aLANAO CENTRAL COLLEGE, INC.

East Basak Malutlut, Awar St. Marawi City, ARMM, Philippines 9700
Reg. Sec. No. 20097088 Institutional Code: 15064

MIDTERM MODULE IN NAT.SCIE II

THE WATER CYCLE

The water cycle is a way that water moves all around the Earth. It never stops, it does
not have a beginning oar an end. It's like a big circle.

THERE ARE FOUR MAIN PARTS TO THE WATER CYCLE;

1) Evaporation - is when the sun heats up water in rivers or lakes or the ocean and turns
it into vapour or steam. The water vapour or steam leaves the river, lake or ocean
and goes into the air.
2. Condensation - in the water cycle is when the air near the surface is heated, then rises taking
heat with it. Water vapour in the air gets cold and changes back into liquid, forming clouds.
3. Precipitation - occurs when so much water has condensed that the air cannot hold it
anymore. The clouds get heavy and water falls back to the earth in the form of rain, hail, sleet or
snow.
4. Collection/Storage - A lot of the Earth's water does not take part in the water cycle very
often. Much of it is stored. The Earth stores water in a number of places. The ocean is the largest
storage of water. Around 96% of the Earth's water is stored in the ocean. We can't drink the salty
ocean water, so fortunately for us, freshwater is also stored in lakes, glaciers, snow caps, rivers,
and below the ground in groundwater storage.

NITROGEN CYCLE

Nitrogen Cycle is a biogeochemical process which transforms the inert nitrogen present in the
atmosphere to a more usable form for living organisms.

Nitrogen Cycle is a biogeochemical process through which nitrogen is converted into many
forms, consecutively passing from the atmosphere to the soil to organism and back into the
atmosphere. It involves several processes such as nitrogen fixation, nitrification, denitrification,
decay and putrefaction.
Nitrogen fixation It is the initial step of the nitrogen cycle. Here, Atmospheric nitrogen
(N2)which is primarily available in an inert form, is converted into the usable form -ammonia
(NH3).

TYPES OF NITROGEN FIXATION

1. ATMOSPHERIC FIXATION: A natural phenomenon where the energy of lightning

breaks the nitrogen into nitrogen oxides and is then used plants.

2. INDUSTRIAL NITROGEN FIXATION: Is a man-made alternative that aids in

nitrogen fixation by the use of ammonia. Ammonia is produced by the direct combination
of nitrogen and hydrogen, and later, it is converted into various fertilisers such as urea.

3. BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN FIXATION: We already know that nitrogen is not usable

directly from the air for plants and animals. Bacteria like Rhizobium and blue-green algae
transform the unusable form of nitrogen into other compounds that are more readily
usable. These nitrogen compounds get fixed in the soil by these microbes.

NITRIFICATION - In this process, the ammonia is converted into nitrate by the presence of
bacteria in the soil.

IMPORTANCE OF NITROGEN CYCLE IMPORTANCE OF THE NITROGEN CYCLE

ARE AS FOLLOWS:
p
1. Helps plants to synthesise chlorophyll from the nitrogen compounds.
2. Helps in converting inert nitrogen gas into a usable form for the plants through the
biochemical process.
3. In the process of ammonification, the bacteria help in decomposing the animal and plant
matter, which indirectly helps to clean up the environment.
4. Nitrates and nitrites are released into the soil, which helps in enriching the soil with
necessary nutrients required for cultivation.
5. Nitrogen is an integral component of the cell, and it forms many crucial compounds and
important biomolecules.
VOLCANOES

VOLCANOES
• Volcanoes – A mountain that forms in the Earth’s crust when magma (molten material) reaches
the surface and cools to form solid rock. – When magma reaches the surface, it is called lava

Where volcanoes form • At plate boundaries – At divergent plate boundaries – At convergent

plate boundaries • where a continental and an oceanic plate meet and the latter is subducted –
Example: Ring of Fire: a belt of volcanoes along the edges of the Pacific plate • where two
oceanic plate meet – These often form island arcs, a string of islands – Examples: Japan, New
Zealand, Caribbean islands

Where volcanoes form • Where volcanoes form – At hot spots • Places where material from the
mantle rises through the crust and melts to form magma • Hot spots stay in the same place while
a plate moves above them – Example: The Hawaiian islands formed from a hot spot under the
Pacific plate – Example: Yellowstone National Park is under a hot spot in the state of Wyoming

Inside a volcano • Inside a volcano – Magma chamber • Pocket where magma collects – Pipe •
Tube that extends from magma chamber to top of volcano – Vent • Opening in volcano (central
vent on top; may be several on sides)

Inside a volcano • Inside a volcano – Lava flow • Spread of lava as it pours from vent – Crater •
Bowl-shaped area that may form around central vent

Volcanic eruptions • Dissolved gases in magma expand, forcing magma to flow through pipe and
out vent • Eruption factors – Silica is a mineral composed of the elements oxygen and silicon and
is found in magma – Temperature determines whether lava is thick or thin • Types of Eruptions –
Quiet Eruptions – Explosive Eruptions

Volcanic eruptions • Quiet eruptions - hazards – Lava sets fire to or buries everything in its path
• Explosive eruptions - hazards – Pyroclastic flow of hot gases, volcanic ash, cinders and bombs
can move quickly down the sides of the volcano – Landslides of mud, melted snow and rock can
occur – Volcanic ash can be thrown high into the atmosphere, where it can damage jet plane
engines.

Volcanic Activity – Active • Erupting or shows signs that it may erupt in near future – Dormant •
“Sleeping” volcano expect to erupt again one day – Extinct • Unlikely to ever erupt again

Volcanic landforms • From Ash and Lava – Types of landforms • Shield volcano – gently
sloping lava flows • Cinder cone volcano – from explosive eruptions • Composite volcano –
alternating layers of lava and layers of ash, cinders, bombs • Lava plateau – Forms from repeated
lava flows along long cracks in an area • Caldera – hole left if magma chamber collapses after
eruption
VOLCANO
 THE CRACK IN THE EARTH’S CRUST THROUGH WHICH NOT MAGMA (MOLTEN
ROCKS) AND GASES WELL UP IS CALLED AS VOLCANO.
 USUALLY A CONE SHAPED WITH CATERS ON TOP, FORMED AROUND THE
OPENING.
 THE TERM VOLCANO SIGNIFIES “HILL”, VENT OR MOUNTAIN FROM WHICH
MOLTEN OR HOT ROCK AND/ OR GASEOUS MATERIALS ARE EJECTED.
 200 VOLCANOES MOST OF THEM ARE EXTINCT AND ONLY 13 ARE
CONSIDERED ACTIVE

TYPES OF VOLCANOES

ACCORDING TO ERUPTIONa

1. QUIET VOLCANOES- MOLTEN LAVA FLOWS WITHOUT VIOLENT ERUPTION

2. EXPLOSIVE VOLCANOES- THESE VOLCANOES THROW OUT VIOLENTLY BIG
AMOUNT OF LAVA
3. INTERMEDIATE VOLCANOES- SOMETIMES ERUPT VIOLENTLY BUT
SOMETIMES JUST GIVE OFF LAVA QUIETLY
4. FISSURE ERUPTIONS- QUIET LAVA FLOWS OUT ONLY FROM CRATERS BUT
ALSO ALONG CRUSTAL CRACKS OR FISSURES

ACCORDING TO ACTIVITY

1. EXTINCT VOLCANOES- DO NOT SHOW SIGNS OF ACTIVITY AND HAVE NOT

ERUPTED EVER SINCE
2. ACTIVE VOLCANOES – SHOW SIGNS OF ERUPTION AND ARE KNOWN TO HAVE
INTERUPTED
3. DORMANT VOLCANOES – SHOW SIGNS OF ERUPTION BUT HAVE NOT
ERUPTED FOR SEVERAL CENTURIES

TWO MAIN TYPES OF VOLCANO

1. COMPOSITE VOLCANO
2. SHIELD VOLCANO

VOLCANIC ERUPTION

 IT IS PROCESSED WHEREIN MOLTEN ROCK MATERIALS ARE EMITTED OR

EJECTED IN THE FORM OF FLOWING MASSES, DISCRETE PARTICLES AND
STEAM.

LAVA- IS THE HOT MOLTEN MATERIAL THAT IS DEPOSITED ON THE EARTH’S

SURFACE DURING VOLCANIC ERUPTION.
MAGMA- IS A TERM APPLIED TO REFER TO LAVA WHILE IT IS STILL
UNDERGROUND.

ASH COLUMN/ CLOUD- IS A DEEP BROWN TO LEAD GRAY CLOUD WHICH IS

DIRECTLY ASSOCIATED TO EITHER WITH AN ERUPTION COLUMN OR WITH
AN ACTIVE PYROCLASTIC FLOW AND COINTAINING A CONSIDERABLE
AMOUNT OF FINE FRAGMENTAL MATERIALS.

PYROCLASTIC- IS A TUBULENT FLOWING MAS OF EJECTED FRAGMENTAL

VOLCANIC MATERIALS AND MOVING DOWNSLOPE AT HIGH SPEED.

VOLCANIC GAS- IS MOSTLY WATER VAPOR OR STEAM.