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Characterisation of the cenozoic volcanism in northern Peru (7°45'-9°00'S;

78°45'W)

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 6th International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics (ISAG 2005, Barcelona), Extended Abstracts: 600-603

Characterisation of the Cenozoic volcanism in northern Peru (7°45'-

9°QQ's; 78°QQ'-78°45'w)

Marco Rivera, Robert Monge, & Pedro Navarro

Instituto Geol6gico Minera Metalurgico (INGEMMET) , Av. Canada 1470, Lima 41, Peru
(mrivera@ingemmet.gob.pe, rmonge@ingemmet.gob .pe, pnavarra@ingemmet.gob.pe)

KEYWORDS: volcanism, Andes, stratigraphy, volcanic evolution , petrology

INTRODUCTION
ln northern Peru, along Andean Cordillera outcropping volcanic and volcanoclastics deposits of ~3000 m
thick, emplaced during the subaerial volc anism occurred between 53 - 14,6 Ma. (Wilson, 1975; Farrar & Noble,
1976) , it is in the Eocene-Miocene. Cossio (1964) named this volcanism as Calipuy Formation, later the term
Cal ipuy Group was used by Cobbing (1973) to refer ail the Cenozoic vol canic rocks in northern Pern.
Volcanic studies made in a sector of northern Pern (Figure 1), show the existence of eight eroded volcanoes,
two collapse caldera, domes, as weil as pyroclastics sequences, lava flows and lahars, emplaced during the
intense volcanism occurred in Eocene-Mioc ène. Most of the volcanic centres had an evolution phase,
characterized at the beginning by effu sive eruptions that emplaced lava flows interbedded with pyroclastic fIow
deposits and lahars, and a final phase generally explosive characterized by emissions of important volumes of
pyroclastics flows and lahars.
Generally the volcanic centres were built along NW-SE trending fra ctures and regional faults. The generation
of the Cenozoic volcanisrn is possibly bounded to the mechanism of Nasca Plate subduction that generated the
partial melting of the mantle wedge (Werner, 1991).

CENOZOlC PRE-VOLCANISM SEQUENCES

They correspond ta sedimentary sequences, volcano-sedirnentary and intrusive rocks that form the basernent
on which products of Cenozoic volc anism were unconformity emplaced. Marine sedimentary rocks belong to
Mesozoic (Jurassic - Upper Cretaceous), and they are located mainly to E and NE of the study zone.
Lithologically consists of shales, slates , quartzous sand s, limestones and conglomerates (Cossio, 1964). Whereas
the volcano-sedirnentary sequences named Casma Group, deposited in marine environment (Titonian - Albian)
consist of andesitic pillow lavas, hyaloclastites and tuff intruded by both andesitic and basal tic dikes and sills
(Petford & Atherton, 1995). The intrus ive rocks belong to the Coastal Bathol ith (U pper Cretaceous-Eocene) and
crop out to the West of the area. Lithologically ranges from gabbros to granites (Pitcher, 1985).

CENOZOlC VOLCANISM (CALII'UY GROUP)

An initial Cenozoic volcanism phase was determinated in the area , it was named as Tablachaca Formation
(Paleocene) Figure 2, made of pyroclastic flows , lava and volcanoclastic deposits, interbedded in the lower and
upper part with sedirnentary levels (siltstones, sand stones) with Charophytes, suggesting the emplacement in a
lake environment. The total thickness of the sequence is ~ 1200 m this unit is folded and intruded by the Coastal

600
 6th International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics (ISAG 2005, Barcelona) , Extended Abstracts: 600-603

Batholith rocks. The Tablachaca Formation is uncon form ity cov ered by sub -horizontal pyrocl asti cs and lavas
sequences from volcanic centres emplaced during the Eocen e-Mi ocen e (Figure 2).

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Chicama Fm.

. ...... r':
Intracaldera Ignimbrite ::.. .""-; Volcanic centre~ Caldera margint"'"
and outf1ow ignimbrite sheets""?" 'Q..

Figu re 1. Location Map of the study area. Figure 2. CaJipuy Gr oup litho-st ratigraphie

Volcanoes
(1) San Pedro Volcano (7So 30'W , SO 20'S) , the base is con stituted by andes ite lava flow s. ln the middle part

present s block- and-ash f1ows. Th e upper part of the volcanic centre is con stituted of andesiti c lava flow s. (2)
Quiruvilea Volcano (78° I S'W, 8° OO'S), eroded polig eneti c vo lcanic centre co nstituted of alte red and
hyd rotherm alized lava of and esitic and basaJtic andesite s composition . The ce ntre o f the structu re presents lavas
with argilJaceou s and propilitic alte ration, cut by ve ins with metall ic minerais and andesi tic dike s. (3 ) Volcano
Ultueruz - Tieas (78° OTW , 8° 5 1'S) . The base is composed by ande sitic lavas o f - 400 m thick, covered by
pyrocl astic flow s of - 200 m thick. (4) Urpillao- Rusos Vol ca nie Complex (78° 39'W, 7° 50 'S). the base presents
a sequence of lava flow of about 450 m thick overlying the base are block -and -ash flow s, ash and pumice f1ows,
and laha rs, toward SW the lava sequences are intruded by subvo lcanic andes ites (stock s). (5) Cururupa
Volcano (78° 16'W, 8° J3'S). The base is composed of lava flows of mor e than 300 m thick , and up to the top
present block-and -ash flow s, ash f1ows, and lahars. (6) Alto Dorado Volcano (78 ° 15'W , 8° ITS ), poligenetic
volcano who se base is con stituted by block-and-ash flows deposits. The middl e part is co nstituted of andesitic
lava flow s, while to the top present of block-and-ash flows deposits of - 300 m thick linked the growing and
destru ction of the lava domes. The western sector is intruded by an andesite subvo lcanic body. (7) Paccha
Uromalqui Volcanic Complex (78° 32'W, SO 04'S). is constituted by three strato-cone aligned from SE to NW,

601
 6th International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics (ISAG 2005, Barcelona), Extended Abstracts: 600-603

intrudcd by an andesiti c subvo lcan ic bod y in the NW (CO Quinga ). T he vo lcanic con es are con stituted by
ande sitic lava flows basaltic andesites that reached distances of JO km respect to the emission centres. (8)
Quespenda VoIcano (78° 12'W, 7° 59'S ). Strato-volcano partially eroded . In central part of the structure presents
andesitic lava domes that show flow banding type structures. To the N , NE and SE of volcanic centre of block-
and -ash flows deposits, pyrocJastic surges and lahars out crop, linked to the lava domes growing and destruction.

Calderas
(1) Carabamba Caldera (7So lS'W , SO 10'5 ). To the SW of the Carabamba villa ge (pro xim al facies) weldcd

rhyol itics cry stal flows are distin guished including mega-block s of sed irnentary rocks (base ment) up to 20 m of
di ameter, lava blocks, and sub volcanic rocks intrusions. Their distal products are reco gnized to S and SE, they
corres pond to welded crystal fJows of rhy ioltic composition with littJe lithic fragments content « 5%) These
flows co ntain coarse phenocrysts of qu artz (40 - 60%), plagioclase, biot ite, amphibole and Fe-Ti oxides. (2)
Calamarca Caldera (7So IS'W; SO Il '5 ). Located to the NE of the C alam arc a village. Their deposits related to
the form ation of a collapse caldera con sist of dacitic cohesive pyroclastics fJows of 1 to S m thick . The tot al of
rneasure s thickness is ~ 3 00 m, and has more than S km Jong to the SW of its so urce . The edges of the ca ldera is
constituted by sequences of basaltic andesitic and andesitic lava f1ows.

PETROLOGY
The lavic and pyroclastic s products emitted by the volcanic centres varying from basaltic andes ites to
rhyol ites, predominating andesites (Figure 3). The andesites mineralogy consi sts of phenocrysts of feld spar
plagiocl ase , ±c1inopyroxene, ±orthopyroxene, amphibole , Fe-Ti oxides, ±biotite, whereas quartz and ± alkaJine
feldspar appear in the rhyolites, and the absence of pyroxene and amphibole are di stinguished.
The evolution of magmas emitted by Cenozoic volcanoes can not be explained by a simple processe s of
fract ional cry stallization. Additional process es such as magma mixin g are also pos sible. The role of the
fraction al crystallization is however , fund am ental that would explain a progressive evolution of basalt ic
ande site s to rhyolites, from ma gma s derived from sam e mantle source. Th e processes of ma gma mixing are
suggested by the existence of mineraJogic phases in desequiJibrium : zoning in plagioclases, presen ce of
xenocrystals, and destabilization of certain minerais (amphibole, pyrox ène) , probably bound to successive
feedb ack s of basic and hot magmas in superficial magmatic chambers.
The rock s beJong to the calc-alkaline series, moderately potassic (Figure 3) . The trace elements study shows
that the emitted magmas come from the mantle, bounded to subduction dyn am ic processes. The products displ ay
sim ilar geoc hemical characteristic s with Coastal Batholith rocks and with Plio-Quatern ary volcanic rock s of the
Central Volcanic Zone of the And es (C VZ) coming from the partial melting of the mantle wed ge (Fi gure 4) . The
later rock s show almost similar spec tru m with the Calipuy volcanism rocks , with negative anomalies in Nd and
T i. However the rocks of the CVZ sho w a depletion HREE, whil e the rocks of the Calipuy Group are enriched,
suggesting there is little or no gamet and amphibole in the source that retain the HREE.

602
 6th International Symposium on Andean Geodynamics (ISAG 2005, Barcelona), Extended Abstracts: 600-603

16
Andesiles and basalli cs
14 andes ites of CVZ
o Granodiorite of the
12 Coaslal Batholith
o
)[ Trachydad le 1 Rhyolite
+ 10
Trachyanc esne
~ N:"P."'K"',O:---~~------'M"'gO + .

Z 8 :::~~'c
~ndBsrte 0
.
.Q:
0
+~ •
• ..
+ OO.COi5!o
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,cJjl, ~
• • ·. ';0 • 1
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ëasau •

2 Baselüc "--". sl1 e 1 Fig.4

Aaëeete "'lU
0 l----'---- -L------'---'--_--'--_----l._ _ L-_-1
35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 0.1 L....I.---'-----'----'--J-----L-'-..L-L...l.-'----'----'--J-----L-'-..L-L...l.-'----'---L..J
Wl.% sio, RbBa Th U Nb K LaCePb Pr Sr P Nd ZrSmEu Ti Dy Y Yb Lu
4 . 5 2::6 + 7 - 8 · 9

Figure 4 Multielement spiderdiagram pattern

Figure 3. Rock classification of the Calipuy of the Calipuy Group, normalized to the
Group in TAS diagram (Irvine & Baragar, 1971), primitive mantle (normal ization constants of
and AFM diagram showing typical calc -alkaline Sun & McDonough, 1989). The shaded zone
differentiation trend of the Calipuy Group. corres ponds to Payach ata volcanoes, Tata
Volcanoes: 1 Totora,2 Cururupa, 3 Sto cks , 4 San Saba ya (De Silva et al., 1993), Ollague
Pedro, 5 Quesquenda, 6 Quiru vilca , 7 Alto (Fee ley & Da vidson , 1994), Ub inas.
Dorado, 8 Calamarca Caldera, 9 Paccha-
Orornalqui .

References
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8, Serie A, Lima-Peru , 69 p.
Cobbing E., Pitcher W., Wil son J ., Baldock J., Ta ylor W ., McCourt W. and Snelling N. (1981 ). The Geology of
the Western cordillera of Northern Peru . Over se as Memoir of the Inst. of Geol. Sc. , N° 5 , 143 p.
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Farrar, E. and Noble, D. (1976). Timing of late Tertiary deformation in the Andes of Peru . Bull. Geol. Soc. Am.,
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Pitcher, W . ( 198 5) . A multiple and composite batholith . ln : Pitcher, W.S ., Ath erton , M.P., Cobbing, E.J . &
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composition and processes. Magmatism in the Ocean Basin, G eol. Soc. Sp. Publ., 42, 313-345.
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Batholith . Ph.D . Thesis. University of Liverpool. 299 p.
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