.10 x 10-3 0.47 x 10-3 20.73 x 10-6

15:00 38.3 oC 19.90 x 10-3 0.65 x 10-3 12.94 x 10-6 43.30 x 10-3 0.37 x 10-3 16.02 x 10-6

16:00 31.8 oC 19.50 x 10-3 0.26 x 10-3 5.07 x 10-6 42.50 x 10-3 0.16 x 10-3 6.80 x 10-6

xxx
 TABLE 4.3.0

(SUNDAY 21-07-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 25.3oC 20.70 x 10-3 0.16 x 10-3 3.31 x 10-6 44.40 x 10-3 0.09 x 10-3 3.99 x 10-6

10:00 27.3 oC 20.60 x 10-3 0.27 x 10-3 5.56 x 10-6 44.60 x 10-3 0.15 x 10-3 6.69 x 10-6

11:00 35.3 oC 20.50 x 10-3 0.80 x 10-3 16.40 x 10-6 44.60 x 10-3 0.50 x 10-3 33.30 x 10-6

12:00 36.0 oC 20.70 x 10-3 0.92 x 10-3 19.04 x 10-6 44.40 x 10-3 0.54 x 10-3 23.98 x 10-6

13:00 32.7 oC 20.00 x 10-3 0.87 x 10-3 17.40 x 10-6 43.60 x 10-3 0.52 x 10-3 22.67 x 10-6

14:00 32.6 oC 18.80 x 10-3 0.17 x 10-3 3.20 x 10-6 41.10 x 10-3 0.10 x 10-3 4.11 x 10-6

15:00 33.9 oC 19.30 x 10-3 0.19 x 10-3 3.67 x 10-6 41.90 x 10-3 0.11 x 10-3 4.61x 10-6

16:00 34.9 oC 19.40 x 10-3 0.23 x 10-3 4.46 x 10-6 42.20 x 10-3 0.14 x 10-3 5.91 x 10-6

xxxi
 TABLE 4.3.1

(MONDAY 22-07-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 26.1oC 20.60 x 10-3 0.18 x 10-3 3.71 x 10-6 44.40 x 10-3 0.11 x 10-3 4.88 x 10-6

10:00 26.3 oC 20.00 x 10-3 0.16 x 10-3 3.20 x 10-6 43.10 x 10-3 0.10 x 10-3 4.31 x 10-6

11:00 28.7 oC 19.80 x 10-3 0.22 x 10-3 4.36 x 10-6 42.70 x 10-3 0.13 x 10-3 5.55 x 10-6

12:00 29.1 oC 20.10 x 10-3 0.31 x 10-3 6.23 x 10-6 43.60 x 10-3 0.18 x 10-3 7.85 x 10-6

13:00 31.0 oC 19.80 x 10-3 0.31 x 10-3 6.14 x 10-6 42.90 x 10-3 0.18 x 10-3 7.72 x 10-6

14:00 35.4 oC 20.10 x 10-3 0.73 x 10-3 14.67 x 10-6 43.50 x 10-3 0.42 x 10-3 18.27 x 10-6

15:00 37.2 oC 19.70 x 10-3 0.53 x 10-3 10.44 x 10-6 42.80 x 10-3 0.34 x 10-3 14.55 x 10-6

16:00 36.1 oC 18.80 x 10-3 0.40 x 10-3 7.52 x 10-6 41.90 x 10-3 0.21 x 10-3 8.80 x 10-6

xxxii
TABLE 4.3.2

(TUESDAY 23-07-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 32.5oC 20.20 x 10-3 0.38 x 10-3 7.68 x 10-6 44.40 x 10-3 0.22 x 10-3 9.77 x 10-6

10:00 30.5 oC 19.30 x 10-3 0.43 x 10-3 8.30 x 10-6 42.20 x 10-3 0.24 x 10-3 10.13 x 10-6

11:00 31.2 oC 19.70 x 10-3 0.88 x 10-3 17.34 x 10-6 42.70 x 10-3 0.54 x 10-3 23.06 x 10-6

12:00 30.7 oC 19.40 x 10-3 0.31 x 10-3 6.01 x 10-6 41.70 x 10-3 0.17 x 10-3 7.09 x 10-6

13:00 39.5 oC 20.30 x 10-3 0.78 x 10-3 15.83 x 10-6 44.40 x 10-3 0.45 x 10-3 19.98 x 10-6

14:00 37.9 oC 20.70 x 10-3 0.59 x 10-3 12.21 x 10-6 42.90 x 10-3 0.28 x 10-3 12.01 x 10-6

15:00 39.8 oC 19.70 x 10-3 0.58 x 10-3 11.43 x 10-6 43.30 x 10-3 0.33 x 10-3 14.29x 10-6

16:00 27.8 oC 20.50 x 10-3 0.24 x 10-3 4.92 x 10-6 44.20 x 10-3 0.13 x 10-3 5.75 x 10-6

xxxiii
TABLE 4.3.3

(WEDNESDAY 24-07-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 28.0oC 17.50 x 10-3 0.15 x 10-3 2.63 x 10-6 40.00 x 10-3 0.08 x 10-3 3.20 x 10-6

10:00 28.2 oC 18.50 x 10-3 0.17 x 10-3 3.15 x 10-6 41.00 x 10-3 0.10 x 10-3 4.10 x 10-6

11:00 28.7 oC 19.90 x 10-3 0.19 x 10-3 3.78 x 10-6 42.70 x 10-3 0.11 x 10-3 4.70 x 10-6

12:00 33.2 oC 20.00 x 10-3 0.76 x 10-3 15.20 x 10-6 43.50 x 10-3 0.46 x 10-3 20.01 x 10-6

13:00 33.0 oC 20.00 x 10-3 0.74 x 10-3 14.80 x 10-6 43.30 x 10-3 0.42 x 10-3 18.19 x 10-6

14:00 32.9 oC 20.10 x 10-3 0.66 x 10-3 13.27 x 10-6 43.60 x 10-3 0.38 x 10-3 16.57 x 10-6

15:00 30.1 oC 19.30 x 10-3 0.21 x 10-3 4.50 x 10-6 42.00 x 10-3 0.13 x 10-3 5.46 x 10-6

16:00 30.3 oC 19.50 x 10-3 0.24 x 10-3 4.68 x 10-6 41.90 x 10-3 0.16 x 10-3 6.70 x 10-6

xxxiv
TABLE 4.3.4

(SATURDAY 27-07-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME GMT AMBIENT VOLTAGE CURRENT POWER VOLTAGE CURRENT POWER

(HRS) TEMP.Øo C (mV) (mA) IV(µW) (mV) (mA) IV(µW)

9:00 26.5oC 20.80 x 10-3 0.18 x 10-3 3.74 x 10-6 43.80 x 10-3 0.04 x 10-3 1.75 x 10-6

10:00 26.6 oC 20.60 x 10-3 0.20 x 10-3 4.12 x 10-6 43.70 x 10-3 0.05 x 10-3 2.19 x 10-6

11:00 26.9 oC 20.70 x 10-3 0.25 x 10-3 5.18 x 10-6 44.40 x 10-3 0.13 x 10-3 5.77 x 10-6

12:00 27.0 oC 19.90 x 10-3 0.20 x 10-3 3.98 x 10-6 43.10 x 10-3 0.12 x 10-3 5.17 x 10-6

13:00 30.9 oC 19.60 x 10-3 0.30 x 10-3 5.88 x 10-6 42.60 x 10-3 0.17 x 10-3 7.24 x 10-6

14:00 35.9 oC 20.10 x 10-3 0.56 x 10-3 11.26 x 10-6 44.10 x 10-3 0.30 x 10-3 13.23 x 10-6

15:00 36.3 oC 20.40 x 10-3 0.55 x 10-3 11.22 x 10-6 43.00 x 10-3 0.33 x 10-3 14.19 x 10-6

16:00 29.9 oC 20.20 x 10-3 0.32 x 10-3 6.46 x 10-6 40.10 x 10-3 0.23 x 10-3 9.22 x 10-6

xxxv
TABLE 4.3.5

(SUNDAY 28-07-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 25.8oC 20.40 x 10-3 0.22 x 10-3 4.49 x 10-6 40.10 x 10-3 0.08 x 10-3 3.21 x 10-6

10:00 26.0 oC 21.90 x 10-3 0.20 x 10-3 4.38 x 10-6 40.30 x 10-3 0.90 x 10-3 3.63 x 10-6

11:00 26.9 oC 20.30 x 10-3 0.19 x 10-3 3.86 x 10-6 40.00 x 10-3 0.10 x 10-3 4.00 x 10-6

12:00 27.8 oC 21.80 x 10-3 0.18 x 10-3 3.92 x 10-6 43.40 x 10-3 0.10 x 10-3 4.34 x 10-6

13:00 33.3 oC 22.30 x 10-3 0.53 x 10-3 11.82 x 10-6 39.80 x 10-3 0.28 x 10-3 11.14 x 10-6

14:00 34.8 oC 21.50 x 10-3 0.60 x 10-3 12.90 x 10-6 38.50 x 10-3 0.21 x 10-3 8.09 x 10-6

15:00 30.1 oC 22.50 x 10-3 0.29 x 10-3 6.53 x 10-6 40.30 x 10-3 0.19 x 10-3 7.66 x 10-6

16:00 24.5 oC 22.30 x 10-3 0.21 x 10-3 4.68 x 10-6 40.50 x 10-3 0.13 x 10-3 5.27 x 10-6

xxxvi
TABLE 4.3.6

(MONDAY 29-07-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 32.3oC 22.40 x 10-3 0.53 x 10-3 11.87 x 10-6 42.10 x 10-3 0.22 x 10-3 9.26 x 10-6

10:00 33.5 oC 23.60 x 10-3 0.54 x 10-3 12.74 x 10-6 42.20 x 10-3 0.25 x 10-3 10.55 x 10-6

11:00 34.3 oC 23.70 x 10-3 0.56 x 10-3 13.27 x 10-6 42.50 x 10-3 0.26 x 10-3 11.05 x 10-6

12:00 31.4 oC 21.90 x 10-3 0.33 x 10-3 7.23 x 10-6 39.10 x 10-3 0.18 x 10-3 7.04 x 10-6

13:00 38.5 oC 22.70 x 10-3 0.81 x 10-3 18.39 x 10-6 40.30 x 10-3 0.41 x 10-3 16.52 x 10-6

14:00 40.3 oC 21.30 x 10-3 0.90 x 10-3 19.17 x 10-6 38.90 x 10-3 0.42 x 10-3 16.34 x 10-6

15:00 39.1 oC 20.80 x 10-3 0.73 x 10-3 15.18 x 10-6 38.80 x 10-3 0.39 x 10-3 15.13 x 10-6

16:00 38.3 oC 21.30 x 10-3 0.37 x 10-3 7.88 x 10-6 39.00 x 10-3 0.20 x 10-3 7.80 x 10-6

xxxvii
 TABLE 4.3.7

(TUESDAY 30-07-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 26.9oC 20.40 x 10-3 0.22 x 10-3 4.49 x 10-6 43.80 x 10-3 0.12 x 10-3 5.26 x 10-6

10:00 31.3 oC 30.50 x 10-3 0.31 x 10-3 6.36 x 10-6 43.90 x 10-3 0.20 x 10-3 8.78 x 10-6

11:00 30.5 oC 19.30 x 10-3 0.40 x 10-3 7.72 x 10-6 42.30 x 10-3 0.22 x 10-3 9.31 x 10-6

12:00 31.4 oC 19.80 x 10-3 0.76 x 10-3 15.05 x 10-6 42.70 x 10-3 0.53 x 10-3 22.63 x 10-6

13:00 30.9 oC 19.50 x 10-3 0.33 x 10-3 6.44 x 10-6 41.90 x 10-3 0.20 x 10-3 8.38 x 10-6

14:00 37.3 oC 20.40 x 10-3 0.72 x 10-3 14.69 x 10-6 43.40 x 10-3 0.34 x 10-3 14.76 x 10-6

15:00 37.0 oC 20.30 x 10-3 0.48 x 10-3 9.74 x 10-6 42.30x 10-3 0.22 x 10-3 9.31 x 10-6

16:00 38.3 oC 19.70 x 10-3 0.43 x 10-3 8.74 x 10-6 42.90 x 10-3 0.31 x 10-3 13.30 x 10-6

xxxviii
TABLE 4.3.8

(WEDNESDAY 31-07-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 28.3oC 21.00 x 10-3 0.20 x 10-3 4.20 x 10-6 44.80 x 10-3 0.18 x 10-3 8.06 x 10-6

10:00 30.5 oC 21.20 x 10-3 0.33 x 10-3 7.00 x 10-6 44.90 x 10-3 0.23 x 10-3 10.33 x 10-6

11:00 31.3 oC 20.90 x 10-3 0.18 x 10-3 3.76 x 10-6 43.90 x 10-3 0.16 x 10-3 7.02 x 10-6

12:00 30.7 oC 20.30 x 10-3 0.16 x 10-3 3.25 x 10-6 43.50 x 10-3 0.15 x 10-3 6.53 x 10-6

13:00 33.5 oC 21.10 x 10-3 0.21 x 10-3 4.43 x 10-6 44.90 x 10-3 0.20 x 10-3 8.98 x 10-6

14:00 37.8 oC 20.80 x 10-3 0.20 x 10-3 4.16 x 10-6 44.00 x 10-3 0.19 x 10-3 8.36 x 10-6

15:00 33.9 oC 19.20 x 10-3 0.17 x 10-3 3.26 x 10-6 49.83x 10-3 0.10 x 10-3 4.08 x 10-6

16:00 32.1 oC 20.10 x 10-3 0.18 x 10-3 3.62 x 10-6 42.90 x 10-3 0.12 x 10-3 5.15 x 10-6

xxxix
 TABLE 4.3.9

(WEDNESDAY 03-08-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 27.1oC 21.30 x 10-3 0.18 x 10-3 3.83 x 10-6 40.20 x 10-3 0.13 x 10-3 5.23 x 10-6

10:00 27.2 oC 22.00 x 10-3 0.15 x 10-3 3.30 x 10-6 41.50 x 10-3 0.08 x 10-3 3.32 x 10-6

11:00 28.0 oC 21.90 x 10-3 0.14 x 10-3 3.07 x 10-6 41.30 x 10-3 0.07 x 10-3 2.89 x 10-6

12:00 27.2 oC 22.20 x 10-3 0.24 x 10-3 5.33 x 10-6 41.20 x 10-3 0.11 x 10-3 4.53 x 10-6

13:00 26.9 oC 22.10 x 10-3 0.20 x 10-3 4.42 x 10-6 41.10 x 10-3 0.10 x 10-3 4.11 x 10-6

14:00 32.8 oC 20.30 x 10-3 0.06 x 10-3 1.22 x 10-6 38.20 x 10-3 0.03 x 10-3 1.15 x 10-6

15:00 33.1 oC 22.50 x 10-3 0.54 x 10-3 12.15 x 10-6 41.30 x 10-3 0.18 x 10-3 7.43 x 10-6

16:00 38.3 oC 21.80 x 10-3 0.54 x 10-3 11.77 x 10-6 41.40 x 10-3 0.20 x 10-3 8.28 x 10-6

xl
 TABLE 4.4.0

( 04-08-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 28.3oC 21.90 x 10-3 0.17 x 10-3 3.70 x 10-6 40.30 x 10-3 0.10 x 10-3 4.03 x 10-6

10:00 28.9 oC 21.70 x 10-3 0.19 x 10-3 4.12 x 10-6 40.80 x 10-3 0.12 x 10-3 4.90 x 10-6

11:00 27.9 oC 22.10 x 10-3 0.76 x 10-3 16.80 x 10-6 40.90 x 10-3 0.41 x 10-3 16.77 x 10-6

12:00 33.4 oC 22.20 x 10-3 0.77 x 10-3 17.09 x 10-6 40.70 x 10-3 0.40 x 10-3 16.28 x 10-6

13:00 36.0 oC 21.70 x 10-3 0.53 x 10-3 11.50 x 10-6 40.00 x 10-3 0.31 x 10-3 12.40 x 10-6

14:00 35.8 oC 21.50 x 10-3 0.49 x 10-3 10.54 x 10-6 39.40 x 10-3 0.24 x 10-3 9.46 x 10-6

15:00 35.2 oC 21.70 x 10-3 0.47 x 10-3 10.20 x 10-6 39.80 10-3 0.24 x 10-3 9.55 x 10-6

16:00 35.1 oC 21.90 x 10-3 0.48 x 10-3 10.51 x 10-6 39.90 x 10-3 0.26 x 10-3 10.37 x 10-6

xli
 TABLE 4.4.1

(MONDAY 05-08-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 30.5oC 22.20 x 10-3 0.43 x 10-3 9.55 x 10-6 44.80 x 10-3 0.21 x 10-3 8.57 x 10-6

10:00 32.3 oC 20.70 x 10-3 0.49 x 10-3 11.12 x 10-6 40.90 x 10-3 0.23 x 10-3 9.41 x 10-6

11:00 32.8 oC 23.60 x 10-3 0.53 x 10-3 12.81 x 10-6 41.30 x 10-3 0.25 x 10-3 10.33 x 10-6

12:00 34.4 oC 23.90 x 10-3 0.72 x 10-3 17.21 x 10-6 41.40 x 10-3 0.39 x 10-3 16.15 x 10-6

13:00 36.5 oC 22.80 x 10-3 0.83 x 10-3 18.92 x 10-6 40.00 x 10-3 0.41 x 10-3 16.40 10-6

14:00 40.1 oC 21.70 x 10-3 0.88 x 10-3 19.10 x 10-6 38.90 x 10-3 0.42 x 10-3 16.34 x 10-6

15:00 39.1 oC 21.20 x 10-3 0.57 x 10-3 12.08 x 10-6 38.80 10-3 0.28 x 10-3 10.86 x 10-6

16:00 43.9 oC 21.30 x 10-3 0.54 x 10-3 11.50 x 10-6 38.90 x 10-3 0.26 x 10-3 10.11 x 10-6

xlii
 TABLE 4.4.2

(TUESDAY 06-08-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 29.0oC 20.80 x 10-3 0.18 x 10-3 3.74 x 10-6 43.90 x 10-3 0.16 x 10-3 7.02 x 10-6

10:00 29.8 oC 21.10 x 10-3 0.31 x 10-3 6.54 x 10-6 43.90 x 10-3 0.22 x 10-3 9.66 x 10-6

11:00 30.1 oC 21.60 x 10-3 0.32 x 10-3 6.91 x 10-6 44.10 x 10-3 0.23 x 10-3 10.14 x 10-6

12:00 32.3 oC 21.70 x 10-3 0.30 x 10-3 6.51 x 10-6 44.50 x 10-3 0.25 x 10-3 11.13 x 10-6

13:00 36.7 oC 20.80 x 10-3 0.22 x 10-3 4.58 x 10-6 44.00 x 10-3 0.20 x 10-3 8.80 x 10-6

14:00 33.9 oC 19.60 x 10-3 0.19 x 10-3 3.72 x 10-6 42.88 x 10-3 0.14 x 10-3 6.00 x 10-6

15:00 32.7 oC 20.30 x 10-3 0.17 x 10-3 3.45 x 10-6 41.90 10-3 0.13 x 10-3 5.45 x 10-6

16:00 30.4 oC 19.50 x 10-3 0.21 x 10-3 4.10 x 10-6 41.00 x 10-3 0.11 x 10-3 4.51 x 10-6

xliii
TABLE 4.4.3

(WEDNESDAY 07-08-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 27.2oC 21.50 x 10-3 0.21 x 10-3 4.52 x 10-6 41.70 x 10-3 0.13 x 10-3 5.42 x 10-6

10:00 28.1 oC 22.80 x 10-3 0.32 x 10-3 7.30 x 10-6 41.90 x 10-3 0.18 x 10-3 7.54 x 10-6

11:00 28.8 oC 21.70 x 10-3 0.28 x 10-3 6.08 x 10-6 39.90 x 10-3 0.14 x 10-3 5.59 x 10-6

12:00 33.1oC 22.20 x 10-3 0.44 x 10-3 9.77 x 10-6 40.00 x 10-3 0.79 x 10-3 11.60 x 10-6

13:00 33.8 oC 21.90 x 10-3 0.53 x 10-3 11.61 x 10-6 38.40 x 10-3 0.31 x 10-3 11.90 x 10-6

14:00 34.7 oC 22.30 x 10-3 0.70 x 10-3 15.61 x 10-6 38.90 x 10-3 0.33 x 10-3 12.84 x 10-6

15:00 28.3 oC 22.40 x 10-3 0.09 x 10-3 2.02 x 10-6 40.10 10-3 0.13 x 10-3 5.21 x 10-6

16:00 27.3 oC 22.20 x 10-3 0.20 x 10-3 4.44 x 10-6 40.70 x 10-3 0.11 x 10-3 4.42 x 10-6

xliv
TABLE 4.4.4

(SATURDAY 10-08-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 27.0oC 22.10 x 10-3 0.20 x 10-3 4.42 x 10-6 44.10 x 10-3 0.10 x 10-3 4.41 x 10-6

10:00 27.9 oC 22.30 x 10-3 0.25 x 10-3 5.58 x 10-6 45.00 x 10-3 0.15 x 10-3 6.75 x 10-6

11:00 28.0 oC 22.40 x 10-3 0.26 x 10-3 5.82 x 10-6 45.10 x 10-3 0.17 x 10-3 7.67 x 10-6

12:00 28.0 oC 22.40 x 10-3 0.27 x 10-3 6.05 x 10-6 45.00 x 10-3 0.18 x 10-3 8.10 x 10-6

13:00 28.0 oC 22.50 x 10-3 0.28 x 10-3 6.30 x 10-6 45.10 x 10-3 0.19 x 10-3 8.57 x 10-6

14:00 28.5 oC 22.70 x 10-3 0.29 x 10-3 6.58 x 10-6 46.10 x 10-3 0.18 x 10-3 8.30 x 10-6

15:00 28.4 oC 22.60 x 10-3 0.28 x 10-3 6.33 x 10-6 45.90 x 10-3 0.17 x 10-3 7.80 x 10-6

16:00 28.3 oC 22.80 x 10-3 0.27 x 10-3 6.08 x 10-6 45.00 x 10-3 0.18 x 10-3 8.10 x 10-6

xlv
TABLE 4.4.5

(SUNDAY 11-08-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 25.0oC 21.00 x 10-3 0.17 x 10-3 3.57 x 10-6 43.10 x 10-3 0.09 x 10-3 3.88 x 10-6

10:00 25.5 oC 22.00 x 10-3 0.18 x 10-3 3.96 x 10-6 43.10 x 10-3 0.10 x 10-3 4.31 x 10-6

11:00 26.0 oC 22.50 x 10-3 0.19 x 10-3 4.28 x 10-6 42.50 x 10-3 0.15 x 10-3 6.38 x 10-6

12:00 27.0oC 23.00 x 10-3 0.40 x 10-3 9.20 x 10-6 46.00 x 10-3 0.20 x 10-3 9.20 x 10-6

13:00 28.0 oC 24.00 x 10-3 0.45 x 10-3 10.80 x 10-6 47.00 x 10-3 0.27 x 10-3 12.69 x 10-6

14:00 27.9 oC 23.50 x 10-3 0.44 x 10-3 10.34 x 10-6 46.00 x 10-3 0.26 x 10-3 11.96 x 10-6

15:00 27.5 oC 23.00 x 10-3 0.40 x 10-3 9.20 x 10-6 45.5 x 10-3 0.25 x 10-3 11.38 x 10-6

16:00 27.0 oC 22.50 x 10-3 0.39 x 10-3 8.78 x 10-6 44.00 x 10-3 0.24 x 10-3 10.56 x 10-6

xlvi
 TABLE 4.4.6

(MONDAY 12-08-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 25.0oC 20.00 x 10-3 0.17 x 10-3 3.40 x 10-6 40.10 x 10-3 0.10 x 10-3 4.01 x 10-6

10:00 25.5 oC 20.50 x 10-3 0.18 x 10-3 3.69 x 10-6 43.30 x 10-3 0.12 x 10-3 4.84 x 10-6

11:00 26.0 oC 21.00 x 10-3 0.14 x 10-3 2.94 x 10-6 41.00 x 10-3 0.10 x 10-3 4.10 x 10-6

12:00 27.0 oC 22.00 x 10-3 0.18 x 10-3 3.96 x 10-6 42.00 x 10-3 0.09 x 10-3 3.78 x 10-6

13:00 27.5 oC 22.00 x 10-3 0.20 x 10-3 4.40 x 10-6 42.00 x 10-3 0.11 x 10-3 4.62 x 10-6

14:00 27.4 oC 21.90 x 10-3 0.19 x 10-3 4.16 x 10-6 42.00 x 10-3 0.10 x 10-3 4.20 x 10-6

15:00 27.0 oC 21.00 x 10-3 0.15 x 10-3 3.15 x 10-6 42.00 x 10-3 0.09 x 10-3 3.78 x 10-6

16:00 26.9 oC 20.90 x 10-3 0.14 x 10-3 2.93 x 10-6 41.90 x 10-3 0.08 x 10-3 3.35 x 10-6

TABLE 4.4.7
xlvii
 (TUESDAY 13-08-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 25.8oC 20.40 x 10-3 0.22 x 10-3 4.49 x 10-6 40.10 x 10-3 0.08 x 10-3 3.21 x 10-6

10:00 26.0 oC 21.90 x 10-3 0.20 x 10-3 4.38 x 10-6 40.30 x 10-3 0.09 x 10-3 3.63 x 10-6

11:00 26.9 oC 20.30 x 10-3 0.19 x 10-3 3.86 x 10-6 40.00 x 10-3 0.10 x 10-3 4.00 x 10-6

12:00 27.8oC 21.80 x 10-3 0.18 x 10-3 3.92 x 10-6 43.40 x 10-3 0.10 x 10-3 4.34 x 10-6

13:00 33.5 oC 23.60 x 10-3 0.44 x 10-3 10.38 x 10-6 42.10 x 10-3 0.25 x 10-3 10.53 x 10-6

14:00 34.3 oC 23.80 x 10-3 0.51 x 10-3 12.14 x 10-6 42.40 x 10-3 0.27 x 10-3 11.45 x 10-6

15:00 35.5 oC 22.30 x 10-3 0.31 x 10-3 6.91 x 10-6 41.80 x 10-3 0.17 x 10-3 7.11 x 10-6

16:00 38.2 oC 22.70 x 10-3 0.41 x 10-3 9.31 x 10-6 40.20 x 10-3 0.31 x 10-3 12.46 x 10-6

xlviii
 TABLE 4.4.8

(WEDNESDAY 14-08-2019)

PARALLEL CONNECTION SERIES CONNECTION

TIME AMBIENT VOLTAG CURREN POWER VOLTAG CURREN POWER

GMT TEMP.Øo C E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW) E (mV) T (mA) IV(µW)

(HRS)

9:00 26.6oC 20.80 x 10-3 0.14 x 10-3 2.91 x 10-6 40.00 x 10-3 0.07 x 10-3 2.80 x 10-6

10:00 27.8 oC 21.00 x 10-3 0.28 x 10-3 5.88 x 10-6 39.61 x 10-3 0.15 x 10-3 5.94 x 10-6

11:00 28.0 oC 22.30 x 10-3 0.31 x 10-3 6.91 x 10-6 40.30 x 10-3 0.23 x 10-3 9.27 x 10-6

12:00 28.9 oC 22.70 x 10-3 0.37 x 10-3 8.40 x 10-6 40.80 x 10-3 0.25 x 10-3 10.20 x 10-6

13:00 33.4 oC 23.30 x 10-3 0.44 x 10-3 10.25 x 10-6 41.20x 10-3 0.31 x 10-3 12.77 x 10-6

14:00 32.1 oC 22.90 x 10-3 0.41 x 10-3 9.39 x 10-6 40.30 x 10-3 0.28 x 10-3 11.28 x 10-6

15:00 32.4 oC 22.80 x 10-3 0.40 x 10-3 9.12 x 10-6 39.90 x 10-3 0.27 x 10-3 10.77 x 10-6

16:00 31.9 oC 22.40 x 10-3 0.33 x 10-3 7.39 x 10-6 38.10 x 10-3 0.23 x 10-3 8.76 x 10-6

xlix
TABLE 4.4.9

VARIATION OF MEAN DAILY OUTPUT POWER WITH

TEMPERATURE (JULY 2019)

PARALLEL SERIES

CONNECTION CONNECTION

TIME GMT (HRS) MEAN AMBIENT MEAN OUTPUT MEAN OUTPUT

TEMP. Øo C POWER IV(µW) POWER IV(µW)

9:00 27.87oC 6.40 x 10-6 6.05 x 10-6

10:00 29.28 oC 6.57 x 10-6 8.07 x 10-6

11:00 30.82 oC 8.39 x 10-6 9.39 x 10-6

12:00 31.93oC 9.73 x 10-6 10.19 x 10-6

13:00 33.98 oC 11.12 x 10-6 11.69 x 10-6

14:00 36.07 oC 12.49 x 10-6 12.89 x 10-6

15:00 35.17 oC 9.42 x 10-6 10.14 x 10-6

16:00 32.87 oC 6.74 x 10-6 7.24 x 10-6

l
TABLE 4.5.0

VARIATION OF MEAN DAILY OUTPUT POWER WITH

TEMPERATURE (AUGUST 2019)

PARALLEL SERIES

CONNECTION CONNECTION

TIME GMT (HRS) MEAN AMBIENT MEAN OUTPUT MEAN OUTPUT

TEMP.Øo C POWER IV(µW) POWER IV(µW)

9:00 27.15oC 4.42 x 10-6 4.86 x 10-6

10:00 27.90 oC 5.59 x 10-6 6.03 x 10-6

11:00 28.25 oC 6.92 x 10-6 7.71 x 10-6

12:00 30.00oC 8.74 x 10-6 9.53 x 10-6

13:00 32.06 oC 9.32 x 10-6 10.28 x 10-6

14:00 32.16 oC 9.28 x 10-6 9.30 x 10-6

15:00 31.89 oC 7.46 x 10-6 7.93 x 10-6

16:00 32.21 oC 7.68 x 10-6 8.09 x 10-6

li
4.3 DATA ANALYSIS

These are shown in figures 4.4.9.1, 4.4.9.2, 4.5.0.1 and 4.5.0.2 respectively as graphical

presentation.

lii
 CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 DISCUSSIONS

Figure 4.49.1: Showed the variation of the mean daily output power with time for July 2009. It

was seen from the graph that during the month of July 2009, the power output increased with

time of the day and the maximum power output was recorded between 1:00pm to 2:00pm; that is

when the sun was at its zenith. It was observed that there was a gradual decrease in the power

output between the periods of 3:00pm to 4:00pm due to decrease in solar radiation incident on

the surface of the panel.

The parallel output power was compared with that of series output power; though both

had the same graph pattern but there were slight increase with series connection compared with

connection in parallel.

Figure 4.49.2: Showed the variation of the mean daily output against time for the month August

2009. It was seen from the graph the power output increases with time from 9:00am to 1:00pm

which is the peak of the power output and decreases from 1:00pm to 3:00pm gradually and the

power output remains constant from 3:00pm to 4:00pm.

The parallel and series power output were also compared which shows slight difference

with series more than parallel connection.

FIGURE 4.50.1: Showed the variation of the mean daily ambient temperature with time for the

month of July 2009. The graph showed that the ambient temperature increases with time from

9:00am to 2:00pm which is the peak of the ambient temperature and decreases downward

gradually from 2:00pm to the minimum point at 4:00pm.

liii
Figure 4.50.2: Showed the variation of the mean daily ambient temperature with time for the

month of August 2009. The graph showed that the mean daily ambient temperature increased

with time from 9:00am to 1:00pm and 2:00pm and dropped slightly across 3:00pm and constant

with 4:00pm.

liv
5.2 CONCLUSION

A simple experiment had been used to determine the current-voltage characteristics on a

solar panel for both parallel and series connections. The results obtained demonstrate that the

output power generated by the photovoltaic modules increased with increase in temperature and

likewise decreased with decreased in temperature.

In conclusion, the analysis and results obtained from this study provide a means for

improving the accuracy of the system design and performing rating. The model can be used in

designing and predicting the impacts of fluctuation in the climatic factors on the efficiency

performance of the system and any other solar devices.

lv
5.3 RECOMMENDATION

From the experimental results obtained, it is therefore recommended that before

cultivating the habit of using photovoltaic module by government or individuals to have more

knowledge on how much energy photovoltaic solar system produces in different atmosphere

conditions and how well it maintains it performance during usage in various operating climates.

From this knowledge, the performance efficiency of the system will be improved, thereby

reducing the cost of the system as well as avoiding disappointment from the system’s

performance at any climate conditions.

lvi
 REFERENCES

Centre for Photovoltaic Engineering, University on New South Wales,

Australia, “3rd generation photovoltaic”

(http://www.pv.unsw.edu.au/research/3pg.asp):2001

European Photovoltaic Industry Association/Green peace, “Solar Generation report”.

(http://www.eren.doe.gov/pvl,):1990

O.A Somoye etal (2005); Introduction to optics, Electricity and Modern physics;

FLOURISH PUBLICATION pg: 227,246.

Physics daily. “Physics encyclopedia and fact book”

(http://www.physicsdaily.com):2000

The encyclopedia Britannica ultimate references suite “solar radiation” encyclopedia Britannica,

2008.

Theraja B.L (2002): Fundamentals of electrical Engineering and Electronics.

28th edition; S.CHAND & COMPANY LTD New Delhi. Pg 523.

The Theory of Solar Energy records “Photovoltaic”

(http://www.google.com):2008

lvii