1

SEMINAR REPORT
ON
SOIL NAILING

SUBMITTED BY:
NAME: - JANGYA PRAKASH DEHURI

REGD. NO: -1901109142

BRANCH:- CIVIL ENGG.

SUBMITTED TO:
MRS. NIBEDITA DALIA
(ASST.PROFESSOR)

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DEPARTMENT OF CVIL ENGINEERING

2021-2022
Dr. Chitta Ranjan Mohanty
(Head of Civil Engg. Department)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this seminar entitled ‘Soil nailing’ has been submitted by Jangya Prakash Dehuri bearing
Reg. No. 1901109142 in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree Bachelor of Technology
in Civil Engineering of Parala Maharaja Engineering College for the academic year 2021-22.

NIBEDITA DALIA

Seminar Co-ordinator

Asst. Professor

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ABSTRACT
This page aims to discuss about the soil nailing, soil nailing is a reinforcement technique which
can endure tensile forces shear forces and bending moments.
This technique is used for retaining walls and stabilize the slope. Its behavior is typical of that
of composite materials and involves essentially two interaction mechanisms:
The soil reinforcement friction and the normal earth pressure on the reinforcement. The
mobilization of the lateral friction requires frictional properties for the soil, while the
mobilization of the normal earth pressure requires a relative rigidly of the inclusions.
Taking into account these mechanisms, multi-criteria at failure design method is proposed. It
is derived from the slice methods used in slope stability analysis +. The criteria lead to a
yielding curve in the shear – tensile forces plane and the consideration of the principle of the
maximum plastic work enables to calculate the shear and tensile forces mobilized at failure in
each inclusion.
Using formulation determinate. The slope stability analysis takes into account the passive force
of reinforcement.

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CONTENTS
ARTICLE NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 01

CHAPTER 2 TYPES 02

CHAPTER 3 DESIGN 06

CHAPTER 4 COMPONENTS 09

CHAPTER 5 CONDITIONS 11

CHAPTER 6 MATERIAL USED 13

CHAPTER 7 PROCESS 14

CHAPTER 8 APPLICATIONS 18

CHAPTER 9 ADVANTAGES 20

CHAPTER 10 DISADVANTAGES 22

CHAPTER 11 CONCLUSION 24

CHAPTER 12 REFERENCE 25

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LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. NAME PAGE NO.

1 Drilled grouted 2
soil nail
2 Driven soil nail 3

3 Self-drilling soil 3
nail
4 Jet grouted soil 4
nail
5 Launched soil 5
nail
6 Load transfer 6
concept in soil
nail
7 modes of failure 8
in soil nails
8 Components of 9
soil nail
9 Steel 12
reinforcement
10 Grout mix in soil 13
nailing
11 Process of soil 14
nailing

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First, and foremost I would like to express deepest gratitude to Mr. Krushna Chandra Sethi,
Parala maharaja engineering college, Berhampur for giving me the guidance, support,
encouragement, counsel throughout my work. Without their invaluable advice and assistance.
It would not have been possible for me to complete this internship. I generally acknowledge
the support provided by the Parala maharaja engineering college. I am thankful to all the
faculty member of Civil Engineering (CE) for their many helpful comments encouragement. I
thanks to all my friends for their encouragement and help in several forms. I would like
acknowledge each and every one who contributed for our work either by directly or indirectly.

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 Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION

Soil nailing consists of the passive reinforcement of existing ground by installing closely
spaced steel bars, which may be subsequently in grout.
As construction proceeds from the top to bottom, shotcrete is also applied on excavation face.
in retaining wall, the three components (native soil, reinforcement nails, facing element) of
interactions affect the performances.
Soil nailing is used to stabilize the slope or to take advantage of top-down excavation. for
certain conditions, soil nailing offers alternative from the viewpoint of technical feasibility,
construction costs and construction duration when compared to ground anchor walls, which is
another popular top-bottom retaining system.
An alternative application of passive reinforcement in soil is sometimes used to stabilize lands.
In this case, the reinforcement nails are installed almost vertically and perpendicular to the
base of the slide. in this alternative application, nails are also passive, installed in a closely
spaced pattern approximately perpendicular to the nearly horizontal sliding surface, and
subjected predominantly to shear forces arising from the land slide movement.
Soil nailing is a remedial construction measure to treat unstable natural soil slopes or unstable
man-made (fill) slopes as a construction technique that allows the safe over-steepening of new
or existing soil slopes. The technique involves the insertion of relatively slender reinforcing
elements into the slope – often general-purpose reinforcing bars (rebar) although proprietary
solid or hollow-system bars are also available. Solid bars are usually installed into pre-drilled
holes and then grouted into place using a separate grout line, whereas hollow bars may be
drilled and grouted simultaneously by the use of a sacrificial drill bit and by pumping grout
down the hollow bar as drilling progresses. Kinetic methods of firing relatively short bars into
soil slopes have also been developed.
Bars installed using drilling techniques are usually fully grouted and installed at a slight
downward inclination with bars installed at regularly spaced points across the slope face. A
rigid facing (often pneumatically applied concrete, otherwise known as shotcrete) or isolated
soil nail head plates may be used at the surface.Alternatively, a flexible reinforcing mesh may
be held against the soil face beneath the head plates. Rabbit proof wire mesh and
environmental erosion control fabrics and may be used in conjunction with flexible mesh
facing where environmental conditions dictate.
Soil nail components may also be used to stabilize retaining walls or existing fill slopes
(embankments and levees); this is normally undertaken as a remedial measure.

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 Chapter 2
TYPES OF NAILS
There are 5 types of nails are used, such as: -
1- Drilled and grouted Soil Nail
2- Driven Soil Nail
3- Self-drilling Soil Nail
4- Jet Grouted Soil Nail
5- Launched Soil Nail

1- Drilled and grouted soil: -

This type of nail has 100-200mm diameter and spacing of 1.5m nail holes drilled in
the foundation soils. Then nails are inserted in drilled holes after that the hole is filled
with grouting materials such as concrete shotcrete etc.

Fig 1: drilled and grouted soil nail

2- Driven soil nail: -

It is used for temporary stabilization of slopes. It is considerably fast. But it does not
provide the protection from corrosion to nails or steel. In this nail are driven in the slope
face during excavation. Diameter of nails in this are 19-25 mm and spacing of 1-1.2 m
respectively.

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 Fig 2:driven soil nail

3- Self-drilling soil nail: -

In this hollow bar are used. Bars are drilled into slope surface grout in ejected
simultaneously during the drilling process.it provides the corrosion resistance to
nails.

Fig 3: Self drilling soil nail-

4- Jet grouted soil nail: -

Jets are used for eroding the soil for creating holes in the slopes. After this, steel bars
are installed in this hole and grouted with concrete. Then jet grouted nailing provides
good corrosion protection for the steel bars(nails).

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 Fig 4:
jet
grouted
soil nail

5- Launched soil nail: -

In this method, the steel bars are forced into soil with a single shot using compressed
air mechanism. In this the installation of nails is fast, but controlling the length of bar
penetrating the ground is difficult. The diameter in this nail is 38mm and spacing is
around 6m.

Fig 5: launched soil nail

The main considerations for deciding whether soil nailing will be appropriate include;
the ground conditions, the suitability of other systems, such as ground anchors,
geosynthetic materials, and so on and cost.

Although soil nails are versatile and can be used for a variety of soil types and
conditions, it is preferable that the soil should be capable of standing – without
supports – to a height of 1-2 m for no less than 2 days when cut vertical or near-
vertical

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 Chapter -3
DESIGN
The design of a soil nailed wall is organized to first introduce the technical concepts related to
the mechanisms soil nail wall to response to construction and operation following this
introduction, specific topics related to analysis and design are introduced, starting with a
presentation of the two specific limit states that must be considered by the designer, namely,
the strength limit states and service limit states. This followed by a description of potential
failure modes for soil nail walls. Then it introduces and compares calculations resulting from
SNAIL and GOLDNAIL, most widely used computer programs in the U.S.
a) LOAD TRANSFER CONCEPT IN SOIL NAIL WALLS

Fig 6: Load transfer concept in soil nail walls

 soil excavation is initiated from the ground surface and the excavation phase 1 is completed.
because of the soil ability to stand unsupported, the upper portion of the soil behind the
excavation is stable before the first row of nails is installed.
 as nails 1 and the temporary facing are installed, some load derived from the deformation of
the upper soil is transferred to these nails through shear stresses along the nails and translate
into and axial forces. The top portion of fig shows schematically the axial force distribution in
nails 1 at the end of excavation phase 1. At this point, the temporary facing supports the
excavation surface and provides connectivity between adjacent nails in row of nails 1.
 as excavation proceeds to excavation phase 2, the uppermost and the unsupported portions of
the soil nail wall deforms laterally.at this point, another potential sliding surface, one
originated from base of excavation phase 2 is formed. 

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 nails 2 are then installed, subsequent the temporary facing between the bottom of excavation
phases 1 and 2 is installed and integrated to the facing constructed in phase 1. Movements of
the soil above the phase 2 depth will cause additional loads to be transferred to nails 1 and
generate loads in nails 2.
 to provide global stability, the soil rails must extend beyond the potential failure surface. As
the depth of excavation increases, the size of the retained soil mass increases, as shown in fig.
 as the size of the retained zone increases, the stresses at the soil interface and the axial forces
in the nails increases.
 the upper portion of fig shows that the axial force distribution for nails 1 at the end of the last
excavation phase N does not exhibit the largest values.
 as the critical failure surface becomes deeper and larger, the contribution of the upper nails
to the stabilization of this larger sliding mass diminishes.
b) LIMIT STATES
the analysis and design of soil nail must consider two limiting conditions: strength limits and
service limits states.
 Strength limit states: -
These limit states are failure modes in which the applied loads produce stresses that are greater
than the strength of the whole system or individual components, and the structure becomes
unstable. Strength limit states arise wen one or more potential failure are realized.
 Service limit states: -
These limit states refer to conditions that do not involve collapse, but rather impair the normal
and safe operation of the structure. The major service limit state associated with soil nail walls
is excessive wall deformation.
 other service limit states: -

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These are beyond the scope of this document; include total or differential settlements,
cracking of concrete facing, aesthetics, and fatigue caused by repetitive loading.

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 Chapter 4
COMPONENTS

Fig 8: components of soil nail

There are several types of components are here such as: -

 Nail Head: - it has 2 main components bearing plate, hex nut and washers; and the headed-
stud. The bearing plate made of Grade of 250 MPa steel and is square 200 to 250 mm (8-10in)
side dimension and 19mm thick. The use of bearing plate is to provide the force at the nail end
to the temporary shotcrete facing and the ground behind the facing washers and nuts are steel
with grade consistent with that of the nail bar commonly of 420 or 520 MPa.

 Nail Bars: -steel bars are used in soil nailing are commonly threaded and are either hollow
or solid. Bars have nominal tensile strength of 420MPa or 520MPa.Bars with a tensile strength
of 665MPa (grade95) and as high as 1035 MPa (grade 150) may be considered for soil nailing,
but their use should be restrictive. Bars with lower grades are preferred because they are more
ductile, less affected by corrosion, and readily available. Threaded bars applications are
available in 19,22,25,29,32,36 and 43 mm diameter (NO. 6,7,8,9,10,11, and 14 in English unit)
up to approximately 18 m in length.
 Grout: - It is a commonly used cement grout, which fills the space between nail bar and the
ground. Cement type 1 is recommended for most applications. cement type 3 is for grounded

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 finer, harden faster and can be used when target grout strength is required to be achieved faster
than for typical project conditions cement type 2 harden slower, produces less heat and is more
resistant to corrosion. The water/cement ratio for grout used in soil nailing applications
typically ranges from 0.4 to 0.5.
 Centralizers: - centralizers are the devices made of PVC or other synthetic materials to
ensure the minimum thickness of grout completely covers the nail bar. they are installed at
regular distances, typically not exceeding 2.5m, along the length of the nail and at a distance
of about 0.5m from each end of the nail.

Chapter 5
CONDITIONS

Some conditions of soil nailing are;

 The soil in which the excavation is constructed should be able to stand unsupported in a 1
to2m (3-6ft) high vertical cut for one to two days.
 All soil nails with in a cross section are located above the groundwater table.
 If the soil nails are below the groundwater table, the groundwater does not adversely affect
the face of the excavation, the bond strength of the interface between the grout and the
surrounding ground, or the long-term integrity of the soil nails.
 It is advantageous that the ground conditions allow drill holes to be advanced without the use
of drill casings and for the drill hole is grouted.
Some unfavorable conditions are: -
Dry, poorly graded cohesionless soils. When poorly graded cohesionless soils are completely
dry, contain no fines, or do not exhibit any natural cementation, apparent cohesion is not
available. Therefore, the required vertical or nearly vertical cuts are difficult to achieve.
Soils with high groundwater. Perched groundwater occurring behind the proposed soil nail
wall will require significant drainage, which is necessary to stabilize the mass of soil in this
location. Additionally, large amounts of groundwater can cause drill holes (particularly in
loose granular soils) to collapse easily, thus requiring a costly soil nail installation. Excessive
groundwater seeping out to the excavation face may cause significant difficulties for shotcrete
application.
Soils with cobbles and boulders. A large proportion of cobbles and boulders present in the soil
may cause excessive difficulties for drilling and may lead to significant construction costs and
delays. When only a few boulder sand cobbles are present, modifying the drilling orientation
from place to place may minimize or eliminate most of the difficult drilling. However, this
approach has practical limitations when too many boulders are present.
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Soft to very soft fine-grained soils. These soils typically have SPT N-values less than 4 and
are unfavorable for soil nailing because they develop relatively low bond strengths at the nail-
grout-soil interface, thereby requiring unreasonably long nail lengths to develop the required
resistance. Long-term deformations (creep) of the soils may be a concern for highly plastic
clays. Concerns for creep deformations are generally less critical for temporary applications.
As with any retaining system constructed in a top-down manner, the potential for instability at
the bottom of the excavation is high in soft fine-grained soils. Additionally, high-plasticity
soils may be expansive and may induce additional localized pressure on the facing due to
swelling.
Organic soils. Some organic soils such as organic silts, organic clays and peat typically exhibit
very low shear strengths and thereby low bond strengths, which causes uneconomical nail
lengths. While some organic soils can exhibit acceptable shear strengths, other organic soils
like fibrous peat may be highly heterogeneous and highly anisotropic. In this case, while the
soil shear strength can be reasonable along some orientations, it may be significantly low along
other orientations. These unfavorable orientations may have a detrimental impact on the wall
stability and very long soil nails will be required. In addition, organic soils tend to be more
corrosive than inorganic soils.
Highly corrosive soil (cinder, slag) or groundwater. These conditions may lead to the need of
providing expensive corrosion protection. These conditions are obviously more
disadvantageous for permanent applications of soil nail walls.
Weathered rock with unfavorable weakness planes and karst. Weathered rock with prevalent
unfavorable weakness planes such as joints, fractures, shears, faults, bedding, schistosity, or
cleavage may affect the drill hole stability and make grouting difficult. In addition, the
presence of these discontinuities may cause the formation of potentially unstable blocks in the
retained mass behind the wall during excavation. The marginal stability of blocks may rapidly
deteriorate due to various factors, such as gouge in the joints, uplift and lateral hydrostatic
pressures, and seepage forces. The stabilization of individual blocks may be necessary and
can make this solution uneconomical when compared to conventional soil nails. In addition,
grouting in rock with very large open joints or voids will be very difficult and/or expensive
due to excessive grout loss. Grouting in karstic formations is not appropriate.
Loess. When it is dry, loess may exhibit acceptable strengths that would allow economical
installation of soil nails. However, when sizable amounts of water ingress behind the proposed
soil nail wall, the structure of the loess may collapse and a significant loss of soil strength may
take place. Therefore, the collapse potential upon wetting of these soils must be evaluated.
Appropriate measures to avoid excess water migration to the soil nail area must be provided
in loess exhibiting significant collapse potential. Additionally, considerably low soil shear
strengths may arise for the wetted condition. In these cases, unusually long soil nail lengths
may result in using conventional methods of nail installation. Regrouting (an atypical and more
costly step) has been used to increase bond strengths in loess.

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 Chapter 6
MATERIAL USED
These are the materials used for the soil nail wall. they are:
 Steel Reinforcements: steel reinforcements are used in the construction of soil nailed
walls. For protection from corrosion, the steel should be galvanized. If machine threading
after galvanization is unavoidable, then proper zinc-based coating should be applied to the
thread. For double protection, the PVC pipe with good quality should be used.

Fig 9: Steel reinforcements

 Grout mix: for soil nail, the water cement ratio of grout ranges from 0.4 to 0.5. non-shrink
additive can be used to reduce the shrinkage of grout mix. The resistance at grout soil nail
interface of nail will significantly reduce when grout shrink.

Fig 10: Grout mix in soil nailing

 Shotcrete/Gunite: shotcrete is a continuous flow of mortal or concrete mix at high-speed

perpendicular on the exposed ground surface by means of pneumatic air blowing for dry mix
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 or spraying for wet mix.



Organic soils. Some organic soils such as organic silts, organic clays and peat typically exhibit
very low shear strengths and thereby low bond strengths, which causes uneconomical nail
lengths. While some organic soils can exhibit acceptable shear strengths, other organic soils
like fibrous peat may be highly heterogeneous and highly anisotropic. In this case, while the
soil shear strength can be reasonable along some orientations, it may be significantly low along
other orientations. These unfavorable orientations may have a detrimental impact on the wall
stability and very long soil nails will be required. In addition, organic soils tend to be more
corrosive than inorganic soils.
Highly corrosive soil (cinder, slag) or groundwater. These conditions may lead to the need of
providing expensive corrosion protection. These conditions are obviously more
disadvantageous for permanent applications of soil nail walls.
Weathered rock with unfavorable weakness planes and karst. Weathered rock with prevalent
unfavorable weakness planes such as joints, fractures, shears, faults, bedding, schistosity, or
cleavage may affect the drill hole stability and make grouting difficult. In addition, the
presence of these discontinuities may cause the formation of potentially unstable blocks in the
retained mass behind the wall during excavation. The marginal stability of blocks may rapidly
deteriorate due to various factors, such as gouge in the joints, uplift and lateral hydrostatic
pressures, and seepage forces. The stabilization of individual blocks may be necessary and
can make this solution uneconomical when compared to conventional soil nails. In addition,
grouting in rock with very large open joints or voids will be very difficult and/or expensive
due to excessive grout loss. Grouting in karstic formations is not appropriate.
Loess. When it is dry, loess may exhibit acceptable strengths that would allow economical
installation of soil nails. However, when sizable amounts of water ingress behind the proposed
soil nail wall, the structure of the loess may collapse and a significant loss of soil strength may
take place. Therefore, the collapse potential upon wetting of these soils must be evaluated.
Appropriate measures to avoid excess water migration to the soil nail area must be provided
in loess exhibiting significant collapse potential. Additionally, considerably low soil shear
strengths may arise for the wetted condition. In these cases, unusually long soil nail lengths
may result in using conventional methods of nail installation. Regrouting (an atypical and more
costly step) has been used to increase bond strengths in loess.

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 Chapter 7
PROCESS
The process of soil nailing
Four main points should be considered in determining if soil nailing would be an effective
retention technique. First, the existing ground conditions should be examined. Next, the
advantages and disadvantages for a soil nail wall should be assessed for the particular
application being considered. Then, other systems should be considered for the particular
application. Finally, cost of the soil nail wall should be considered.  Soil nail walls can be used
for a variety of soil types and conditions. The most favorable conditions for soil nailing are as
follows: The soil should be able to stand unsupported one to two meters high for a minimum
of two days when cut vertical or nearly vertical. Also, all soil nails within a cross section
should be located above the groundwater table. If the soil nails are not located above the
groundwater table, the groundwater should not negatively affect the face of the excavation,
the bond between the ground and the soil nail itself.  Based upon these favorable conditions
for soil nailing stiff to hard fine-grained soils which include stiff to hard clays, clayey silts,
silty clays, sandy clays, and sandy silts are preferred soils. Sand and gravels which are dense
to very dense soils with some apparent cohesion also work well for soil nailing. Weathered
rock is also acceptable as long as the rock is weathered evenly throughout (meaning no
weakness planes). Finally, glacial soils work well for soil nailing. A geotechnical exploration
of the subsurface conditions at the site may be appropriate to determine soil strength data,
groundwater levels, and soil/bedrock stratifications. Soil/bedrock samples obtained during the
exploration can be tested in an approved geotechnical laboratory to determine appropriate
design parameters for design of the soil nailing. The exploration would also provide insight,
where desired, into the possible causes of instability or failure.

A list of unfavorable or difficult soil conditions for soil nailing can include dry, poorly graded
cohesion-less soils, soils with a high groundwater table, soils with cobbles and boulders, soft
to very soft fine-grained soils, highly corrosive soils, weathered rock with unfavorable
weakness planes, and loess. Other difficult conditions include prolonged exposure to freezing
temperatures, a a climate that has a repeated freeze-and-thaw cycle, and granular soils that are
very loose.
With the design complete, construction is the next step. Most soil nail wall construction
follows a specific procedure. First, a cut is excavated and temporary bracing is put in place if
necessary. This is done with conventional earth moving equipment and hydraulic drills. Next,
holes for the soil nails are drilled at predetermined locations as specified by the design
engineer. The equipment used for this step is dependent on the stability of the material in which
the soil nail wall is supporting. Rotary or rotary percussive methods using air flush or dry

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auger methods can be used with stable ground.   For unstable ground, single tube and duplex
rotary methods with air and water flush or hollow stem auger methods are used.  With the holes
drilled, the next step is to install and grout the nails into place. After all nails are inserted, a
drainage system is put into place. Synthetic drainage mat is placed vertically between the nail
heads, which are extended down to the base of the wall where they are most commonly
connected to a footing drain. A layer of shotcrete is applied and bearing plates are installed
before a final facing is put in place to complete the soil nail wall.   Variations of the steps
described above may be necessary to accommodate additional preparation tasks or
supplementary activities for specific project conditions.
In terms of construction, soil nail walls have a decisive advantage over other alternatives. Soil
nail walls require a smaller right-of-way than ground anchor walls and have less
environmental impact. Installation of soil nail walls is relatively rapid and typically uses less
materials and smaller construction equipment than ground anchor walls.
1. Excavation. The depth of the initial excavation lift (unsupported cut) may
range between 2.5 and 7 ft, but is typically 3 to 5 ft and reaches slightly below
the elevation where the first row of nails will be installed. The feasibility of this step is
critical because the excavation face must have the ability to remain unsupported, until
the nails and initial face are installed, typically one to two days. The type of soil that is
excavated may limit the depth of the excavation lift. The excavated platform must be of
sufficient width to provide safe access for the soil nail installation equipment.
2. Drilling of Nail Holes. Drill holes are advanced using specialized drilling equipment
operated from the excavated platform. The drill holes typically remain unsupported.
3. A) Nail Installationand Grouting. Tendons are placed in the drilled hole. A tremie
grout pipe is inserted in the drill hole along with the tendon; and the hole is filled with
grout, placed under gravity or a nominal, low pressure (less than 5 to 10 psi). If hollow
bars are used, the drilling and grouting take place in one operation.
B) Installation of Strip Drains. Strip drains are installed on the excavation
face, continuously from the top of the excavation to slightly below the bottom of
the excavation. The strip drains are placed between adjacent nails and are unrolled down
to the next excavation lift.
4. Construction of Initial Shotcrete Facing. Before the next lift of soil is excavated, an
initial facing is applied to the unsupported cut. The initial facing typically consists of a
lightly reinforced 4-in. thick shotcrete layer. The reinforcement includes welded-wire
mesh (WWM), which is placed in the middle of the facing thickness (Figure 2.1).
Horizontal and vertical bars are also placed around the nail heads for bending resistance.
As the shotcrete starts to cure, a steel bearing plate is placed over the tendon that is
protruding from the drill hole. The bearing plate is lightly pressed into the fresh
shotcrete. Hex nuts and washers are then installed to engage the nail head against the
bearing plate. The hex nut is wrench-tightened within 24 hours of the placement of the

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 initial shotcrete. Testing of some of the installed nails to proof-load their capacity or to
verify the load-specified criterion may be performed before proceeding with the
next excavation lift. The shotcrete should attain its minimum specified 3-
day compressive strength before proceeding with subsequent excavation lifts.
For planning purposes, the curing period of the shotcrete should be considered 72 hours.
5. Construction of Subsequent Levels. Steps 1 through 4 are repeated for the remaining
excavation lifts. At each excavation lift, the strip drain is unrolled downward to the
subsequent lift. A new panel of WWM is then placed overlapping at least one full mesh
cell with the WWM panel above. The temporary shotcrete is continued with the
previous shotcrete lift.
6. Construction of Final Facing. After the bottom of the excavation is reached and nails
are installed and tested, the final facing is constructed. The final facing may consist of
CIP reinforced concrete, reinforced shotcrete, or prefabricated panels. Weepholes, a
foot drain, and drainage ditches are then installed to discharge water that may collect in
the continuous strip drain.

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climate that has a repeated freeze-and-thaw cycle, and granular soils that are very loose.
Fig 11: Process of soil nailing

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 Chapter 8
APPLICATIONS
Soil nailing is attractive in roadway cuts because a limited excavation and reasonable right-of-
way (ROW) and clearing limits are required. These factors help to reduce the environmental
impacts along the transportation corridor. The impact to traffic may also be reduced because
the equipment for installing soil nails is relatively small. Variations in the details may exist,
particularly to those details related to runoff control.
Soil nail walls can be advantageous for underpass widening when the removal of an
existing bridge abutment slope is necessary. While the cost of installing a soil nail wall under
a bridge abutment may be comparable to that of other applicable systems, the advantage of
soil nailing is that the size of the soil nail drill rig is relatively small. Soil nailing equipment
can operate within limited overhead, and traffic flow along the underpass road may not need
to be totally interrupted during the widening. The location, length, and inclination of soil
nails need to be carefully planned so that the nails do not interfere with the existing bridge
girders and do not intersect the existing abutment foundation. The upper soil nails must
be positioned within the clear space between bridge girders and must be parallel to them.
The remaining, lower rows of soil nails must be positioned and oriented to avoid hitting
the foundation elements below.

Vertical micropiles and soil nails have also been used in modified abutments for road widening
projects where an existing bridge was originally supported on shallow foundations constructed
on top of an existing embankment. The micropiles support the modified abutment and prevent
settlements, as they transfer bridge loads below the new road grades. At the same time, the
added soil nail wall retains the excavated soil. Because overhead clearances are small in most
roadway widening projects, the combined use of soil nails and micropiles is attractive in these
applications as they can help expedite construction by allowing the bridge to remain
operational during widening of the underpass lanes.

Tunnel portals can also be stabilized using soil nails. Although the principle behind the use of
soil nails in tunnel portals is similar to that for road cuts, other aspects must be considered in
the design and construction of this application. First, the vertical stability of the shotcrete
facing above the tunnel must be considered. The potential transfer of soil nail loads to the
tunnel structure at the portal must also be taken into account. The interaction between soil nails
and the initial shotcrete support and lining of the tunnel near the portal need to be fully
evaluated. In addition, the layout of soil nails may be different than that in the conventional
use in roadway applications. Soil nails must be installed with an appropriate horizontal splay
and a suitable vertical orientation to avoid interfering with the tunnel support components.

Soil nails can be used to stabilize and/or strengthen failing or distressed retaining structures.
For example, some mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls may exhibit excessive
deformation due to poor design, poor construction, or both. Soil nails can be installed directly
through the face of an MSE wall if the existing face is sufficiently stable to resist drilling. As
the MSE wall continues to deform, the backfill of the MSE wall and its facing would
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Of particular concern in these cases is the use of appropriate drilling and grouting procedures.
These procedures should not be detrimental to the stability of the existing MSE wall, and
should create a stable drill hole through the wall backfill and through any drainage material
placed at the back of the MSE wall. In some cases, it may be necessary to stabilize the MSE
wall face before the start of drilling to prevent partial or total collapse. Similar considerations
apply to the use of soil nails in the stabilization of crib walls, gabion, and masonry walls.

The selection of an appropriate bearing plate to support soil nails stabilizing MSE and masonry
walls is very important. The bearing plate must be able to fully transfer loads without damage
to the existing facing. In some cases, consideration of the maximum load at the bearing plate
may control the design.

Soil nail walls can be used with other types of wall systems such as ground anchor walls
and MSE walls to combine the advantage of each method. This situation may arise for walls
with a complex layout or when the costs associated with other earth-retaining systems are
too high. The combination of MSEand soil nail walls may provide a more economical design
in cut/fill situations than the traditionally used full-height MSE walls or drilled shaft
retaining walls.
Another example of a hybrid soil nail wall is the combination of soil nails with ground anchors.
This application may be used in areas where utilities or other underground obstructions exist
and do not allow soil nails to be installed in the upper sections. In such a case, the wall facing
can be designed to work in cantilever in the upper 8 to 10 ft, with one or two rows of ground
anchors providing horizontal restraint at the bottom of the cantilever. Soil nails are used in the
rows below.
Soil nails are not generally well suited to address instability along deep-seated slip
surfaces. Where there is potential for deep-seated instabilityof a proposed roadway cut,
ground anchors can be introduced in combination with soil nails. Soil nails may also be used
for tiered walls to support the top of the slope, where one or two rows of relatively long
ground anchors would intersect the slip plane and provide global stability.
Soil nail walls have been increasingly used in combination with MSE walls for widening low-
volume roads by fill placement in steep terrain. MSE wall construction insteep terrain requires
excavation to establish a flat bench to place the soil reinforcement. The required depths of
embedment increase with the steepness of the slope below the wall toe. If the slope is too steep,
the excavation for the MSE wall becomes impractical, particularly in situations where traffic
must be maintained during construction of the widening. Soil nail walls can be used as shoring
to stabilize the backslope (or back-cut) first, and then allow the construction of a conventional
MSE wall in front of the soil nail wall. If the soil nail wall is designed as a permanent wall,
nails can significantly reduce the longterm lateral pressures on the MSE wall. This
configuration is known as an SMSE wall.
Chapter 10 & 11

19
 ADVANTAGES
 Dry, poorly graded cohesionless soils. When poorly graded cohesionless soils
are completely dry, contain no fines, or do not exhibit any natural cementation,
apparent cohesion is not available. Therefore, the required vertical or nearly vertical
cuts are difficult to achieve.
 Soils with high groundwater. Perched groundwater occurring behind the proposed soil
nail wall will require significant drainage, which is necessary to stabilize the mass of
soil in this location. Additionally, large amounts of groundwater can cause drill holes
(particularly in loose granular soils) to collapse easily, thus requiring a costly soil nail
installation. Excessive groundwater seeping out to the excavation face may cause
significant difficulties for shotcrete application.
 Soils with cobbles and boulders. A large proportion of cobbles and boulders present in
the soil may cause excessive difficulties for drilling and may lead to significant
construction costs and delays. When only a few boulder sand cobbles are present,
modifying the drilling orientation from place to place may minimize or eliminate most
of the difficult drilling. However, this approach has practical limitations when too many
boulders are present.
 Soft to very soft fine-grained soils. These soils typically have SPT N-values less than
4 and are unfavorable for soil nailing because they develop relatively low bond strengths
at the nail-grout-soil interface, thereby requiring unreasonably long nail lengths to
develop the required resistance. Long-term deformations (creep) of the soils may be a
concern for highly plastic clays. Concerns for creep deformations are generally less
critical for temporary applications. As with any retaining system constructed in a top-
down manner, the potential for instability at the bottom of the excavation is high in soft
fine-grained soils. Additionally, high-plasticity soils may be expansive and may induce
additional localized pressure on the facing due to swelling.
 Organic soils. Some organic soils such as organic silts, organic clays and peat
typically exhibit very low shear strengths and thereby low bond strengths, which
causes uneconomical nail lengths. While some organic soils can exhibit acceptable
shear strengths, other organic soils like fibrous peat may be highly heterogeneous and
highly anisotropic. In this case, while the soil shear strength can be reasonable along
some orientations, it may be significantly low along other orientations. These
unfavorable orientations may have a detrimental impact on the wall stability and very
long soil nails will be required. In addition, organic soils tend to be more corrosive than
inorganic soils.
 Highly corrosive soil (cinder, slag) or groundwater. These conditions may lead to the
need of providing expensive corrosion protection. These conditions are obviously
more disadvantageous for permanent applications of soil nail walls.

20
 Weathered rock with unfavorable weakness planes and karst. Weathered rock
with prevalent unfavorable weakness planes such as joints, fractures, shears, faults,
bedding, schistosity, or cleavage may affect the drill hole stability and make grouting
difficult. In addition, the presence of these discontinuities may cause the formation of
potentially unstable blocks in the retained mass behind the wall during excavation. The
marginal stability of blocks may rapidly deteriorate due to various factors, such as gouge
in the joints, uplift and lateral hydrostatic pressures, and seepage forces. The
stabilization of individual blocks may be necessary and can make this solution
uneconomical when compared to conventional soil nails. In addition, grouting in rock
with very large open joints or voids will be very difficult and/or expensive due to
excessive grout loss. Grouting in karstic formations is not appropriate.
 Loess. When it is dry, loess may exhibit acceptable strengths that would allow
economical installation of soil nails. However, when sizable amounts of water ingress
behind the proposed soil nail wall, the structure of the loess may collapse and a
significant loss of soil strength may take place. Therefore, the collapse potential upon
wetting of these soils must be evaluated. Appropriate measures to avoid excess water
migration to the soil nail area must be provided in loess exhibiting significant collapse
potential. Additionally, considerably low soil shear strengths may arise for the wetted
condition. In these cases, unusually long soil nail lengths may result in using
conventional methods of nail installation. Regrouting (an atypical and more costly step)
has been used to increase bond strengths in loess.

DISADVANTAGES
 Dry, poorly graded cohesionless soils. When poorly graded cohesionless soils
are completely dry, contain no fines, or do not exhibit any natural cementation,
21
 apparent cohesion is not available. Therefore, the required vertical or nearly vertical
cuts are difficult to achieve.
 Soils with high groundwater. Perched groundwater occurring behind the proposed soil
nail wall will require significant drainage, which is necessary to stabilize the mass of
soil in this location. Additionally, large amounts of groundwater can cause drill holes
(particularly in loose granular soils) to collapse easily, thus requiring a costly soil nail
installation. Excessive groundwater seeping out to the excavation face may cause
significant difficulties for shotcrete application.
 Soils with cobbles and boulders. A large proportion of cobbles and boulders present
in the soil may cause excessive difficulties for drilling and may lead to significant
construction costs and delays. When only a few boulder sand cobbles are present,
modifying the drilling orientation from place to place may minimize or eliminate most
of the difficult drilling. However, this approach has practical limitations when too many
boulders are present.
 Soft to very soft fine-grained soils. These soils typically have SPT N-values less than
4 and are unfavorable for soil nailing because they develop relatively low bond strengths
at the nail-grout-soil interface, thereby requiring unreasonably long nail lengths to
develop the required resistance. Long-term deformations (creep) of the soils may be a
concern for highly plastic clays. Concerns for creep deformations are generally less
critical for temporary applications. As with any retaining system constructed in a top-
down manner, the potential for instability at the bottom of the excavation is high in soft
fine-grained soils. Additionally, high-plasticity soils may be expansive and may induce
additional localized pressure on the facing due to swelling.
 Organic soils. Some organic soils such as organic silts, organic clays and peat
typically exhibit very low shear strengths and thereby low bond strengths, which
causes uneconomical nail lengths. While some organic soils can exhibit acceptable
shear strengths, other organic soils like fibrous peat may be highly heterogeneous and
highly anisotropic. In this case, while the soil shear strength can be reasonable along
some orientations, it may be significantly low along other orientations. These
unfavorable orientations may have a detrimental impact on the wall stability and very
long soil nails will be required. In addition, organic soils tend to be more corrosive than
inorganic soils.
 Highly corrosive soil (cinder, slag) or groundwater. These conditions may lead to the
need of providing expensive corrosion protection. These conditions are obviously
more disadvantageous for permanent applications of soil nail walls.
 Weathered rock with unfavorable weakness planes and karst. Weathered rock
with prevalent unfavorable weakness planes such as joints, fractures, shears, faults,
bedding, schistosity, or cleavage may affect the drill hole stability and make grouting
difficult. In addition, the presence of these discontinuities may cause the formation of
22
 potentially unstable blocks in the retained mass behind the wall during excavation. The
marginal stability of blocks may rapidly deteriorate due to various factors, such as gouge
in the joints, uplift and lateral hydrostatic pressures, and seepage forces. The
stabilization of individual blocks may be necessary and can make this solution
uneconomical when compared to conventional soil nails. In addition, grouting in rock
with very large open joints or voids will be very difficult and/or expensive due to
excessive grout loss. Grouting in karstic formations is not appropriate.
 Loess. When it is dry, loess may exhibit acceptable strengths that would allow
economical installation of soil nails. However, when sizable amounts of water ingress
behind the proposed soil nail wall, the structure of the loess may collapse and a
significant loss of soil strength may take place. Therefore, the collapse potential upon
wetting of these soils must be evaluated. Appropriate measures to avoid excess water
migration to the soil nail area must be provided in loess exhibiting significant collapse
potential. Additionally, considerably low soil shear strengths may arise for the wetted
condition. In these cases, unusually long soil nail lengths may result in using
conventional methods of nail installation. Regrouting (an atypical and more costly step)
has been used to increase bond strengths in loess.

Chapter 12
CONCLUSION
Reinforced soil allows existing historical structures to be stabilised without rebuilding,
and contributes to cost saving and maintaining serviceability. An economic analysis
performed on Castle Hill in Sandomierz as well as on other soil nailing structures,
indicates that this technology leads to cost reductions of about 30% in relation to
classical methods. Soil nailing is presently commonly used to stabilize retaining walls
in the restoration of old structures and buildings that are located in various soil
conditions. It is one of the most effective solutions for slope stabilising methods. It is
also worth to mention the simplicity, reliability, lack of vibration and low noise levels
during the work of nailing. What is worth emphasizing when applying this method, is
that architectural features in most cases remain unaffected by soil nails, as they can be
sited to pass around or between obstacles. Soil nailing applied to existing masonry
structures such as failing retaining walls abutments provide long term stability without
minus demolition and rebuilding costs. This technology, as the stability analysis has
shown, ensures similar global factor of safety in comparison to applied one, as in the
case of Castle Hill in Sandomierz. The analysis presented in this paper as well as in
some other cases known to the authors, clearly shows that soil nailing should be
considered as an attractive, alternative solution for stabilizing slopes in order to protect
historical buildings, because of both practical issues and the actual savings it provides.

23
 REFERENCE
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil_nailing
 https://www.slideshare.net/asertseminar/soil-nailing

24
 https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/soil-nailing-technique-types-applications/9484/
 https://deepexcavation.com/en/products/snail-plus-soil-nailing-software/design-of-soil-
nail-walls-information
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Company, 2003.
[3] A. Phear, C. Dew, B. Ozsoy, N.J. Wharmby, J. Judge, A.D. Barley, “Soil nailing – Best
practice
guidance”, CIRIA, London, 2015.
[4] J. A. Gannon, “Masonry retaining wall reconstruction and rock face stabilisation using
soil nails,
masonry and dowels”, Engineering Geology, Special Publications, Vol. 10, 345-354, 1995.
[5] P.J. Walker, J.C. Morel, B. Villemus, “Outline of dry-stone retaining wall construction
in Britain
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[6] S. Mittal, N. Sweta, “Underground basement construction adjoining historical
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nailing – a case study”, Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference, Kochi, 1058-1060,
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[7] D.A. Bruce, R.A. Jewell, “Soil nailing: application and practice - part 1, Ground
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[8] I. Juran, “Nailed-Soil retaining Structures: Design and practice”, Transportation
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1119, pp.139-150, 1987
[9] D. Leśniewska, M. Kulczykowski, „Reinforced soil treated as composite material.
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[10] http://www.sandomierz.pl/en/about-city/monuments/the-castle

25
[11] A. Sawicki, “Mechanics of Reinforced Soil”, A.A.Balkema, Rotterdam,
2000.Babu, GL Sivakumar, R. S. Rao, and S. M. Dasaka.
"Stabilisation of vertical cut supporting a retaining wall using
soil nailing: a case study." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil
Engineers-Ground Improvement 11.3 (2007): 157-162.

[12]. Byrne, R. J., Cotton, D., Porterfield, J., Wolschlag, C. and

Ueblacker, G. (1998) “Soil Manual for design and construction
monitoring of soil nail wall” Manual of the Federal Highway
Administration Division, (No. FHWA0-SA-96-069R.)

[13]. Lazarte, C. A., Robinson, H., Gómez, J. E., Baxter, A.,

Cadden, A., & Berg, R. (2015). Soil Nail Walls Reference Man
ual (No. FHWA-NH I-14-007).

[14]. Liew, S. S., & Liong, C. H. (2006). Two Case Studies on

Soil Nailed Slope Failures. In submitted) International
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[15]. Palmeira, E. M., Tatsuoka, F., Bathurst, R. J., Stevenson, P.

E., & Zornberg, J. G. (2008). Advances in geosynthetics
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1[6]. Shaw-Shong, L. (2005). Soil nailing for slope

strengthening. Geotechnical Engineering, Gue & Partners Sdn
Bhd, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

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[17]. Taib, S. N. L. (2010). A Review of Soil Nailing Design
Approaches. UNIMAS E-Journal of Civil Engineering, 1(2).

[18]. Jewell, R. A. and Pedley, M. J. (1992) “Analysis for soil

reinforcement with bending stiffness” Journal of Geotechnical
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[19]. Sharma, P. “Theoretical analysis of soil nailing: design,

performance and future aspects (2015)”. International Journal of
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Manual for Design and Construction Monitoring of Soil Nail walls,US Department of
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Abramson, L., Lee, T., Sharma, S. and Boyce, G., Slope stability and stabilization methods,
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Cornforth, D. H., 2005, Landslides in Practice: Investigation, Analysis, and Remedial/
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Duncan, J. and Wright, G., Soil strength and slope stability, John Wiley & Sons Inc, New
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FHWA-SA-96-069R, 1998, Manual for Design and Construction Monitoring of Soil Nail
Wall, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, D.C.
FHWA0-IF-03-017, 2003, Soil Nail Walls, Federal Highway Administration, Washington,
D.C.
Gopal, R. and Rao, A. S. R., 2000, Basic and Applied Soil Mechanics, New Age, 2nd
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IS 1498: 1970, Classification and identification of soils for general engineering purposes.
IS 1892: 1979, Code of practice for subsurface investigations for foundations.
IS 2131: 1981, Method for Standard Penetration Test for Soils.
IS 2132: 1986, Code of practice for thin walled tube sampling of soils.
IS 2720: Part 2: 1973, Methods of test for soils- Part 2: Determination of water content.

27
IS 2720: Part 3/ Sec 1: 1980, Methods of test for soils- Part 3: Determination of specific
gravity - Section 1: fine grained soils.
IS 2720: Part 3/ Sec 2: 1980, Test for Soils - Part 3: Determination of specific gravity -
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IS 2720: Part 4: 1985, Methods of Test for Soils - Part 4: Grain Size Analysis.
IS 2720: Part 5: 1985, Method of Test for Soils - Part 5: Determination of Liquid and Plastic
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IS 2720: Part 10: 1991, Methods of test for soils- Part 10: Determination of unconfined
compressive strength.
IS 2720: Part 11: 1993, 1993 Methods of test for soils- Part 11: Determination of the Shear
Strength Parameters of a specimen tested in unconsolidated, undrained triaxial compression
without the measurement of pore water pressure.
IS 2720: Part 15: 1986, Methods of Test for Soils - Part 15: Determination of Consolidation
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IS 4968: Part 3: 1976, Method for subsurface sounding for soils- Part 3: Static cone
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McGown, A., Andrawes,K.Z. and Murray,R.T. (1987). The influence of lateral boundary
yielding on the stresses exerted by backfills, Soil-Structure Interactions, a collection
organized by the Ecole Nationale des Ponts et Chaussees, Paris, 585-592
Jewell, R. A. and Pedley, M. J., 1992, Analysis for soil reinforcement with bending
stiffness, ASCE J Geotech Eng Div, Vol. 118 (10), pp. 1505–1528
Meyerhof, G. G., 1956, Penetration tests and bearing capacity of cohesionless soils,"
Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Divisions, American Society of Civil
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engineering- Part 1: Laboratory testing of soils for civil engineering purposes.
SP 36: Part 2: 1988 (Indian Standard), Compendium of Indian standards on soil
engineering- Part 2: Field testing.
Su, L., Yin, J. and Zhou, W., 2008, Influences of overburden pressure and soil dilation on
soil nail pull-out resistance, Computers and Geotechnics, Vol. 37(4), pp. 555-564.
Terzaghi, K., Peck, R. B., Mesri, G. and Mesri G., 1996, Soil Mechanics in Engineering
Practice, John Wiley & Sons Inc, New York.

28
 Yeung, V., 2008, Application of Soil nailing for Slope Stability Purpose, B.Tech. Project,
University of Technology, Sydney.
Zhu, H. H., Yin, J. H., Jin, W. and Zhou, W. H., 2007, Soil nail monitoring using fiber
bragg grating sensors during pullout tests, The Joint 60th Canadian Geotechnical and 8th
IAHCNC Conferences, Ottawa, Canada, pp. 821-828.

FIGURES REFERENCE
Fig 1: drilled and grouted soil nail- https://i0.wp.com/theconstructor.org/wp-
content/uploads/2014/11/Drilled-and-grouted-soil-nailing-
method.jpg?resize=450%2C336&ssl=1
Fig 2:driven soil nail- https://i0.wp.com/theconstructor.org/wp-
content/uploads/2014/11/Driven-soil-nail-method.jpg?resize=424%2C337&ssl=1
Fig 3: Self drilling soil nail- https://i0.wp.com/theconstructor.org/wp-
content/uploads/2014/11/Self-driven-soil-nail-
method.jpg?resize=607%2C178&ssl=1
Fig 4: jet grouted soil nail- https://i0.wp.com/theconstructor.org/wp-
content/uploads/2014/11/Jet-grouting-soil-nail-
method.jpg?resize=404%2C230&ssl=1
Fig 5: launched soil nail- https://i0.wp.com/theconstructor.org/wp-
content/uploads/2014/11/Launched-soil-nail-method.jpg?resize=511%2C200&ssl=1
Fig 6: Load transfer concept in soil nail walls-
https://cdn.treehouseinternetgroup.com/cms_images/319/soil-nails.png
Fig 7: modes of failure in soil nails-
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264161638/figure/fig11/AS:667887937277977@1
536248301764/Mode-of-failures-in-soil-nail-walls-3.png
Fig 8: components of soil nail-https://www.deepexcavation.com/uploads/soil-nailing/soil-
nailing-wall-details.jpg
Fig 9: Steel reinforcements-
https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rembco.com%2Fwp-
content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F12%2Fsn-
4.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rembco.com%2Fportfolio%2Fsoil-
nailing%2F&tbnid=r2uXyExH1rijXM&vet=12ahUKEwih2r313M_1AhX-
_zgGHUtPB_MQMygCegUIARC6AQ..i&docid=HZD5cDwHcz2q2M&w=1020&h=500&it

29
g=1&q=steel%20reinforcement%20in%20soil%20nailing&ved=2ahUKEwih2r313M_1AhX
-_zgGHUtPB_MQMygCegUIARC6AQ
Fig 10: Grout mix in soil nailing-
https://www.google.com/search?q=grouted+mix+in+soil+nailing&sxsrf=AOaemvIkEyWvo3
kKHfWHDid_mtblbcWVbg:1643210836658&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUK
EwivxNax3c_1AhXYyjgGHUWqB0YQ_AUoAXoECAEQAw&biw=1536&bih=714&dpr=
1.25
Fig 11: Process of soil nailing-https://www.deepexcavation.com/uploads/soil-
nailing/Soil-nailing-construction-sequence.jpg

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