BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

K R Road, V V Pura, Bangalore 560 004

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

TECHNICAL SEMINAR (18CVS84)

A DETAILED PRESENTATION ON

SOIL NAILING
Submitted by partial fulfillment of VII Semester.

PRESENTED BY
Under the guidance of
DARSHAN A
Mr. Kartheek B S
1BI20CV031
Assistant professor,
B.I.T
 CONTENTS
 Introduction
 History Of Soil Nailing
 Components
 Types Of Soil Nailing
 Construction Sequences
 Materials And Machinery Used In Soil Nailing
 Case Study
 Advantages and Disadvantages
 Applications
 Conclusion
 Reference
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 INTRODUCTION
 Soil nailing is defined as the construction technique to reinforce and strengthen the
natural or excavated soil slope by installing nails into holes made in slopes by drilling
and grouting procedure.
 Soil nailing can be applied for different soil types like glacial soil, sandy clays, clayey
silts, gravels, etc.
 But it is not suitable for loose granular soils, high corrosive soils, soft fine grained soils,

organic soils, etc.

 The main aim of using soil nailing is to stabilize slopes and retaining walls.
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SOIL NAILING

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 HISTORY OF SOIL NAILING
 Technique came from New Austrian Tunneling Method in 1960.

 Stabilization works in underground tunnel in Europe in 1970.

 The first recorded use of soil nailing in its modern form was in France in 1972.

 The United States first used soil nailing in 1976 for the support of a 13.7 m deep
foundation excavation in dense silty sands.
COMPONENTS

A. Soil Nail B. Facing C. Other Components 4

 SOIL NAIL
 Tendon: Tendon is the ground reinforcing element like steel (hollow or solid) bar that is
inserted behind a soil nail wall.
 Grout: Grout is used for transferring the shear and tensile stresses from tendon to the
ground to improve stability. Portland cement and water are used to be placed in drilled
holes under gravity by using the tremie method.
 Corrosion proof: For long-lasting, the soil nail should be protected against corrosion.
To protect the soil nail from corrosion, it is encapsulated by a sheath of a fusion-bonded
epoxy coating or galvanization.
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 FACING
 Facing can be done by shotcreting that includes initial and final phase depending upon
excavation period for temporary and permanent stability.
 Reinforced shotcrete is done during initial facing with installment of welded wire mesh
over the excavated slope of soil consisting of precast concrete spread with the help of
shotcrete machine like Aliva-520. The final facing gives the structurally stable aesthetic
design finishing.
OTHER COMPONENTS
 Other components like nuts, bolts, washers, bearing plates and headed studs are
embedded with soil nails. There should be a proper drainage system around soil nailing
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sites using ground anchors, geosynthetic materials, and so on.
 TYPES OF SOIL NAILING

1. Grouted soil nail

2. Driven soil nail

3. Self drilling soil nail

4. Jet grouted soil nail

5. Launched soil nail

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 GROUTED SOIL NAIL
In this type of soil nailing, holes are drilled
on a sloped surface then nails with a
diameter of 100 to 200mm spaced 1.5 meters
on center are inserted on holes with grout.
The nails are inserted in the predrilled holes
and filled with grouting materials.

Fig: Drilled And Grouted Methods

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 DRIVEN SOIL NAIL
Driven nailing is used for temporary
stabilization, it is fast. However it does not
provide corrosion protection to the steel or
nails. Diameters of nails are around 19 to
25mm spaced at 1 meter on centers.

Fig: Driven Method

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 SELF DRILLING SOIL NAIL
In this method, the hollow bars are used.
Hollow bars drilled into the slope surface
and grout is injected simultaneously during
the drilling process. This method of soil
nailing is faster than grouted nailing. This
method provides more corrosion resistance
to nails than driven nails.

Fig: Drilling Method

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 JET GROUTED SOIL NAIL
In this method, jets are used for eroding the
soil for creating holes in the slope surface.
Steel bars are then installed in this hole and
grouted with concrete. It provides good
corrosion protection for the steel bars (nails).

Fig: Jet Grouted Method

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 LAUNCHED SOIL NAIL
In this method of soil nailing, the steel bars
are forced into the soil with very high speed
using compressed air mechanism. The
installation of soil nails are fast, but control
over length of bar penetrating the ground is
difficult. The diameter is around 38mm and
its length is around 6m.

Fig: Launched Method

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 CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCES
The algorithmic sequence of construction work of soil
nailing is:
 Step 1: Initail excavation (of depth 3 to 5 ft)

 Step 2: Drilling of holes using drill machines

(downward 15° inclination from horizontal).

 Step 3: insertion of nail reinforcement and grouting into

the slope face.

 Step 4: construction of initial facing of the slope.

 Step 5: Construction subsequential level.

 Step 6: Repeat steps 1 and 4.

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 MACHINERIES USED IN SOIL NAILING

Fig: Drilling Equipment Fig: Shotcreting Equipment

Fig: Grout Mix

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 MATERIALS USED IN SOIL NAILING

Fig: Grout Mix

Fig: Steel Reinforcement Fig: Shotcrete

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 CASE STUDY

STABILIZATION OF SLOPE OF RESERVOIR

 One of the earthen slope sections forming section of an impounding reservoir failed at
the interface of core and cover over about 200 m length and it was indicated that the
casing soil that was used initially in the construction was cohesionless and prone to
erosion and hence failure occurred.
 A better soil was used which had good silt and clay content and is less prone to erosion,
which also did not prevent failure along the surface.
 It is also noted that a number of tension cracks exist along the length of the embankment
which could be detrimental to the stability of the other sections as well. Hence, to
improve shear resistance along the interface, soil nailing technique was used.
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 It may be noted that compacted soils such as the casing materials have cohesion values
due to capillary stresses which get reduced during the rainy season.
 Loss of cohesion leads to overall reduction in the shear resistance of the soil leading to
slope failure as in this case.
 In an order to increase the available shear resistance, introduction of reinforcement is
useful. Hence tor steel (with yield strength of 415 MPa) rods of 20 mm diameter and 5 m
length, spaced at 0.5 m vertically and 1 m horizontally are suggested and the section is
analyzed.

Case Studies in Soil Nailing, Guntur, India

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 ADVANTAGES
 Shotcrete facing is economical.

 Cost–effective method for durability and stability of slope soil failure.

 It has no height limitations.

DISADVANTAGES
 Not suitable for high water table areas.

 For soil having low shear strength, high soil density is difficult to use.

 Metal soil nails can corrode easily. 18

 APPLICATONS
• Stabilization of railroad plus highway cut slopes.

• Excavation retaining structures in urban areas for high rise building and
underground facilities.

• Existing concrete or masonry structures such as failing retaining walls and bridge
abutments.

• Tunnel portals in steep and unstable stratified slopes.

• Construction and retrofitting of bridge abutments.

• Stabilizing steep cuttings to maximize development space. 19

 APPLICATIONS

Fig: Retaining Walls Fig: Stabilization of Ground Slope Fig: Tunnel

Fig: Roadway Embankment Fig: Bridge Abutments

Fig: Excavation Shoring 20
and Highway
 CONCLUSION
 Soil nailing is an accepted technology, the theoretical aspects of which are well
understood and well reported in technical literature. However, research indicates
that there are few practical guidelines available that offer a comprehensive,
experience basedinsight into the construction considerations that should be
addressed before a soil nail system design is finalized and implemented.

 Soil nailing is a potential solution of landslide problems as it is economical and also

applicable in seismic zones.

 It can solve the problem of residential area up to a great extent.

 It can be used in wide soil types.

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 REFERENCES
 Soil nail walls reference “AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications 7 th Edition”,
U.S Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration.
 Sivakumar Babu G.L “Professor, Department of Civil Engineering Indian Institute of
Science, Bangalore”, “Case Studies in Soil Nailing”, IGC 2009, Guntur, India.
 Arora R.P, Associate Professor, CE, CTAE, Udaipur, India “Soil Nailing for Slope
Stabilization”, International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, December
2016.

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THANK YOU

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