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Manufacturing
Industries
CH 6 Geography | Class 10
Hand Written Notes
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 MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Manufacturing
4 Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more

valuable products is called manufacturing .

It mainly involves secondary sector .

A Economic strength of a country is measured by the development of manufacturing industries .

* Manufacturing industries are called backbone of development because :

helps in modernising agriculture

→

→
helps in eradication of unemployment and poverty
→
export of manufactured goods expand trade and commence .

* Industries and agriculture :

→
They move on hand in hand
→ Industries enhances agriculture .

e.ge fertilisers irrigation

, pumps industries are important for agriculture .

→ Raw material for industries comes

from agriculture .

* Contribution of Industry in National economy :

→
Manufacturing sector has a share of 977 . in GDP
→ It is much lower than some East Asian economies :
→
National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been setup by government to improve
productivity of manufacturing industries .

Factors
*
deciding ideal location of an
Industry :

]
i Cost
of obtaining raw materials at site .

it cost of production at site .

iii Decision of locating factory at site .

it cost of distribution of production .

* Industries tend to come together to make use of advantages offered by urban

centres known as agglomeration economics .
 Classification of Industria

Based on On basis Based on capital Based on

source of of main investment Ownership

raw material role

Public Private Joint Cooperative

Small Large Sector Sector sector Sector
Agro Mineral Basic or Consumer Scale Scale BHEL Tesco OIL e. g. Sugar Industry
(govt) (private)(private)
based based key industry industry Industries Industries .
govt .

in Maharashtra ,

iron fans with investment with investment

0%9.mg#nroTht'emieals
e.
e. g. cotton ,
e. g. , g. , Argue
steel , copper sugar (directly upto 9C " more than (group of people
tea silk
(
,

raw material used by 9 Cr .

owns the

for other consumers ) industry )

industries )

Based on bulk and weight

of raw material and finished
goods

Heavy Light
industries industries
e.
g. iron ,
e. g. electrical
steel industries

* Agro based Industries :

9) Textile Industry :

•
947 of .
the country 's employment generation .

•
It contributes significantly in foreign exchange earning and 4% towards GDP .

It is self reliant
industry
•

⑨ Cotton Textile :

•
First mill was established in 9854 , Mumbai .

•
There are about 9946 cotton mills India
in .

•
In early years the ,
cotton mills were concentrated in Maharashtra and Gujarat
due to availability of raw material ,
market , transport ,
labours etc .

This also
employment
industry generates for farmers
•

•
It also supports other industries like chemicals and dyes mill etc .

The hand large

Khadi provides scale employment to weaves
•

spun .

* Trade of Cotton :
a. India exports yarn to Japan .

b. Other cotton goods are exported to USA ,

UK ,
Russia ,
France etc .

c. India has 2nd largest capacity of handlooms .

d . We have largest share in the world trade of cotton

yarn .
*
Challenges faced by cotton textile Industries :
a) Our spinning mills are not of global level .

b) We export more of our

good quality and weaves gets the low quality
yarn yarn .

c) Most of the production is in

fragmented small units ,
which cater to local market .

* Why we need to import fabrics !

↳ Because in our country there is :

→
Less output of labours
→
Irregular power supply
→
Outdated machinery
→
High competition with synthetic fibre industries .

b) Jute :
•
First mill was established at Mishra in 9859 .

•
India is largest producer of raw
jute and jute goods .

•
Jute mills are located in West Bengal mainly , along banks of river tlugli .

•
India is the 2nd largest exporter .

* Factors responsible for location in tlugli basin are :

a) Proximity of Jute
producing areas .

b) Inexpensive transport good network of

water ,
railways .

c) Cheap labour from West Bengal Bihar etc ,

.

d) Abundant water
for processing raw jute .

*
Challenges faced by the industry :

a.
Stiff competition in the international market from synthetic products .

b. Also
faces competition from Bangladesh Brazil , ,
Thailand etc .

* National Jute policy ,

2005

4 Objectives are :

→
Increasing productivity of Jute .

→
Improving quality of Tate .

→
Ensuring good prices to jute farmers .

c) Sugar Industry
→
India is the second largest producer of sugar .

→
It is the largest producer of gur and khandsani .

→
Sugar mills are in Maharashtra , Madhya Pradesh ,
Uttar Pradesh ,
Tamil Nadu Bihar ,
.

→ This industry is seasonal in nature .

A
Major challenges are :

⑨ Industry is seasonal in nature .

b) The method of production is old .

c) Delay in reaching canes to factories

2) Mineral Based Industries :

a) Iron and steel Industry :

They are basic and heavy industry .

D Steel is required to manufacture variety of goods .

4 Production and consumption of steel is often regarded as the index of country 's
development .

4 Most of the public sector undertakings market their steel through SAIL .

4 More concentration of iron and steel industries are in Chota Nagpur region .

* India 's position on iron and steel production :

→
India ranks 4th world crude steel producers
among .

→
Largest producers of sponge iron .

* Iron industries are not performing to

full potential because :

⑨ High cost and limited availability of cooking coal .

b) Lower productivity of labour .

c) Irregular supply of energy .

d) Poor infrastructure .

b) Aluminium Smelting :

•
It is the 2nd most important metallurgical industry in India .

It is
light weight resistant to corrosion malleable good heat conductor
•
.
, , ,

•
Also used in aircraft ,
utensils and wires .

Good substitute for steel .

Its Odisha West Uttar Pradesh

plants are in
Bengal Kerala
•
.
, , ,

3) Chemical Industries :

•
The contribution in GDP is 3% .

It ranks 3rd largest in Asia and 921in in the world in terms of size
•
.

Comprises of both large and small scale industries .

←
Inorganic chemicals are sulphuric acid soda ash caustic soda , ,
.

•
Organic chemicals are petrochemicals which are used to manufacture synthetic fibre .

•
The chemical industry is its own
largest consumer .

4) Fertiliser Industries :

→
These industries mainly produce nitrogenous fertilisers .

→
India is 3rd largest producer of nitrogenous fertilisers .

→ These industries are in States like →

Gujarat ,
Tamil Nadu , Punjab ,
Uttar Pradesh .
5) Cement Industry :

This industry is essential

for construction activities .

4 It requires bulky and heavy raw materials .

4 Plants are mainly located in Gujarat .

I first cement
plant was
setup in Chennai in 9904 .

4 The doing terms

industry is well in of production as well as export .

6) Automobile Industry :

•
This industry provide vehicle for quick transport .

•
The rapid growth in the industry was seen after liberalisation .

This Mumbai , Pune

industry is located at various places like Delhi
Gurgaon Chennai
•

.
, , ,

* IT and electronics Industries :

→
Industries cover wide of products from radio to television
ranges .

30% this
of people employed in sector
→
are women .

→
Electronics capital of India is Banglore .

→
Other centers are Mumbai ,
Delhi , Pune ,
Chennai .

→
This industry is
growing at
good rate .

* Industrial pollution and environmental degradation :

These industries increase land water degradation

pollution air noise and results in
•

on , , ,

of environment .

Types of Pollution

Air Water Thermal Noise

→
Due to presence of
→
Caused by organic →
It occurs when → This caused due

high proportion of and inorganic industrial hot water from due to industries
undesirable gas . waste and affluent factories and thermal and construction
( Sulphur dioxide discharged into river plants are dried into activities .

and carbon by paper pulp , ,

rivers and ponds
monoxide ) chemical textile etc
,
.
before cooling .

* Steps to control environmental degradation :

1) Minimising use of water for processing by reusing and recycling .

Treating hot water before releasing them to rivers .

) Harvesting
iii of rainwater to meet water requirearts .

in) Smoke can be reduced by using oil in place of coal .

 1 Mark Questions

1. What is manufacturing? To which sector of economy does it

belong?
[1M, 2016]
A1. Production of goods in large quantities after processing from
. raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.

2. “The economic strength of a country is measured by the

development of manufacturing industries”. Support the
statement with arguments.
[1M, 2016]
A2. Manufacturing belongs to secondary sector in which the
. primary materials are processed and converted into finished
. goods. The economic strength of a country is measured by
. the development of manufacturing industries.
3. Why are sugar mills concentrated in sugarcane producing
areas?
[1M, 2016]
A3. Reasons for location of sugar mills close to the fields:
• The raw material used, (i.e.,) sugarcane is bulky and
perishable.
• It cannot be transported to long distances because its
sucrose content dries up fast, so it should be processed
within 24 hours of its harvest.

4. Write the contribution and present growth rate of manufacturing

sector in national economy. Suggest measures to increase the
industrial growth rate.
[1M, 2011]
A4. The share of manufacturing sector has stagnated at 17% of
. GDP. The trend of growth rate over the last decade has been
. around 7% per annum. Since 2003, it has shown an increased
. growth rate of 9-10% per annum. The desired growth rate
. over the next decade is 12%. To attain this target, following
. steps can be taken:
• Appropriate policy interventions by the government.
• Renewed efforts by the industries to improve productivity.
 3 Mark Questions

5. Analyse the role of the manufacturing sector in the economic

development of India.
[3M, 2017]
A5.
• Creation of alternative employment: Manufacturing reduces
dependence on agriculture by providing alternative
employment opportunities in the factory.
• Better standard of living: The industrial labourers and other
employees get higher wages and enjoy a higher standard of
living compared to landless agricultural labourers.
• Support to agricultural production: Increase in use of
fertilizers, pesticides, plastics, electricity and diesel in
agriculture has been possible due to the growth and
competitiveness of the manufacturing industries.

6. Classify industries on the basis of capital investment. How are

they different from one another? Explain with examples.
[3M, 2016]
A6. On the basis of capital investment industries can be classified
, as:
 • Small-scale industry
• Large-scale industry

Difference:
If the investment is more than one crore rupees in any
industry, it is considered as a large scale industry.
For example, Iron and Steel industry, Cement industry.

If the investment is less than one crore rupees in any industry,

it is considered as a small scale industry.
For example, Plastic industry, Toy industry.

7. Classify industries on the basis of source of raw material. How

are they different from each other?
[3M, 2016]
A7. On the basis of sources of raw material industries are
. classified as:

(i) Agro based industries;

(ii) Mineral based industries

Difference between Agro-based industries and Mineral-based

. industries
8. What are the major challenges faced by sugar industry?
[3M, 2016]
A8. Challenges faced by the sugar industry:
1. Seasonal nature of the industry.
2. Old and inefficient methods of production.
3. Delays in transportation of cane to the factories.
4. The need to maximise the use of baggase.

9. What problems does the iron and steel industry in India face?
 [3M, 2013]
A9. In spite of being an important producer of iron and steel, India
. has not been able to exploit her complete potential, because of:
1. High cost of production and limited availability of coking
coal.
2. Lower productivity of labour.
3. Irregular supply of energy.
4. Poor infrastructure

5 Mark Questions

10. Why are maximum Jute textile mills located in the Hugli
Basin?
[5M, 2019]
A10. Location of Jute industries in Hugli basin:
i. Proximity of jute producing areas.

ii. Inexpensive water transport.

iii. Good network of roadways, railways and waterways

iv. Abundant water for processing raw jute

v. Cheap labour from West Bengal and adjoining states

11. ‘Public sector contributes to the economic development of
India.’ Justify the statement.
[5M, 2020]
A11.
(i) It promotes rapid economic development through
creation and expansion of infrastructure.

(ii) It creates employment opportunities.

(iii) It generates financial resources for development.

(iv) It is ensuring equality of income, wealth and thus, a

balanced regional development.

(v) It encourages development of small, medium and

cottage industries.

12. Analyse the role of chemical industries in the Indian economy.

[5M, 2017]
A12.
 The chemical industry in India is diversifying and growing
fast. It contributes approximately percent to 3% of GDP. It is
the third-largest in Asia and occupies twelfth plate in the
world in terms of its size. It comprises both large and small
scale manufacturing units. Rapid growth has been recorded
in both inorganic and organic sectors. Inorganic chemicals
include sulphuric acid, nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash and
caustic soda. These industries are widely spread over the
country.

Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used

for manufacturing of synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber,
plastics, dye-stuffs, drugs and pharmaceuticals. Organic
chemical plants are located near oil refineries and
petrochemical plants.
The chemical industry has its own largest consumers. Basic
chemicals undergo processing for the further production of
other chemicals that are used for industrial application,
agriculture or directly for consumer markets.

13. The textile industry is the only industry which is self reliant and
complete in the value-chain? Justify this statement?
[5M, 2019]
A13. The Textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian
. Economy because:
1. It contributes significantly to industrial production (14%).
2. It employs largest number of people after agriculture, i.e.
35 million persons directly.
 3. Its share in the foreign exchange earnings is significant at
about 24.6%.
4. It contributes 4% towards GDP.
5. It is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant
and complete in the value chain, i.e., from raw material to
the highest value-added products.

14. Write the importance of ‘manufacturing sector’ for our nation.

[5M, 2015]
A14. Importance of manufacturing industries for India:

1. It helps in modernizing agriculture, which is the base of

our economy.
2. It reduces heavy dependence on agricultural income by
providing jobs in non-agricultural sectors.
3. Industrial development is necessary for eradication of
poverty and unemployment because people get jobs and
generate more income.
4. Export of manufactured goods expands trade and brings
in much needed foreign exchange.
5. Industries bring riches faster to a nation because
manufacturing changes raw materials into finished goods
of a higher value, so industrial development brings
prosperity to the country.
15. Explain with examples how industries in India have given a
major boost to agriculture.
[5M, 2015]
A15. Agriculture and industry in India are inseparable or
. interdependent on each other:
1. Agro-industries in India have boosted agriculture by raising
its productivity.
2. Industries depend on agriculture for their raw materials, e.g.
cotton textile industry.
3. Industries provide many agricultural inputs like irrigation
pumps, fertilisers, insecticides, PVC pipes, machines and
tools etc. to the farmers.
4. Manufacturing industries have assisted agriculturists to
increase their production and also made the production
processes very efficient.
5. Development of different modes of transport by industrial
sector has not only helped farmers to obtain agricultural
inputs but has also helped them trade their products.

16. List the major factors which affect the location of an industry at
a place. What is the key to the decision of ‘factory location’?
 [5M, 2015]
A16.
1. Raw material :-Cheap and abundant availability of raw
material. Industries which use heavy and perishable raw
material have to be located close to the source of raw
material.
2. Labour :- Availability of cheap labour is necessary for
keeping the cost of production low.
3. Power :- Cheap and continuous supply of power is extremely
necessary for continuity in the production process.
4. Capital :- It is necessary for developing infrastructure, for the
entire manufacturing process and for meeting manufacturing
expenditure.
5. Banking and insurance facilities :- favourable government
policies are other factors which affect location of an industry.
The ‘key’ to the decision of a factory location is least cost so
that the venture is profitable.

17. List factors which favoured the location and concentration of

cotton textile industry in Maharashtra.
[5M, 2015]
A17.
1. Availability of raw cotton was abundant and cheap because
these are the traditional cotton growing States.
2. Moist climate in these coastal States also helped in the
development of cotton textile industry because humid
 conditions are required for weaving the cloth, else the yarn
breaks.
3. Well developed transportation system and accessible port
facilities in Maharashtra and Gujarat led to their
concentration there.
4. Proximity to the market is yet another factor as cotton
clothes are ideal and comfortable to wear in these warm and
humid States.
5. Cheap labour was abundantly available.

18. Why are most of the iron and steel industries concentrated in
and around Chotanagpur Plateau Region? Give reasons.
[5M, 2014]
A18.
1. Low cost of iron-ore which is mined here.
2. High grade raw materials in close proximity.
3. Availability of cheap labour.
4. Vast growth potential in the home market.
5. Efficient transport network for their distribution to the markets
and consumers.
19. Suggest measures to control water pollution caused by
. industries.
[5M, 2013]
A19.
1. Minimising the use of water for processing by reusing and
recycling it in two or more successive stages.
2. Harvesting of rain-water to meet water requirements of
industries and other domestic purposes.
3. Treating hot water and effluents before releasing them in
rivers and ponds in the following ways:
o Primary treatment by mechanical means such as
screening, grinding, flocculation and sedimentation.
o Secondary treatment by biological process.
o Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical
processes. This involves recycling of waste water.

20. How do industries pollute environment? Explain with five

examples.
[5M, 2013]
A20. The five types of industrial pollution are:

1. Air pollution :- Smoke is emitted by chemical and paper

factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting plants, and
burning of fossil fuels in factories that ignore pollution norms.
 Air-borne particulate materials contain both solid and liquid
particles like dust, sprays, mist and smoke.
2. Water pollution :- Major water pollutants are dyes, detergents,
acids and salts. Heavy metals like lead and mercury,
pesticides and fertilizers and synthetic chemicals with carbon,
plastics and rubber etc. discharged in the water bodies without
treatment pollute these water bodies.
3. Noise pollution :- The generators, compressors, machines,
furnaces, looms, exhaust fans, etc. used by industries create a
lot of noise. Noise can raise blood pressure and can have
physiological effects as well.
4. Land pollution :- Land and water pollution are closely related.
Dumping of industrial wastes especially glass, harmful
chemicals, industrial effluents, packing, salts and garbage
renders the soil useless.
5. Thermal pollution :- Wastes from nuclear power plants,
nuclear and weapon production facilities cause cancer and
birth defects.