Technical Report & Writing

i. What is brainstorming?
The process of recalling our associated ideas in our mind related to a topic
putting them down on a paper is known as brain storming.
Brainstorming is one of the most effective per-writing techniques you can use.
Brainstorming is easy because there are No Rules. Let your mind wander and
think about things that you would like to explore more.
ii. what is computer chip?
A computer chip is a small electronic circuit, also known as integrated circuit,
which is one of the basic components of most kind of electronic devices.
A computer chip has changed our way of life. With computer chip, we can make
very small computer space scientists use their small computer in satellites and
space ships large companies use their small computer for business.
iii. what is digital signage?
A common term which is used to display text or images, shown in digital format over
internet on television is known as digital signage.
iv. How many patterns are there in an organization?
The following patterns are used for organization
a) Listing pattern
b) Chronological pattern
c) Sequential pattern
d) compare and contrast pattern
e) cause and effect pattern
f) problems and solution pattern
g) Extended definition pattern
v. Name seven critical reading strategies?
a. previewing
b. contextualizing
c. questioning to understand and remember
d. reflecting on challenges to your beliefs and values
e. outlining and summarizing
f. evaluating and argument
g. comparing and contrasting related reading
vi. How can plagiarism be avoided in online writing?
The plagiarism can be avoided in three ways that are summary, paraphrase and
quote.
A summary is a considered version of the original text that highlights the main or
key ideas in your own words.
A paraphrase is typical the same length as the original but written in your own
words, like a summary.
A quote seems to easy because you merely take the original text, put it in quotation
marks and put it into your paper.
vii. Define analysis and process analysis?
Analysis is simply dividing some whole into its parts. where Process Analysis is
analyzing the chronological steps in any operation.

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 Technical Report & Writing

viii. What is difference b/w Myth and reality?

I. An idea or story that is believed by many people but that is not true is called Myth.
For example: Writing well is a gift
II. A true situation that exist perception through five senses is called reality. For
example: writing well is learned skill.
ix. Define topic sentence?
First sentence of a paragraph is referred to as the topic sentence of paragraph. Topic
sentence consist of two parts. The subject and controlling idea. The sentence
established the paragraph purpose by starting the main controlling idea a certain
subject.
x. How cubing can be helpful during drafting?
Cubing enables you to consider your topic from six different directions. It should
give you a broader awareness of the topic’s complexities, if not a sharper focus on
what you will do with it.
xi. What is report Writing?
Report writing is creating an account or statement that describe in detail an event,
situation or accordance usually as the result of observation or inquiry.
xii. Define the term formal Definition?
A formal definition, the basis of most dictionary definitions, has three parts: the term
to be defined, the class to which the term belongs and the features that distinguish this
term from other terms in the class.
xiii. What is unfocused paragraph?
A paragraph which does not having clear purpose and proper direction is known as
unfocused paragraph.
xiv. What is speech anxiety?
Speech anxiety can range from as light feeling of nerves to an early in capacitating
fear. Most people experience some level of speech anxiety when they have to
speech in front of a group in fact publics peaking is many people’s greatest fear.
xv. What is survey?
Before you start reading, survey the metrical to gain an overview off the content. Look
through the whole reading/chapter to preview it. Approach by stunning title(s) and
subheading, summaries or abstract. The introduction and conclusion visual martial.
The first and the last sentence in paragraph. The conclusion any four question.
xvi. Define academic community?
A community group is often pursuing a common goal, concern or interest on an
entirely voluntary basis. The purpose of academic community is to create, share
and apply knowledge. The primary activity in an academic community is learning.
A university is an example of academic community. Being a student of university,
you are also a member of an academic community.

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Technical Report & Writing

Subjective Part (4*12)

Q.2. How can electronic community be analyzed?
Since the advent of the Internet, the concept of community has less geographical
limitation, as people can now gather virtually in an online community and share
common interests regardless of physical location. An Electronic Community, also
called virtual community, is a social network of individuals who interact through
specific social media, potentially crossing geographical and political boundaries in
order to pursue mutual interests or goals.
Electronic communities all encourage interaction, sometimes focusing around a
particular interest or just to communicate. Some virtual communities do both.
Community members are allowed to interact over a shared passion through various
means: email groups, message boards, Internet message boards, chat rooms, social
networking sites, or virtual worlds. As the traditional definition of a community is of
geographically circumscribed entity (neighborhoods, villages, etc.), so electronic or
virtual communities are not communities under the original definition. Some online
communities are linked geographically, and are known as community websites.
However, if one considers communities to simply possess boundaries of some sort
between their members and non-members, then a electronic community is certainly
a community. Electronic communities resemble real life communities in the sense
that they both provide support, information, friendship and acceptance between
strangers. Electronic communities are used for a variety of social and professional
groups; interactions between community members vary from personal to purely
formal. For example, an email distribution list operates on an informational level.
Facebook, Twitter, and Myspace are all virtual communities. With these sites, one
often creates a profile or account, and adds friends or follows friends. This allows
people to connect and look for support using the social networking service as a
gathering place. These websites often allow for people to keep up to date with their
friends and acquaintances’ activities without making much of an effort. Internet
community offers the advantage of instant information exchange that is not possible
in a real-life community. This interaction allows people to engage in many activities
from their home, such as: shopping, paying bills, and searching for specific
information. Users of online communities also have access to thousands of specific
discussion groups where they can form specialized relationships and access
information in such categories as: politics, technical assistance, social activities,
health (see above) and recreational pleasures. Virtual communities provide an ideal
medium for these types of relationships because information can easily be posted
and response times can be very fast. Another benefit is that these types of
communities can give users a feeling of membership and belonging. Users can give
and receive support, and it is simple and cheap to use.
Economically, electronic communities can be commercially successful, making
money through membership fees, subscriptions, usage fees, and advertising
commission. Consumers generally feel very comfortable making transactions online
provided that the seller has a good reputation throughout the community. Virtual
communities also provide the advantage of disintermediation in commercial
transactions, which eliminates vendors and connects buyers directly to suppliers.

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Technical Report & Writing

Q.4. How ideas can be generated in the light of “Discovering and Planning”.?
Before you can begin to write you have to have something to write about. This step
of the writing process is called generating ideas. The activities I this module will help
you with this step in your writing.
Per-writing task:
Look at the following questions, think about or discuss your answers with others if
you are in group.
• What are the advantages of the written word over the spoken word?
• Give examples of different types of writing you have done
• Why should you consider your audience before starting to write?
• What step did you go through before you began your writing task?
• How do you usually get ideas for writing?
• What are the advantages of writing down ideas before you start writing?
• What difficulties have you encountered in the past when writing in English?
Step 1: Brainstorming:
The first step when you start writing an essay is brainstorming. This mean
putting down on paper all your ideas associated with the topic that you want to write
about. There are many ways to do this. How have you brainstormed in the past?
Here are three most popular ways of formulating ideas:
1. Listing:
This means that you make list of similar ideas to form paragraph. In listing
method, at the top of your list, write your topic. Writing your topic helps you focus on
it. Then list the ideas you think of in the order that they come to you. You can use
many lists to find supporting points for each of your ideas.
2. Tree diagram:
This means you make a diagram with the topic at the top and the other ideas
under the suitable headings leading from it. If you were asked to write about different
languages you might use a diagram.
3. Idea map:
Drawing a map of your ideas is helpful in many ways. Flow chart is another term
used for idea maps. First, people often find that seeing a visual representation of
their thoughts helps them to add more ideas and sort them. Also, drawing a map
might help you to see how your thoughts connect to one another, which will help
you when you begin organizing your essay.
In the center of the map write your topic and draw a circle around it. When you
come up with a new idea, write it down, draw a circle around it, and draw a line to
shoe that how it connects to the topic in the center or/and the other ideas that
you’ve written down. Look at the main ideas you’ve written and see if you can
think of other ideas that connect to them. Remember that if you have many ideas
write now. You won’t be necessarily use all of them in your essay, but all its
important to collect many ideas right now.

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Technical Report & Writing

Q.5. Write a comprehensive note on SQW3R method, how can it be helpful in

Technical Report Writing?
Reading is one of the core activities of study. You need to be able to understand
what you read and to be able to recall the main ideas when you need them. You can
use the SQW3R method to improve your comprehension, to remember a reading for
tutorials, seminars or to revise for exams.
S=Survey:
Before you start to read, survey the material to gain an overview of the contents.
Look through the whole reading to preview it. Approach it by scanning:
➢ Titles and subheadings
➢ Summaries or abstracts
➢ The introduction and conclusion
➢ Visual material (Pictures, Charts, Graphs, or tables) and their captions
➢ The first and last sentence in paragraphs
➢ The conclusion
➢ Any focus questions
Note now the reading has been structured and look for the authors plan. This will
give you an idea of the main thesis.
Q=Question:
Your reading will be more memorable if you question the material.
As you are surveying, note down your questions. Writing down questions keeps you
alter and focused on your work.
1.Askyourself:
What is this article about?
What did my lecturer/ tutor say about this chapter or subject?
What do I already know about this subject?
How does this reading relate to what I already have read?
2.Devise questions that will guide your reading:
Think about specific question that you need to, or would like to find answers for.
Read any focus question at the end of the reading.
Turn the title, heading and sub headings into questions. For example, if the
heading is Qualitative and Quantitative research, your question might be: ‘What is
the difference between these two types of research?
Make a list of your questions for consideration. You will use them during revision
to help you remember what you have read.
W=Write + Read
On your second reading, begin to take notes:
Take notes from the text, but write in formation in your own words.
Read one section at a time (a section might be divided up by headings or sub-
headings).
After you read a section, try to sum up the main point in one sentence.
Note down the main idea(s) of each paragraph in a section. They are often found
in the first or last sentence.
Examples and illustrations can further your understanding and be good cues for
memory.

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Technical Report & Writing

Look for important derails (supporting evidence, written illustrations of points,

provisions or alternatives).
In your notes, underline or highlight the important points. This will be useful for
later revision.
Refer to the list of questions you made earlier and try to answer them.
R1=Read
Be prepared to read material twice.
First, read without making notes:
Decrease your pace and read actively. Active reading requires concentration, so
take your time and find a quiet place where you can read and focus.
As you read, look for answers to the questions you noted down earlier.
Questions the author’s reasoning. Is each point justified? Is there enough
evidence? What is the evidence?
Compare diagrams and illustrations with the written text. Often you will understand
more from them.
Make sure you understand what you are reading. Reduce your reading speed for
difficult passages. Stop and re read parts which are not clear.
If you have difficulty understanding a text, lookup difficult words in the dictionary or
glossary of terms and re read. If the meaning of a world or passages till evades you
leave it and read on. Perhaps after more reading you will find it more accessible and
the meaning will become clear. Speak to your tutor if your difficulty continues.
Use reflection to increase your understanding of what you read. When the author
makes a claim reflect on your prior knowledge to support or disprove it.
R2=Recall
Recall straight after you finish taking notes.
You should have an outline of the reading in note from. You should now try to recall
and write your thinking about what you have read.
Close the book and cover your notes.
Make notes of what you remember about the main thesis and points of the
reading.
Check their accuracy against the notes you made during your reading.
Return to the reading. Read one section at a time and try to recall what you have
read. If you were unable to recall one of the major points, then reread that section of
the reading to clarify it further.
It can also be helpful to recite ideas a loud to help you remember. Sum up the
main points verbally reciting can help you put ideas in to your own words.
R3=Review
Now review what you have read. At the end of your study period:
Check the accuracy of your notes against the original material. This is an important
part of the process because it can really help you clarify and remember what you
have read.
The next day:
Read through your notes to reacquaint yourself with the main thesis and key
points.
Now read through the questions you noted down and try to answer them from
memory.

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Technical Report & Writing

Try doing the same thing after a few days.

If you are reading for a course periodically reviewing notes will help you at exam
time. The more you revise throughout semester, the less you will need to cram
during exam study periods.
Q.6. Define Academic Writing. Discuss in detail the strategies that are
required for writing process?
Academic writing is any writing done to fulfil a requirement of a college or university.
Academic writing is also used for publications that are read by teacher and
researcher or presented at conferences. A very broad definition of academic writing
could include any writing assignment given in an academic setting.

The writing process:

There are following ways to implement each step of the writing process:
1. Prewriting:
This first phase of the writing process, the planning phase, is the brainstorming
phase. We can use graphic organizers, drawing, pictures, or lists during this stage. This
prewriting stage helps us to focus on our thoughts. It’s a good time for us to narrow or
expand what we will be writing about. This beginning stage is a great time for us to
organize our thoughts onto paper.
2. Drafting:
The drafting stage is the next step in the writing process. During this stage, we use
the information from the prewriting stage and craft it into a rough draft.
The goal is to take the jumbled thoughts that we have brainstormed and put it into actual
sentences. This is the stage in which we do not have to worry about spelling, grammar,
or any punctuation. We are free to expand our thoughts into fluent sentences that make
sense.
3. Revising and Editing:
The next step is the revising and editing phase of the writing process. We look at the
main idea or concept and develop topic even more, or add and/or delete information. We
also look at the sentence structure and make sure it flows. We can add transition words
and switch paragraphs to make sense. We look at the writing piece and edit it for any
errors of grammar, spelling, punctuation, writing mechanics, and so on. This is one of the
most important stages in the writing process. This step takes a lot of time and usually
requires a peer or teacher to help.
4. Rewriting:
This is the second draft phase, where we incorporate our edits and revisions into a
rough draft. We need to be mindful and careful when rewriting draft so that we don’t
leave any new changes out.
5. Publishing:
The last step in the writing process is the publishing phase which might be a digital or a
paper-based text. It is concluding step in the writing process and holds much importance.

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