NORTHERN ZAMBALES COLLEGE INC.

BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION

LESSON 3.
The Psychological Self: My Favorite Mystery

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF JADE LEE T. BUTLER-DE LEON

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SELF AS COGNITIVE CONSTRUCT

In psychology, "self" is "the sense of personal

identity and of who we are as individuals
(Jhangiani and Tarry 2014)."

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William James (1890) was one of the earliest psychologists to study the self and
conceptualized the self as having two aspects the "I" and the "me".

The "I" is the thinking, acting, and feeling self (Gleitman, Gross, and Reisburg 2011;
Hogg, and Vaughan 2010).

The "me" on the other hand, is the physical characteristics as well as psychological
capabilities that makes who you are (Gleitman, Gross, and Reisburg 2011; Hogg and
Vaughan 2010).

Carl Rogers's (1959) theory of personality also used the same terms, the "I" as the
one who acts and decides while the "me" is what you think or feel about yourself as an
object (Gleitman,Gross and Reisburg 2011).

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Other concept similar to self are IDENTITY is composed of

personal characteristics, social roles, and responsibilities, as well as
affiliations that define who one is (Oyserman, Elmore, and Smith
2012).

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Carl Rogers captured this idea in his concept of self-

schema or our organized system or collection of knowledge
about who we are (Gleitman, Gross, and Reisberg 2011;
jhangaini and Tarry 2014).

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Example of Organized List or Diagram

Hobbies

Family Religion

Nationality

It may also include your interest, work, course, age, name, and physical characteristics, among
others.
As you grow and adapt to the changes around you, they also change, but they are not passive
receivers, they actively shape and affect how you see, think and feel about things.

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Social interaction always has a part to play in who we think we are.

Three reasons why self and identity are social products:

1. We do not create ourselves out of nothing.

2. Whether you like to admit it or not, we actually needs others to affirm and
reinforce who we think we are, we also need them as reference points
about our identity.
3. What we think is important in our social or historical context.

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF JADE LEE T. BUTLER-DE LEON

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Two types of self that we can be aware:

The private self or your internal standards and private thoughts and
feelings.

The public self or your public image commonly geared toward having
a good presentation of yourself to others (Hogg and Vaughan 2010).

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Self-awareness there are times, however, when we are aware of our self- concepts also present us with at least three
other self-schema the:

ACTUAL, IDEAL, and OUGHT SELF.

✓ ACTUAL SELF is who you are at the moment

✓ IDEAL SELF is who you like to be.
✓ OUGHT SELF is who you think you should be.

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Our group identity and self-awareness also has a great

impact on our self-esteem, one of the common concepts
associated with the "self". It is define our own positive or
negative perception or evaluation of ourselves (Jhangiani, And
Tarry 2014; Gleitman, Gross, and Reisberg 2011).

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One of the ways in which our social relationship affects our self-
esteem is through social comparison.

According to the social comparison theory, we learn about

ourselves, the appropriateness of our behaviors, as well as our social
status by comparing aspects of ourselves with other people
(Jhangiani, and Tarry 2014; Hogg and Vaughan 2010).

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The DOWNWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON is the more common

type of comparing ourselves with others.

As the name implies, we create a positive self-concept by

comparing ourselves with those who are worse off than us. (Jhangiani
and Tarry 2014). By having the advantage, we can raise our self-
esteem.

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The UPWARD SOCIAL COMPARISON which is comparing

ourselves with those who are better off than us (jhangiani, and
Tarry 2014). While it can be a form of motivation for some, a lot of
those who do this actually felt lower self-esteem as they highlight
more of their weakness or inequities.

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SOCIAL COMPARISON also entails what is called self-evaluation

maintenance theory, which states that we can feel threatened when
someone out-performs us, especially when that person is close to us
(i.e., a friend or family).

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FIRST, we distance ourselves from that person or redefine

our relationship with them. Some will resort to the silent
treatment, change of friends, while some may also redefine by
being closer to that person, hoping that some association may
give him a certain kind of acknowledgement also.

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SECOND, we may also reconsider the importance of the

aspect or skill in which you were out performed.

LASTLY, we may also strengthen our resolve to improve

that certain aspect of ourselves.

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In the attempt to increase or maintain self-esteem,

some people become narcissistic. NARCISSISM is a
"trait characterized by overly high self-esteem, self-
admiration, and self-centeredness

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SELF IN WESTERN AND EASTERN THOUGHT

There are many sources in which you can analyze the perspective
of each culture and country about the concept of “self.” Like,
Religious beliefs and political philosophies that greatly influenced
the mindset of each nation or culture.

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Eastern Self

1. Confucianism.

It can be seen as a code of ethical conduct, of how one should

properly act according to their relationship with other people;
thus it is also focused on having a harmonious social life.

Thus, identity and self-concept of the individual are interwoven

with the identity and status of his/her community or culture,
sharing its pride as well as its failures.

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Everyone is interconnected in a drama with specific roles.

Self-cultivation: The cultivated self in Confucianism is what some

scholars call a “subdued self” wherein personal needs are
repressed [subdue] for the good of many, making Confucian
society also hierarchal for the purpose of maintaining order and
balance.

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2. Taoism.

Taoism was founded by Lao Tzu. Taoism is living to the way of the Tao
(Universe). However, they reject the hierarchy and strictness of
Confucianism. Taoism prefers to live a simple life.
Self is not an extension of family or community.

Self is part of the universe, one of the forms and manifestations of the Tao.

The ideal self is selflessness but this is not forgetting about the self, it is living a
balanced-about prejudices and egocentric ideas and thinking about equality as well as
complementarily among humans as well as other beings.

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3. Buddhism.

The self is seen as an illusion, born out of ignorance, of trying to

hold and control things, or human centered needs; thus, the self is also
the source of all these suffering.

Life is full of suffering and it is made up of a cycle of birth, decay,

illness, death.

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Western Self

Western Self focuses on self (Individualistic). You compare in order to be better. You
create associations and bask in the glory of that group for your self-esteem. You put
primacy on developing yourself.

By focusing on the self, they may seem to have loose associations or even loyalty to
their groups. Competition is the name of the game and they are more likely
straightforward and forceful in their communication as well as decision making. They
value equality even if they see that individual can rise above everything else. They also
promote ideals that create 'fair' competition and protect the individual.

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Western and Eastern Differences

Western referred as the school of thought from Greek Philosophy. It

is rooted from Rome and Christianity. Laws are the ones that govern the
behavior. It is individualist in culture. It is all about 'I'. Tries to find self as
it is the given part of the divine. Logical, scientific, rational, and focus on
ethics.
Eastern roots are from Asia. They believe that natural world does
not follow laws, it simply 'is'. It is collectivist in culture. It is all about 'We'.
Drawn on people's actions and thought as one. Trying to get rid of the
false 'me' concept and find meaning in discovering the true 'me'. Life is
all about unity. The inner self must be freed.

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Western and Eastern Similarities

Both approach share a concept that a deeper understanding of

reality is possible. Influenced by the notion that there is a
supreme being who guides the mankind and provides for all he
created. Believes in the concept of "god as the king of universe"

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PRELIM EXAM: SEPTEMBER 25, 2021

TIME: 9:00 AM

COVERAGE: LESSON 1-3

PLEASE SECURE A RELIABLE INTERNET

CONNECTION DURING THE EXAM TIME.

GOD BLESS ☺

UNDERSTANDING THE SELF JADE LEE T. BUTLER-DE LEON