Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Irrigation
Flood
control
Hydropower
Navigation
Recreational
purposes
1. Imbalance of the ecosystem
2. Decreased amount of downstream water
3. Spreading of some water-born diseases
4. Reduction in the fertility of farmlands
Dam body: Body forms the main part of a dam as an
impervious barrier
Reservoir: It is the artificial lake behind a dam body
Spillway: is that part of a dam to diverge the flood water from
reservoir.
Water intake structures: is a facility to withdraw water from a
reservoir.
Sluiceway: Gerektiğinde baraj gölünü tamamen boşaltmak,
dolusavak kapasitesini azaltmak, akarsu mansabına bırakılacak
suyu salmak amacına yönelik tesisler.
Diversion facilities: To redirect the streamflow from
construction area
Heel: contact with the ground on the
upstream side
Toe: contact with the ground on the
downstream side
Abutment: Sides of the valley on which
the structure of the dam rest
Galleries: small rooms like structure left
within the dam for checking operations.
Crest Down stream
Upstream
Spillway
MWL
Max. level (inside dam)
NWL
Normal
water level
Free board
Sluice way
Gallery
Heel
Toe
Parts of Dams
Reservoir
Flow
Spillway
Upstream
Reservoir
Dam body
Spillway
Downstream
Right abutment
Downstream slope
Upstream slope
Principal chute spillway
Left abutment
Classification of Dams
According to dams height
If crest elevation and foundation level is greater than
15 m then it can be considered as a Large Dam.
If dam height is less than 15 m then Small Dam.
If dam height is greater than 50 m then High Dam
Dams are classified on several aspects, some of the
important aspects are as follow:
1. Based on Hydraulic Design:
✓ Over flow dams (e.g. concrete dams)
✓ Non over flow dams (e.g. embankment dams)
2. Based on Structural Design:
✓ Gravity dams
✓ Arch dams
✓ Buttress dams
3. Based on Usage of Dam:
✓ Storage dams
✓ Diversion dams
✓ Detention dams
4. Based on Construction Material:
✓ Concrete / Masonry dams
✓ Earthfill dams
✓ Rockfill dams
✓ Earthfill rockfill dams
✓ Concrete faced rockfill dams (CFRD)
5. Based on Capacity:
✓ Small dams
✓ Medium dams
✓ Large dams
A gravity dam resists the water pressure and
other forces due to its weight (or gravitational
forces). Thus the stability of a gravity dam
depends upon its weight. The gravity dams are
usually made of cement concrete.
An earth dam is made of earth (or soil).
The foundation requirements are less stringent than those of
gravity dams, and hence they can be built at the sites where the
foundations are less strong. They can be built on all types of
foundations.
Formed of loose rocks and boulders piled in the
river bed
Reinforced concrete is often laid across the u/s
face to make it watertight
Called arch dam because in plan it is just like an
arch
Load transferred to the abutments by means of
arching action
Can be constructed conveniently when height of
water stored is greater than the length of
barrier
Uplift pressure at base create no problem
Buttress Dam:
Buttress - a support that transmits a force from a roof or wall to
another supporting structure
Buttress are used to support the vertical slab which hold water
Generally constructed with reinforced concrete
Uplift pressure is not so significant
This type of structure can be considered even if the foundation
rocks are little weaker