INTRODUCTION:

• The attributes of modern international politics

started as territories that were governed as
nation states.
INTRODUCTION:
INTRODUCTION:
• The origins of the modern nation states could be
traced back to a package of treaties that ended the 30
year war (1618-1648).

• These treaties were referred to as the Peace of

Westphalia effectively ending the European wars of
religion.
INTRODUCTION:
• The treaties also ended the 80 year's war
(1568 - 1648) between Spain and the Dutch
Republic.
INTRODUCTION:
• The Peace of Westphalia established a new system
of political order in central Europe based upon the
concept of sovereign states, which became known as
Westphalian sovereignty.

• A norm was established against interference in

another state's domestic affairs.
INTRODUCTION:
• Inter-state aggression was to be held in check by a
balance of power.

• The negotiations also established by diplomatic

congress with a total of 109 delegations represented
in Westphalia.
INTRODUCTION:
• As European influence spread across the globe,
these Westphalia principles became central to
international law and to the prevailing world order.

• The Peace of Westphalia established the notion of

European Sovereignty.
INTRODUCTION:
• The principles from the Peace of Westphalia paved
the way for the development of the notion of
Nationalism.

• As nationalism became entrenched in the 19th

century, the Westphalian order solidified.
INTRODUCTION:
• The earliest challenge of the Westphalia peace was
made by Napoleon Bonaparte who sought to spread
the principles of the French Revolution across
Europe.

• He espoused the idea of meritocracy in government

service.
INTRODUCTION:
• However, the “concert of Europe” (1815 - 1914: Austria,
Prussia, Russia and the United Kingdom) had sought to
restore Europe to the world before the French revolution
and Napoleon.

• The tenets of the concert was the return of the monarchy,

return of Christian values in Europe, the
repudiation/rejection of the Napoleonic Code, and the
renewed peace in Europe through great power and
diplomacy.
•
INTRODUCTION:
• At its core, the concert of Europe was an agreement
among the elite statesmen of Europe's great powers
to adhere to and enforce a particular set of principles
in their relations with one another on the European
continent (Lascurette, 2017).

• After the concert of Europe, the world saw the birth

of liberal internationalism.
INTRODUCTION:
• Nations needs to give up their freedom and submit
themselves to a larger system of laws- a form of
global government needed to create and enforce
these laws (Smith, 2016)
•
INTRODUCTION:
• In 1870, Jeremy Bentham coined the word
“international”.

• He then refer to international law as the law between

states and espoused the idea that an interested
legislator upon international law would propose to
himself....would be the greatest happiness of all
nations take together (Kenny, 2015).
INTRODUCTION:
• Also, US President Woodrow Wilson also
introduced the notion of Wilsonian Internationalism.

• For Wilson, Nations were subject to the universal

laws of God, which could be discovered through
reason.
INTRODUCTION:
INTRODUCTION:
• This assertion includes the principles of self-
determination, democratic government, collective
security, international law, and a league of nations.
INTRODUCTION:
• The pluralized philosophy seeks to broaden regional
ideas among men and nations, and to secure a
human order or a world system where individuality
is conserved, where republicanism shall be the
political form, and where democracy is the human
way of life.
INTRODUCTION:
• Hence, looking into the prominent icons of
internationalism and nationalism, it would be
advisable to define international liberalism.
INTRODUCTION:
• For Immanuel Kant:
• The idea of common international principles.

• For Giuseppe Mazzini and Woodrow Wilson:

• Pushes for a sense of cooperation and respect among
nation states (with Wilson promoting the establishment
of a global democracy).
INTRODUCTION:
• These ideas later on became the foundations for the
establishment of the League of Nations.

• The League of Nation was founded in the 1919

Peace Conference after the first World War.
• Its purpose was to maintain world peace through
international arbitration.
INTRODUCTION:
• The League of Nations then paved the way for the
creation of task specific organizations:
• World Health Organization (WHO)
• International Labor Organization (ILO)
AN ALTERNATIVE: SOCIALIST INTERNATIONALISM

• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels co-authored their

most famous work, “The Communist Manifesto”
published in 1848.
• A call to arms for the proletariat -“Workers of the world,
unite!”- the manifesto set down the principles on which
communism was to evolve.
AN ALTERNATIVE: SOCIALIST INTERNATIONALISM
AN ALTERNATIVE: SOCIALIST INTERNATIONALISM

• Marx held that:

• History was a series of class struggles between owners
of capital (bourgeoisie) and worker (proletariat).
• As wealth became more concentrated in the hands of a
few capitalists, he thought, the ranks of an increasingly
dissatisfied proletariat would smell, leading to bloody
revolution and eventually a classless society (Marx,
1973).
AN ALTERNATIVE: SOCIALIST INTERNATIONALISM

• According to Marx, capitalism contained the seeds

of its own destruction.

• Communism was the inevitable end to the process of

evolution begun with feudalism and passing through
capitalism and socialism.
AN ALTERNATIVE: SOCIALIST INTERNATIONALISM

• Marx, may have indirectly taught that the affinity to

the nation retards the workers' struggles.

• This teaching was adopted by the socialist

international in 1889 -1916.
AN ALTERNATIVE: SOCIALIST INTERNATIONALISM

• Its achievement were the implementation of the

eight-hour work per day, and the celebration of
International Women's Day, and the May 1 Labor
Day.
AN ALTERNATIVE: SOCIALIST INTERNATIONALISM

• After the collapse of the socialist international, the

communist international emerged in 1919-1943.

• This movement was a product of the Bolshevik

victory in Russia and was used by Lenin as a tool to
promote the revolution.
AN ALTERNATIVE: SOCIALIST INTERNATIONALISM

• It was a central body of all the communist countries

in the world.

• Yet, it was dissolved in 1943 in order to appease the

Allied Powers (Claudio, 2016).
FASCISM: A MAJOR CHALLENGE TO INTERNATIONALISM

• Fascism
• A political system based on a very powerful leader,
state control of social and economic life, and extreme
pride in country and race, with no expression of
political disagreement allowed.

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/fascism
FASCISM: A MAJOR CHALLENGE TO INTERNATIONALISM

• Fascism is construed to be a major challenge to

Internationalism.

• It was an economic system where the government

controls the private entities that own the factors of
production.
• The four factors are: enterpreneurship, capital
goods, natural resources, and labor.
FASCISM: A MAJOR CHALLENGE TO INTERNATIONALISM

• In fascism, the national interests supersede all other

societal needs.
• It seeks to restore the nation to a former pure and
vigorous existence.
• It subsumes the private person and business into this
vision of the good of the state.
FASCISM: A MAJOR CHALLENGE TO INTERNATIONALISM

• Fascism uses this nationalism to override individual

self-interest.
• It subjugates the welfare of the general population to
achieve imperative social goals.
• It focuses on “internal cleansing and external
expansion” (Amadeo, 2017).
FASCISM: A MAJOR CHALLENGE TO INTERNATIONALISM

• How Dangerous Fascism is?

• One of the world's most influential fascist leaders
was Adolf Hitler (1889-1945).
• He percieved the variants of internationalism as an
attack on the nation.

• The fascists believed in the superiority of ethnic

majorities as well as the regional spheres of
influence.
FASCISM: A MAJOR CHALLENGE TO INTERNATIONALISM
THE UNITED NATIONS (1945-Present)
• After WW II, the United Nations (UN) was created
to preserve peace during the post-World War II era.

• The UN then reinforced the principles of sovereignty and non-

intervention.
• It created the UN Security Council to maintain world peace and
security with five permanent members (China, France, Russia,
United Kingdom, and United States) who have veto powers.
THE UNITED NATIONS (1945-Present)
• The UN took over the duties of the League of
Nations.
• However, the UN grew larger than the League
because of the effects of decolonization (Claudio,
2016).
DECOLONIZATION: AFTER THE WAR

• Most decolonization movement happened after the

war since a number of Imperial powers were in ruins
and could no longer maintain the colonies.

• Wartime defeats also exposed the weaknesses of the

imperial powers while wartime heroes in the
colonized world became prominent.
DECOLONIZATION: AFTER THE WAR

• After the war, the world wree divided into the First,
Second, and Third World.
1. The First World referred to the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO)
2. The Second World referred to the Union Soviet
Socialist Republic (USSR)
3. The Third referred to the countries that were caught in
between the superpowers.
DECOLONIZATION: AFTER THE WAR
DECOLONIZATION: AFTER THE WAR

• In 1955, 29 countries gathered in Bandung,

Indonesia to in order to combat colonialism and neo-
colonialism by either US or Soviet Union.
• This paved the way for the birth of the non-aligned
nations.
DECOLONIZATION: AFTER THE WAR

• What were the legacies of the Bandung Conference:

1. It promoted Third World solidarities -it cemented the
emphasis on national development and neo-colonial
intervention.
2. It paved the way for the organization of the G22 and the
anti-globalization movement. -It was more of a regional-
driven internationalism (Claudio, 2016).
DECOLONIZATION: AFTER THE WAR

• G22:
• Comprised finance ministers and central bank governors
from the G7 industrial countries and 15 other economies
(Argentina, Australia, Brazil, China, Hong Kong SAR,
India, Indonesia, the Republic of Korea, Malaysia,
Mexico, Poland, Russia, Singapore, South Africa, and
Thailand).
THE PRESENT COMMUNICATION NETWORKS OF
GLOBALIZATION:

• At present, globalization is accompanied by new

forms of digital media that bring to light the
possibility for new kinds of communities to coalese
via networks and create new arenas for political
interaction, identity, and belonging.
THE PRESENT COMMUNICATION NETWORKS OF
GLOBALIZATION:

• States are making a pragmatic transformation by

adapting to fit in among other socially decisive
global networks in arenas such as finance, education,
science, technology, arts, cultures, sports and others.
THE PRESENT COMMUNICATION NETWORKS OF
GLOBALIZATION:

• The silver lining is that the new media opens up

potential for citizens to gain leverage and in the last
resort.
THE PRESENT COMMUNICATION NETWORKS OF
GLOBALIZATION:

• It is only the power of global society acting on the

public mind via the media and communication
networks that may eventually overcome the
historical inertia of nation-states (Steger, 2014).