PLUTONISM & VOLCANISM

Nica B. Raymundo
STEM 11-1A
 OUTLINE

• Objectives
• Plutonism
• Plutonic Rocks
• 2 Types of Igneous Rock
• Examples of Extrusive & Intrusive Igneous Rocks
• Volcanism
• Evidence of Volcanism on other Planets
• References
 OBJECTIVES
PLUTONISM
• Plutonism is the geologic theory that the
igneous rocks forming the Earth
originated from intrusive magmatic
activity, with a continuing gradual
process of weathering and erosion
wearing away rocks, which were then
deposited on the sea bed, re-formed into
layers of sedimentary rock by heat and
pressure, and raised again.
VOLCANISM
• Volcanic materials ultimately break down and weather
to form some of the most fertile soils on Earth,
cultivation of which has produced abundant food
fostered civilizations.
• The internal heat associated with young volcanic
systems has been harnessed to produce 
geothermal energy.
• Most of the metallic minerals mined in the world--such
as copper, gold, silver, lead, and zinc--are associated
with magmas found deep within the roots of extinct
volcanoes.
 PLUTONISM

Plutonism is the process by which magma rises through the crust

and crystallizes as an intrusive igneous rock beneath the Earth’s
surface. Pluton is a generic word for any igneous intrusive rock
body.
 PLUTONIC ROCKS

• igneous rocks that solidified from a melt at great depth. Magma rises, bringing

minerals and precious metals such as gold, silver, molybdenum, and lead with
it, forcing its way into older rocks.
 2 TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCK

INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS

• crystallize below Earth's surface, and the • erupt onto the surface, where they cool
slow cooling that occurs there allows quickly to form small crystals. Some cool
large crystals to form. so quickly that they form an amorphous
glass.
 EXAMPLES OF
EXAMPLES OF INTRUSIVE
EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS
IGNEOUS ROCKS ARE
ROCKS ARE

• Diabase • Andesite

• Diorite • Basalt

• Gabbro • Obsidian

• Granite • Scoria
 VOLCANISM

Volcanism is the eruption of molten rock (magma) onto the

surface of a planet. A volcano is the vent through which
magma and gases are discharged. Magma that reaches the
surface is called “lava.” Volcanos are named for Vulcan —
the Roman god of fire!
 WHAT EVIDENCE IS THERE OF
VOLCANISM ON OTHER PLANETS?
• Moon
-ur closest neighbor has small volcanos, fissures (breaks in the crust), and extensive flows of basalt, a fine-grained
dark volcanic rock. The large dark basins that you can see on the Moon are the maria — areas of these lava flows.
However, all these volcanic features are old. There are no active volcanic features on the Moon. Most of the volcanic
activity took place early in the Moon's history, before about 3 billion years ago. The most recent lava flow occurred about
1 billion years ago.

This rock sample was collected by the Apollo 15 mission in

1971. It is a basalt, a type of rock that solidifies from a volcanic
lava. This particular basalt formed 3.3 billion years ago and is
similar to basalts formed at volcanos such as Hawai'i on Earth.
• Mars
Mars has volcanic features that are similar in shape to those on Earth, although much larger. There are large shield
volcanos — like those in Hawai'i — that contain 100 times more mass that those on Earth. Olympus Mons is the tallest
volcano in our solar system. It is 22 kilometers (14 miles) tall, compared to Mauna Loa's 9 kilometers (almost 6 miles).

Oblique view of the Olympus Mons volcano on Mars. The large

depression in the upper center of the image is the caldera. The caldera
is located near the summit of the volcano and is 65 × 80 kilometers
(40 × 50 miles) across — about the size of Rhode Island. When magma
erupted out of vents on the side of the volcano, the rock near the
summit collapsed, producing the caldera.
• Venus
Venus has more than 1700 volcanic features and many of these look fresh — unweathered. Much of the surface of Venus
has been covered by huge flows of basalt lava, probably in the last few hundred million years. This blanket of lava
completely covered the surface features, such as impact craters. The fact that only a few craters dot the surface provides
evidence of the recent nature of this resurfacing.

Computer-generated view of Maat Mons on Venus. This

image is from Magellan spacecraft radar data; the atmosphere
of Venus is too thick for telescopes to see through. Dark areas
are smooth, interpreted to be older lava flows. Bright areas
are rough, interpreted to be young lava flows.
• Jupiter
Jupiter's innermost moon, Io, is the most volcanically active body in our entire solar system! NASA missions imaged
massive plumes shooting hundreds of kilometers above the surface, active lava flows, and walls of fire associated with
magma flowing from fissures. The entire surface of Io is covered with volcanic centers and lava flows, which have covered
all of its impact craters.

The Galileo spacecraft captured this image of an active volcanic

eruption on Io in 2000. The bright orange region is hot lava. This
false-color picture is about 250 kilometers (about 155 miles) across.
 REFERENCES

 https://www.usgs.gov/faqs/what-are-some-benefits-volcanic-eruptions?qt-news_science_products=0#qt-
news_science_products

 https://www.google.com/search?
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 https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/plutonism

 https://www.lpi.usra.edu/education/explore/shaping_the_planets/volcanism/

 https://www.thoughtco.com/plutonic-rocks-1440845
 https://geology.com/rocks/igneous-rocks.shtml