FRANCISCAN ENGINEERING REVIEW PROGRAM MATHEMATICS – PERCOMPROBSTAT Summer 2019

BASIC PRINCIPLE / CONCEPT ( EE Bd. Oct.’97 )

1) There are four balls of different colors. Two balls at a time n!
PERMUTATION, COMBINATION are taken and arranged anyway. How many such combinations P =
are possible? r!
COMBINATION - A set of things or arrangement where order is not a) 36 b) 3 c) 6 * d) 12
important. A collection of objects with no definite arrangement in mind.
2) ( EE Bd. Sept. 2007 )
PERMUTATION - A set of things or arrangement where order is If in a set of “ n “ elements, r elements are alike, s other are alike,
important. A collection of object with definite arrangement in mind. Lotto uses numbers 1 to 42. A winning number consist of six different t others are alike and so on, then
numbers in any order. How many combinations are there?
For example: a) 5,245, 786 * b) 8, 437, 224
In the set of numbers 1 to 10, one possible 3 digit combination is 2 3 4 c) 10,127,420 d) 2, 546, 725 n!
another is 5 6 7 and so on. . . . however, if we want a list of a 3 digit P=
numbers that can be formed out from this combinations, then we have 3) Find the number of ways a gentleman can invite one or more of his r! s! t!
a permutations. four friends to a dinner.
a) 14 ways b) 15 ways * c) 16 ways d) 17 ways
234 567 4. The number of circular permutations of “ n “ distinct elements
243 576 taken all at a time is :
342 657
324 675 PERMUTATION FORMULAS: P = (n–1)!
432 765
423 756 1.The permutation of “ n “ things taken “ r “ at a time

These are just an example on how permutations differ from a
combination. There are six possible permutations out from a single 3
digit combination. Hence, the game Jai-alai is a permutation because
order is important meaning in Jai-alai you will win once you have the 3
ordered numbers in place. The game Lotto is a combination because
order is not important meaning as long as you have the six ordered
numbers and even if they are not in place, you are a sure winner.
In other words, a PERMUTATION is a combination itself but a
COMBINATION cannot be a permutation.
COMBINATION FORMULAS:
1. The number of combinations of “ n “ things taken “
r “ at a time
n!
nCr =
(n–r)! r!
2. The number of combinations of “ n “ things taken “
n “ at a time
nCn = nC1+nC2+nC3+. . .+nCn
nCn = 2n–1
n!
nPr =
(n–r)!
2. The permutation of “ n “ things taken “ n “ at a time
nPn = n!
A difficult problem occurs when some of the elements are alike. For
example, there are only 3 distinct permutations of the letters of the
word ALL taken all at a time, namely :
ALL, LAL,& LLA.
We cannot have 3 ! distinct permutations taking all the letters of
A L L at a time since two letters are alike. Had all the three letters
been distinct, such as those in the word E A T, there would have
been 3 ! or 6 permutations namely:
E A T, E T A, A T E, A E T, T A E, & T E A.
Hence, there are fewer distinct permutations where some of the
elements are alike than when all the elements are distinct.
3. If in a set of “ n “ elements, r elements are alike, then the number
P of distinct permutation of n elements taken all at a time is given by
4)How many permutations are there if the letters PNRC taken
six at a time?
a) 730 b) 720 * c) 710 d) 750
5) ( EE Bd. Oct. ’97/Sept. 2007 )
There are four balls of four different colors. Two balls are taken
at a time and arranged in a definite order. For example, if a white
and a red balls are taken, one definite arrangement is white first,
red second, and another arrangement is red first, white second.
How many such arrangements are possible?
a) 24 b) 6 c) 12 * d) 36
PROBABILITY
The study of random or non-deterministic experiment means
chance or likelihood that an event may occur.
The probability of an event is non negative and not greater
than 1. Probability of 1 is assigned to a logically certain event.
Probability of 0, to a logically impossible event. Generally,
however the probability of an event is considered only when its
occurrence is doubtful.
The ratio of successful event to the total events. The degree of
confidence usually reported in percent, decimal or fraction. A
chance that a certain event will occur or the degree of confidence
or success

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FRANCISCAN ENGINEERING REVIEW PROGRAM MATHEMATICS – PERCOMPROBSTAT Summer 2019
A marshmallow is drawn from the bag and replaced, and then a
second marshmallow is withdrawn. Find the probability that the first
marshmallow is white and the second is green.
FORMS OF PROBABILITY
a) 1/3 b) 3/5 c) 6/25 * d) 5/36 4. PROBABILITY OF REPEATED TRIALS
1. SINGLE EVENT
2. A bag contains 6 white marshmallows and 4 green marshmallows. If the probability of an event A in any given trial is P (A) and if
Probability ( P ) = number of successes or desired outcome A marshmallow is drawn from the bag and not replaced, find the the probability of the event A to fail is P (A’), then the probability
total number of possible outcome probability that both will be white? ( this is a typical example of that A will occur exactly r times in n trials is:
dependent event )
Probability of Failure ( F ) = number of failures a) 1/5 b) 3/10 * c) 3/25 d) 6/31
total number of outcome
3. A card is drawn from a deck of 52 playing cards and then a second P (A) = n C r prqn-r =
F = 1 - P or P=1–F card is drawn. Find the probability that the first card is a heart and the
second is diamond if
Take note: that the probability of an event will happen times the a) the first card is not returned ans. 13 / 204
probability that same event will fail to occur is always equal to 1. b) the first card is returned ans. 1 / 16 Examples
1. A fair die is rolled 5 times. Find the probability of obtaining
Example exactly 2 aces .
1. Two honest dice are rolled once, what is the probability of obtaining a 3. MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENT Solution:
six ?
a) In a single roll, the probability of obtaining an ace is 1/6 and the
Two or more event are mutually exclusive if not more than one of
2. Two dice are rolled. Find the probability that the sum of the numbers probability of not obtaining an ace is 5/6. The two aces may be
them can happen in a single trial.
coming up is greater than 4. obtained in any 2 of the 5 rolls hence; 5 C 2 = 10 ways therefore the
“ The total probability that two or more mutually exclusive event to probability of obtaining exactly 2 aces is
3. A card is drawn from a deck of 52 playing cards. Find the probability happen is equal to the sum of their individual probabilities”
that it is a) a heart b) a red ace c) not a red ace
If A and B are any two mutually or not exclusive events ( meaning P = 5 C 2 p2q3 =
with duplication ) with probabilities P (A) and P (B), then the
probability of A or B is
2. INDEPENDENT / DEPENDENT EVENT
“ The total probability of two or more independent or dependent events
is the product of their individual probabilities.”
P (A  B) = P (A) + P (B) – P (A  B)

P(AB) =P(A)P(B)
Example:
1. Find the probability of drawing either a King or a diamond in a STATISTICS
Independent if the probability of occurrence of event A , does not affect
the probability of occurrence of event B. Then, A and B are said to be single draw from a deck of 52 cards ?
a) 4/13 * b) 2/52 c) 1/13 d) 2/13 The word statistics is both singular and plural in meaning. In the
independent events. singular sense, statistics refers to the collection, presentation,
however, if A and B are mutually exclusive ( without duplication ) analysis and interpretation of numerical data. In plural sense it
If However, Event B is affected by the prior occurrence of event A then, refers to the act of quantitative or numerical data. Branch of
B is said to be dependent on A. If event B depends on A, the probability then, the probability that one of them will occur in a single trial is
mathematics that deals with numbers derived from data.
of B after A has occurred is denoted by P (B/A) or vice versa P (A/B)
Hence:
P ( AB ) = P (A) + P (B). GROUPED DATA
P (A) = P (A/B) or P (B) = P (B/A)
If the population is 30 or lower.
P (A/B) and P (B/A) is called conditional probability since it is the
probability of A or B on the condition that B or A has occurred.
Example: UNGROUPED DATA
Examples: 1. What is the probability of drawing either King or a Queen in a single If the population is greater than 30.
draw from a deck of 52 cards ?
1. A bag contains 6 white marshmallows and 4 green marshmallows. a) 1/13 b) 2/13 * c) 2/52 d) 1/52
MEDIAN
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FRANCISCAN ENGINEERING REVIEW PROGRAM MATHEMATICS – PERCOMPROBSTAT Summer 2019
Derived from the latin word medius meaning middle. Median is 78, 80, 84, 85, 86, 88, 88, 89, 92, 95 9. In how many distinct arrangements can 3 boys and 3 girls be
the middle number of a set of numbers arranged in numerical a) 88 b) 86 c) 87 * d) 89 seated at a round table so that boys and girls alternate?
set up. (If the number of scores happen to be even then the a) 1 b) 3 c) 6 d) 12
median can be determined by getting the sum of two middle scores and 3. Find the mode of the given values.44, 44, 52, 60, 62, 64, 70, 72, 75
divide it by two.) Data must be foremostly arranged before finding a) 62 unimodal b) 72 unimodal 10. How many 6 digit even numbers can be formed from 1,2,3,4,5,6 ?
median. c) 44 unimodal * d) none of these a) 46, 656 b) 86, 010 c) 36, 780 d) 66, 880

MODE 4. What is the class modal in the given set of scores? 11. The captain of a baseball team assigns himself to the 4th place in
The mode is the value which occurs most frequently in a given 36, 37, 38, 38, 45, 46, 50, 50, 78 the batting order. in how many ways can he assign the remaining
distribution. places to his 8 team mates if just 3 men are considered eligible for
Solution: The most frequent scores are 38 and 50 thus: ;the mode the 1st position?
Unimodal – One mode in the scores are 38 and 50 in which the class modal is bimodal a) 12, 150 b) 40, 320 c) 15, 120 d) 28, 170
Bimodal - Two modes 5. What is the mean and range of the following
Multimodal - More than two modes 12. In a certain province, there are 2 candidates for congressman, 4
scores:10, 13, 16, 20, 22, 25, 31, 31 ans. 21 and 21 for governor and 3 for mayor in town. In how many ways can these
MEAN 6. Compute the variance and standard deviation of the set of numbers positions be filled?
The arithmetic mean, popularly known as the average. It is the 10, 13, 16, 20, 22, 25, 31, 31 a) 288 b) 24 c) 1260 d) 144
sum of scores divided by the number of cases. 13. In a survey concerning the smoking habits of consumer, is was
PRACTICE PROBLEMS found out that 55% smokes brand A, 50% smoke brand B, 40%
RANGE 1. There are 5 trails to a hilltop. In how many different ways can one smokes brand C, 30% smoke brand A and B, 20% smoke A & C,
The difference between the largest and the smallest values of the given ascent by on trail and descend by any trail? 12% smoke B and C and 10% smoke all three brands. What
distribution. a) 20 ways b) 25 ways c) 30 ways d) 35 ways percentage of the population did not smoke any of the three brands?
a) 3% b) 5% c) 7% d) 9%
2. Find the number of lincense plates which can be made consisting
VARIANCE of two letters of the English alphabet followed by four digits if 14. From a group of 4 men and women, how many committees of
The average of the squared deviation from the mean. repetitions of letters and digits are not allowed? size 3 are possible with 1 man and 2 women?
a) 8,640,000 b) 6,760,000 c) 3,276,000 d) 4,286,118 a) 40 b) 80 c) 288 d) 24

3. How many different sums of money can be drawn from a wallet 15. What is the probability of drawing either a king or any club from a
containing a bill of P 1, P 2, P 10, P 20, P 50, P 100? shuffled deck of cards?
a) P 125 b) P 126 c) P 127 d) P 128 a) 0.0962 b) 0.0879 c) 0.3698 d) 0.0367

4. A telephone dial has 10 holes, each with a digit. If a telephone call 16. These are 6 positions on a flagstaff and 6 flags of which 3 are
requires 5 impulses and if repetition of impulses are allowed, how red, 2 blue and 1 white. How many different signals can be made
Where: V = Variance
many possible calls can be made? by displaying all of the flags simultaneously?
x = Data
a) 80,000 calls b) 90,000 calls c) 100,000 calls d) none a) 20 b) 50 c) 60 d) 40
m = Mean
n = Number of Scores 17. Ten students, Mark, John, Anthony, etc. are in a class. If a
5. In how many different orders can 6 people be seated in a round
table? committee of 3 is chosen at random from the class, find the
a) 60 orders b) 80 orders c) 100 orders d) 120 orders probability that Mark belongs to the committee while John and
STANDARD DEVIATION ( ) The square root of variance
Anthony did not.
6. Find the number of permutations which can be formed from the a) 8/65 b) 7/40 c) 6/47 d) 11/49
RELATIVE VARIABILITY ( µ ) word MISSISSIPPI?
The quotient when the standard deviation is divided by the mean. a) 1,260 b) 3,780 c) 34,650 d) 45,360 18. A card is drawn from an ordinary deck and we told that it is
red. What is the probability that the card is greater than 2 but
7. Find the number of fraternity names, each with three greek letters, less than 9?
that can be formed from 24 letters of the greek alphabet if repetition is a) 6/16 b) 5/15 c) 4/13 d) 9/15
µ = allowed.
a) 11,824 b) 12,144 c) 13,824 d) 14,144 19. According to records in the office of a college register, 40% of
the students in a certain course fail to pass. What is the probability
8. A jet has 5 single seats on one side of the aisle and 5 double seats that out of a random group of 4 students of the course exactly 2
Sample Problems
on the other. In how many different orders can 15 people be seated in will fail?
1. What is the median in the set of scores: 3, 5, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 14, 20 the jet? a) 0.234% b) 0.8847% c) 0.512% d) 0.935%
a) 7 b) 8 * c) 9 d) 10 a) 14 ! b) 15 ! c) 16 ! d) none

2. Find the median of the following scores:

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FRANCISCAN ENGINEERING REVIEW PROGRAM MATHEMATICS – PERCOMPROBSTAT Summer 2019
20. How many distinct line can be drawn through 15 33. The probability of runner A to win a race is 1/5 and the probability them at random. Find the probability that the first book drawn will be
of runner B to win the race is 1/3. Find the probability that A or B will Physics and the second Chemistry. ans. 1 / 15
points, no 3 points are of the same straight line? win the race.
a) 120 b) 45 c) 150 d) 105 a) 1/15 b) 8/15 * c) 2/8 d) none 47. A player sinks 50% of all his shots. What is the probability that he
will make exactly 3 of his next 4 shots? ans. 25%
21. How many ways can five people be lined up to pay their
electric bills? 34. Find the probability of drawing a queen or a king from a deck of
52 playing cards. ans. 2/13 48. Find n if P(n,3)=6 C(n,5) ans. n=8
a) 72 ways b) 120 ways * c) 60 ways d) none
35. Find the probability of drawing a queen or a heart or both from a 49. Two dice are rolled. Find the probability that the sum of the
22. An engineering freshman must take chemistry course, a humanities two dice is greater than 10. ans. 1/12
course, and a mathematics course. If he may select deck of 52 playing cards. ans. 4/13
any courses, any of 3 humanities courses, and any of 4 50. In how many ways can seven trees be planted in a circle?
mathematics courses, how many ways can he arrange his 36. Find the probability that a house salesman will make a sale in one
house is 3/5 and the probability that he will make a sale in another ans.70
program? 51. How many cars can be given license plates having a 5 digit
a) 18 ways b) 20 ways c) 22 ways d) 24 ways * house is 2/3. Find the probability that he will make
a) sales in both houses ans. 2/5 numbers using the digits 1,2,3,4 and 5 with no digit repeated in
b) no sale in both houses ans. 2/15 any license plate? ans. 120
23. In how many different ways can a ten-question true-false
examination be answered? c) a sale in first and no sale in second ans. 1/5
52. Compute the mean and variance of the following numbers.
a) 1024 ways * b) 804 ways c) 724 ways d) 604 ways 21, 25, 30, 45, 48
38. One coin is flipped 6 times. Find the probability of obtaining
24. How many distinct permutations can be made from the letters exactly 2 heads 53. The probability of A winning a game is 2/3 and that of B is
of the word “mathematics” a) 3 / 32 b) 2 / 32 c) 1 / 64 d) 15 / 64 * 3 / 4. What is the probability that A wins or B does not?
a) 2,959,540 ways b) 3,458,488 ways
c) 4,989,600 ways * d) 6,800,989 ways 39. One die is rolled 5 times. Find the probability of obtaining a 6 54. How many permutations of the letters of the word SUNDAY
exactly 3 times. can be formed if 3 letters are taken at a time ? If all letters are
25. How many ways can the first five players in a basketball a) 23/648 b) 625/648 c) 125/3888 * d) 6 / 15 taken at a time ? If all letters are taken at a time but the first
team be filled with twelve men who can play any of the position? 40. A fair coin is flipped 3 times. Find the probability of obtaining must be vowel ?
a) 45,400 ways b) 75,080 ways a) 3 heads ans. 1/8 Ans. 120, 720, 240
c) 95,040 ways * d) none of these b) 3 tails ans. 1/8
c) 2 heads and 1 tail ans. 3/8
26. In a single throw of two dice, what is the probability of throwing not
more than 5? 41.The probability of A to win the race is 1/5 and the probability of B
a) 3/8 b) 5/8 * c) 7/8 d) 2/3 to win the race is 1/3. What is the probability that A or B will win the
race ?
27. Find the probability that all five cards drawn from a deck are a) 8 / 15 b) 1 / 3 c) 2 / 15 d) none
all hearts.
a) 4.95 x 10 -4 * b) 2.82 x 10 -3 c) 3.45 x 10 – 2 d) 5.46 x 10 -3 42.The following are the number of municipalities of each province as
indicated: Abra 14, Bohol 32, Leyte 27, Cagayan 19, Palawan 17.
28. If a card is drawn from a deck of 52 playing cards, find the Compute for the mean municipality and its standard deviation.
probability of drawing an ace, king, queen, jack ? ans. 4/13
43. How variable are the grades of Ms. Paras in her Mathematics
30. Two dice are rolled. Find the probability that class of 10 pupils ? 20, 30, 34, 35, 40, 42, 42, 45, 48, 50 ?
a) The sum of the spots is 9 ans. 1/9
b) The sum of the spots is less than 4 44. Compute the range of the following sequence of numbers
arranged from lowest to highest: x, x + 2, x + 4, x + 6 and so on
31Three dice are rolled. Find the probability of obtaining a 10. until the 10th number of the sequence.
ans. 1/8
45. If a man plays a game, his probability to win the game is 2/5. If he
32. Three coins are flipped. Find the probability of obtaining plays 5 times, What his probability to win exactly 2 times ?
a) 3 heads ans. 1/8 ans.216 / 625
b) 2 heads and 1 tail ans. 3/8
c) 3 tails ans. 1/8 46. Three Physics books, five Algebra books, and two Chemistry
books are on a shelf. Judd decides to take two books and selects

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