DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF UNIVERSAL GRINDING

MACHINE

ABSTRACT

The aim of the project is to design and fabrication of two axis

universal grinding machine. Grinding is a classification of

manufacturing processes that shape a piece of metal into the desired part

through material removal and material deformation. Grinding is one of

the important operations in an industry. Once the tool is used for certain

work for a long time, due to wear and tear the tool should be grinded.

Wear of tool results rough finish and takes more time to complete a job.

Now days there are different types of grinding machines are available in

the market. The cost of grinding machine is very high. To overcome the

above we had designed a three axis grinding machine. By means of this

kind of grinding machine the tool can be moved to three positions. The

main advantage of this machine is used to grind the tool at any position.

This machine also gives good surface finish.

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 INTRODUCTION

Grinding is a classification of manufacturing processes that shape a piece

of metal into the desired part through material removal and/or material

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deformation. Raw material is available in a wide variety of materials, which

include the following:

 Aluminum
 Stainless steel
 Brass
 Steel
 Bronze
 Tin
 Copper
 Titanium
 Magnesium
 Zinc
 Nickel

Material removal processes can create holes and cutouts in any 2D

geometric shape. Deformation processes can bend the sheet numerous

times to different angles or stretch the sheet to create complex contours.

These parts are found in a variety of industries, such as aircraft,

automotive, construction, consumer products, HVAC, and furniture.

Grinding processes can mostly be placed into two categories -

forming and cutting. Forming processes are those in which the applied

force causes the material to plastically deform, but not to fail. Such

processes are able to bend or stretch the sheet into the desired shape.

Cutting processes are those in which the applied force causes the material

to fail and separate, allowing the material to be cut or removed. Most

cutting processes are performed by applying a great enough shearing

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force to separate the material, and are therefore sometimes referred to as

shearing processes. Other cutting processes remove material by using

heat or abrasion, instead of shearing forces.

 Forming

 Bending

 Roll forming

 Spinning

 Deep Drawing

 Stretch forming

 Cutting with shear

 Shearing

 Blanking

 Bending

 Cutting without shear

 Laser beam cutting

 Plasma cutting

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  Water jet cutting

Sheet metal forming processes are those in which force is applied

to a piece of sheet metal to modify its geometry rather than remove any

material. The applied force stresses the metal beyond its yield strength,

causing the material to plastically deform, but not to fail. By doing so,

the sheet can be bent or stretched into a variety of complex shapes. Sheet

metal forming processes include the following:

Bending is a metal forming process in which a force is applied to a

piece of sheet metal, causing it to bend at an angle and form the desired

shape. A bending operation causes deformation along one axis, but a

sequence of several different operations can be performed to create a

complex part. Bent parts can be quite small, such as a bracket, or up to 20

feet in length, such as a large enclosure or chassis. A bend can be

characterized by several different parameters, shown in the image below.

Roll forming

Roll forming, sometimes spelled rollforming, is a metal forming

process in which sheet metal is progressively shaped through a series of

bending operations. The process is performed on a roll forming line in

which the sheet metal stock is fed through a series of roll stations. Each

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station has a roller, referred to as a roller die, positioned on both sides of

the sheet. The shape and size of the roller die may be unique to that

station, or several identical roller dies may be used in different positions.

The roller dies may be above and below the sheet, along the sides, at an

angle, etc. As the sheet is forced through the roller dies in each roll

station, it plastically deforms and bends. Each roll station performs one

stage in the complete bending of the sheet to form the desired part. The

roller dies are lubricated to reduce friction between the die and the sheet,

thus reducing the tool wear. Also, lubricant can allow for a higher

production rate, which will also depend on the material thickness,

number of roll stations, and radius of each bend. The roll forming line

can also include other Grinding operations before or after the roll

forming, such as Bending or shearing.

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 Roll Forming Line

The roll forming process can be used to form a sheet into a wide

variety of cross-section profiles. An open profile is most common, but a

closed tube-like shape can be created as well. Because the final form is

achieved through a series of bends, the part does not require a uniform or

symmetric cross-section along its length. Roll forming is used to create

very long sheet metal parts with typical widths of 1-20 inches and

thicknesses of 0.004-0.125 inches. However wider and thicker sheets can

be formed, some up to 5 ft. wide and 0.25 inches thick. The roll forming

process is capable of producing parts with tolerances as tight as ±0.005

inches. Typical roll formed parts include panels, tracks, shelving, etc.

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These parts are commonly used in industrial and commercial buildings

for roofing, lighting, storage units, and HVAC applications.

Spinning

Spinning, sometimes called spin forming, is a metal forming

process used to form cylindrical parts by rotating a piece of sheet metal

while forces are applied to one side. A sheet metal disc is rotated at high

speeds while rollers press the sheet against a tool, called a mandrel, to

form the shape of the desired part. Spun metal parts have a rotationally

symmetric, hollow shape, such as a cylinder, cone, or hemisphere.

Examples include cookware, hubcaps, satellite dishes, rocket nose cones,

and musical instruments.

Spinning is typically performed on a manual or CNC lathe and

requires a blank, mandrel, and roller tool. The blank is the disc-shaped

piece of sheet metal that is pre-cut from sheet stock and will be formed

into the part. The mandrel is a solid form of the internal shape of the part,

against which the blank will be pressed. For more complex parts, such as

those with reentrant surfaces, multi-piece mandrels can be used. Because

the mandrel does not experience much wear in this process, it can be

made from wood or plastic. However, high volume production typically

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utilizes a metal mandrel. The mandrel and blank are clamped together

and secured between the headstock and tailstock of the lathe to be rotated

at high speeds by the spindle. While the blank and mandrel rotate, force

is applied to the sheet by a tool, causing the sheet to bend and form

around the mandrel. The tool may make several passes to complete the

shaping of the sheet. This tool is usually a roller wheel attached to a

lever. Rollers are available in different diameters and thicknesses and are

usually made from steel or brass. The rollers are inexpensive and

experience little wear allowing for low volume production of parts.

Spinning Lathe

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 There are two distinct spinning methods, referred to as

conventional spinning and shear spinning. In conventional spinning, the

roller tool pushes against the blank until it conforms to the contour of the

mandrel. The resulting spun part will have a diameter smaller than the

blank, but will maintain a constant thickness. In shear spinning, the roller

not only bends the blank against the mandrel, it also applies a downward

force while it moves, stretching the material over the mandrel. By doing

so, the outer diameter of the spun part will remain equal to the original

blank diameter, but the thickness of the part walls will be thinner.

Conventional Spinning vs. Shear Spinning

Deep Drawing

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 Deep drawing is a metal forming process in which sheet metal is

stretched into the desired part shape. A tool pushes downward on the

sheet metal, forcing it into a die cavity in the shape of the desired part.

The tensile forces applied to the sheet cause it to plastically deform into a

cup-shaped part. Deep drawn parts are characterized by a depth equal to

more than half of the diameter of the part. These parts can have a variety

of cross sections with straight, tapered, or even curved walls, but

cylindrical or rectangular parts are most common. Deep drawing is most

effective with ductile metals, such as aluminum, brass, copper, and mild

steel. Examples of parts formed with deep drawing include automotive

bodies and fuel tanks, cans, cups, kitchen sinks, and pots and pans.

The deep drawing process requires a blank, blank holder, punch,

and die. The blank is a piece of sheet metal, typically a disc or rectangle,

which is pre-cut from stock material and will be formed into the part. The

blank is clamped down by the blank holder over the die, which has a

cavity in the external shape of the part. A tool called a punch moves

downward into the blank and draws, or stretches, the material into the die

cavity. The movement of the punch is usually hydraulically powered to

apply enough force to the blank. Both the die and punch experience wear

from the forces applied to the sheet metal and are therefore made from

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tool steel or carbon steel. The process of drawing the part sometimes

occurs in a series of operations, called draw reductions. In each step, a

punch forces the part into a different die, stretching the part to a greater

depth each time. After a part is completely drawn, the punch and blank

holder can be raised and the part removed from the die. The portion of

the sheet metal that was clamped under the blank holder may form a

flange around the part that can be trimmed off.

Deep Drawing

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 Deep Drawing Sequence

Stretch Forming

Stretch forming is a metal forming process in which a piece of

sheet metal is stretched and bent simultaneously over a die in order to

form large contoured parts. Stretch forming is performed on a stretch

press, in which a piece of sheet metal is securely gripped along its edges

by gripping jaws. The gripping jaws are each attached to a carriage that is

pulled by pneumatic or hydraulic force to stretch the sheet. The tooling

used in this process is a stretch form block, called a form die, which is a

solid contoured piece against which the sheet metal will be pressed. The

most common stretch presses are oriented vertically, in which the form

die rests on a press table that can be raised into the sheet by a hydraulic

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ram. As the form die is driven into the sheet, which is gripped tightly at

its edges, the tensile forces increase and the sheet plastically deforms into

a new shape. Horizontal stretch presses mount the form die sideways on

a stationary press table, while the gripping jaws pull the sheet

horizontally around the form die.

Stretch Forming

Stretch formed parts are typically large and possess large radius

bends. The shapes that can be produced vary from a simple curved

surface to complex non-uniform cross sections. Stretch forming is

capable of shaping parts with very high accuracy and smooth surfaces.

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Ductile materials are preferable, the most commonly used being

aluminum, steel, and titanium. Typical stretch formed parts are large

curved panels such as door panels in cars or wing panels on aircraft.

Other stretch formed parts can be found in window frames and

enclosures.

Capabilities

Typical Feasible
Shapes: Flat
Thin-walled: Cylindrical Thin-walled: Complex
Thin-walled: Cubic
Part size: Area: Up to 80 ft²
Weight: 0.5 oz - 100 lb
Materials: Metals Lead
Alloy Steel Magnesium
Carbon Steel Nickel
Stainless Steel Tin
Aluminum Titanium
Copper Zinc
Surface finish - 32 - 125 μin 16 - 250 μin
Ra:
Tolerance: ± 0.01 in. ± 0.002 in.

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 Typical Feasible
Max wall 0.08 - 0.5 in. 0.001 - 1.0 in.
thickness:
Quantity: 1000 - 100000 1 - 1000000
Lead time: Weeks Hours
Advantages: Can form complex shapes
Many material options
High production rate
L
Disadvantages: Limited to constant part thickness
w labor cost Part may require several operations and machines
Short lead time Large amount of scrap
possible

Applications: Brackets, panels, cans, utensils

Cutting processes are those in which a piece of sheet metal is

separated by applying a great enough force to caused the material to fail.

The most common cutting processes are performed by applying a

shearing force, and are therefore sometimes referred to as shearing

processes. When a great enough shearing force is applied, the shear stress

in the material will exceed the ultimate shear strength and the material

will fail and separate at the cut location. This shearing force is applied by

two tools, one above and one below the sheet. Whether these tools are a

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punch and die or upper and lower blades, the tool above the sheet

delivers a quick downward blow to the sheet metal that rests over the

lower tool. A small clearance is present between the edges of the upper

and lower tools, which facilitates the fracture of the material. The size of

this clearance is typically 2-10% of the material thickness and depends

upon several factors, such as the specific shearing process, material, and

sheet thickness.

The effects of shearing on the material change as the cut

progresses and are visible on the edge of the sheared material. When the

punch or blade impacts the sheet, the clearance between the tools allows

the sheet to plastically deform and "rollover" the edge. As the tool

penetrates the sheet further, the shearing results in a vertical burnished

zone of material. Finally, the shear stress is too great and the material

fractures at an angle with a small burr formed at the edge. The height of

each of these portions of the cut depends on several factors, including the

sharpness of the tools and the clearance between the tools.

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Sheared edge

A variety of cutting processes that utilize shearing forces exist to

separate or remove material from a piece of sheet stock in different ways.

Each process is capable of forming a specific type of cut, some with an

open path to separate a portion of material and some with a closed path to

cutout and remove that material. By using many of these processes

together, sheet metal parts can be fabricated with cutouts and profiles of

any 2D geometry. Such cutting processes include the following:

 Shearing - Separating material into two parts

 Blanking - Removing material to use for parts

 Conventional blanking

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  Fine blanking

 Punching - Removing material as scrap

 Piercing

 Slotting

 Perforating

 Notching

 Nibbling

 Lancing

 Slitting

 Parting

 Cutoff

 Trimming

 Shaving

 Dinking
Shearing

As mentioned above, several cutting processes exist that utilize

shearing force to cut sheet metal. However, the term "shearing" by itself

refers to a specific cutting process that produces straight line cuts to

separate a piece of sheet metal. Most commonly, shearing is used to cut a

sheet parallel to an existing edge which is held square, but angled cuts

can be made as well. For this reason, shearing is primarily used to cut

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sheet stock into smaller sizes in preparation for other processes. Shearing

has the following capabilities:

 Sheet thickness: 0.005-0.25 inches

 Tolerance: ±0.1 inches (±0.005 inches feasible)

 Surface finish: 250-1000 μin (125-2000 μin feasible)

than a knife-edge and are available in different materials, such as

low alloy steel and high-carbon steel.

Shearing

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Blanking

Blanking is a cutting process in which a piece of sheet metal is

removed from a larger piece of stock by applying a great enough

shearing force. In this process, the piece removed, called the blank, is not

scrap but rather the desired part. Blanking can be used to cutout parts in

almost any 2D shape, but is most commonly used to cut workpieces with

simple geometries that will be further shaped in subsequent processes.

Often times multiple sheets are blanked in a single operation. Final parts

that are produced using blanking include gears, jewelry, and watch or

clock components. Blanked parts typically require secondary finishing to

smooth out burrs along the bottom edge.

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 Blanking

Fine blanking

Fine blanking is a specialized type of blanking in which the blank

is sheared from the sheet stock by applying 3 separate forces. This

technique produces a part with better flatness, a smoother edge with

minimal burrs, and tolerances as tight as ±0.0003. As a result, high

quality parts can be blanked that do not require any secondary operations.

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However, the additional equipment and tooling does add to the initial

cost and makes fine blanking better suited to high volume production.

Parts made with fine blanking include automotive parts, electronic

components, cutlery, and power tools.

Fine blanking

Punching

Bending is a cutting process in which material is removed from a

piece of sheet metal by applying a great enough shearing force. Bending

is very similar to blanking except that the removed material, called the

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slug, is scrap and leaves behind the desired internal feature in the sheet,

such as a hole or slot. Bending can be used to produce holes and cutouts

of various shapes and sizes. The most common punched holes are simple

geometric shapes (circle, square, rectangle, etc.) or combinations thereof.

The edges of these punched features will have some burrs from being

sheared but are of fairly good quality. Secondary finishing operations are

typically performed to attain smoother edges.

The Bending process requires a punch press, sheet metal stock,

punch, and die. The sheet metal stock is positioned between the punch

and die inside the punch press. The die, located underneath the sheet, has

a cutout in the shape of the desired feature. Above the sheet, the press

holds the punch, which is a tool in the shape of the desired feature.

Punches and dies of standard shapes are typically used, but custom

tooling can be made for Bendingcomplex shapes.

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 Punching

A typical punching operation is one in which a cylindrical punch

tool pierces the sheet metal, forming a single hole. However, a variety of

operations are possible to form different features. These operations

include the following:

 Piercing - The typical punching

operation, in which a cylindrical punch pierces a

hole into the sheet.

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  Slotting - A punching operation that

forms rectangular holes in the sheet. Sometimes

described as piercing despite the different shape.

 Perforating - Punching a close

arrangement of a large number of holes in a single

operation.

 Notching - Punching the edge of a

sheet, forming a notch in the shape of a portion of

the punch.

 Nibbling - Punching a series of small

overlapping slits or holes along a path to cutout a

larger contoured shape. This eliminates the need

for a custom punch and die but will require

secondary operations to improve the accuracy and

finish of the feature.

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  Lancing - Creating a partial cut in the

sheet, so that no material is removed. The material

is left attached to be bent and form a shape, such as

a tab, vent, or louver.

 Slitting - Cutting straight lines in the

sheet. No scrap material is produced.

 Parting - Separating a part from the

remaining sheet, by punching away the material

between parts.

 Cutoff - Separating a part from the

remaining sheet, without producing any scrap. The

punch will produce a cut line that may be straight,

angled, or curved.

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  Trimming - Punching away excess

material from the perimeter of a part, such as

trimming the flange from a drawn cup.

 Shaving - Shearing away minimal

material from the edges of a feature or part, using a

small die clearance. Used to improve accuracy or

finish. Tolerances of ±0.001 inches are possible.

 Dinking - A specialized form of

piercing used for punching soft metals. A hollow

punch, called a dinking die, with beveled,

sharpened edges presses the sheet into a block of

wood or soft metal.

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Grinding machine
Rotating abrasive wheel on a bench grinder.grinding machine, often

shortened to grinder, is a machine tool used for grinding, which is a type

of machining using an abrasive wheel as the cutting tool. Each grain of

abrasive on the wheel's surface cuts a small chip from the workpiece via

shear deformation.

Grinding is used to finish workpieces which must show high surface

quality (e.g., low surface roughness) and high accuracy of shape and

dimension. As the accuracy in dimensions in grinding is on the order of

0.000025mm, in most applications it tends to be a finishing operation and

removes comparatively little metal, about 0.25 to 0.50mm depth.

However, there are some roughing applications in which grinding

removals high volumes of metal quite rapidly. Thus grinding is a diverse

field.

The grinding machine consists of a power driven grinding wheel

spinning at the required speed (which is determined by the wheel’s

diameter and manufacturer’s rating, usually by a formula) and a bed with

a fixture to guide and hold the work-piece. The grinding head can be

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controlled to travel across a fixed work piece or the workpiece can be

moved whilst the grind head stays in a fixed position. Very fine control

of the grinding head or tables position is possible using a vernier

calibrated hand wheel, or using the features of numerical controls.

Grinding machines remove material from the workpiece by abrasion,

which can generate substantial amounts of heat; they therefore

incorporate a coolant to cool the workpiece so that it does not overheat

and go outside its tolerance. The coolant also benefits the machinist as

the heat generated may cause burns in some cases. In very high-precision

grinding machines (most cylindrical and surface grinders) the final

grinding stages are usually set up so that they remove about 200 nm (less

than 1/100000 in) per pass - this generates so little heat that even with no

coolant, the temperature rise is negligible.

Types

 Belt grinder, which is usually used as a machining method to

process metals and other materials, with the aid of coated

abrasives. Sanding is the machining of wood; grinding is the

common name for machining metals. Belt grinding is a versatile

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 process suitable for all kind of applications like finishing,

deburring, and stock removal.

 Bench grinder, which usually has two wheels of different grain

sizes for roughing and finishing operations and is secured to a

workbench or floor stand. Its uses include shaping tool bits or

various tools that need to be made or repaired. Bench grinders are

manually operated.

 Cylindrical grinder, which includes both the types that use centers

and the centerless types. A cylindrical grinder may have multiple

grinding wheels. The workpiece is rotated and fed past the

wheel(s) to form a cylinder. It is used to make precision rods,

tubes, bearing races, bushings, and many other parts.

 Surface grinder which includes the wash grinder. A surface grinder

has a "head" which is lowered, and the workpiece is moved back

and forth past the grinding wheel on a table that has a permanent

magnet for use with magnetic stock. Surface grinders can be

manually operated or have CNC controls.

 Tool and cutter grinder and the D-bit grinder. These usually can

perform the minor function of the drill bit grinder, or other

specialist toolroom grinding operations.

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  Jig grinder, which as the name implies, has a variety of uses when

finishing jigs, dies, and fixtures. Its primary function is in the

realm of grinding holes and pins. It can also be used for complex

surface grinding to finish work started on a mill.

 Gear grinder, which is usually employed as the final machining

process when manufacturing a high precision gear. The primary

function of these machines is to remove the remaining few

thousandths of an inch of material left by other manufacturing

methods (such as gashing or hobbing).

Grinding wheels

A grinding wheel is an expendable wheel that is composed of an abrasive

compound used for various grinding (abrasive cutting) and abrasive

machining operations. They are used in grinding machines. The wheels

are generally made from a matrix of coarse particles pressed and bonded

together to form a solid, circular shape, various profiles and cross

sections are available depending on the intended usage for the wheel.

They may also be made from a solid steel or aluminium disc with

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particles bonded to the surface. The manufacture of these wheels is a

precise and tightly controlled process, due not only to the inherent safety

risks of a spinning disc, but also the composition and uniformity required

to prevent that disc from exploding due to the high stresses produced on

rotation.

Characteristics of grinding wheels

There are five characteristics of a cutting wheel: material, grain size,

wheel grade, grain spacing, and bond type. They will be indicated by

codes on the wheel's label.

Material, the actual abrasive, is selected according to the hardness of the

material being cut.

Aluminium Oxide (A)

Silicon Carbide (C)

Diamond (D, MD, SD)

Cubic Boron Nitride (B)

Grain size, from 8 (coarsest) 600 (finest), determines the physical size of

the abrasive grains in the wheel. A larger grain will cut freely, allowing

fast cutting but poor surface finish. Ultra-fine grain sizes are for precision

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finish work. Wheel grade, from A (soft) to Z (hard), determines how

tightly the bond holds the abrasive. Grade affects almost all

considerations of grinding, such as wheel speed, coolant flow, maximum

and minimum feed rates, and grinding depth.

Grain spacing, or structure, from 1 (densest) to 16 (least dense). Density

is the ratio of bond and abrasive to air space. A less-dense wheel will cut

freely, and has a large effect on surface finish. It is also able to take a

deeper or wider cut with less coolant, as the chip clearance on the wheel

is greater. Wheel bond, how the wheel holds the abrasives, affects finish,

coolant, and minimum/maximum wheel speed.

Types of grinding wheel

Straight wheel

To the right is an image of a straight wheel. These are by far the most

common style of wheel and can be found on bench or pedestal grinders.

They are used on the periphery only and therefore produce a slightly

concave surface (hollow ground) on the part. This can be used to

advantage on many tools such as chisels. Straight Wheels are generally

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used for cylindrical, centreless, and surface grinding operations. Wheels

of this form vary greatly in size, the diameter and width of face naturally

depending upon the class of work for which is used and the size and

power of the grinding machine.

Cylinder or wheel ring

Cylinder wheels provide a long, wide surface with no center mounting

support (hollow). They can be very large, up to 12" in width. They are

used only in vertical or horizontal spindle grinders. Cylinder or wheel

ring is used for producing flat surfaces, the grinding being done with the

end face of the wheel.

Tapered wheel

A straight wheel that tapers outward towards the center of the wheel.

This arrangement is stronger than straight wheels and can accept higher

lateral loads. Tapered face straight wheel is primarily used for grinding

thread, gear teeth etc.

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Straight cup

Straight cup wheels are an alternative to cup wheels in tool and cutter

grinders, where having an additional radial grinding surface is beneficial.

Dish cup

A very shallow cup-style grinding wheel. The thinness allows grinding

in slots and crevices. It is used primarily in cutter grinding and jig

grinding.

Saucer wheel

A special grinding profile that is used to grind milling cutters and twist

drills. It is most common in non-machining areas, as saw filers use saucer

wheels in the maintenance of saw blades.

Diamond wheel

Diamond wheels are grinding wheels with industrial diamonds bonded to

the periphery. They are used for grinding extremely hard materials such

as carbide cutting tips, gemstones or concrete. The saw pictured to the

right is a slitting saw and is designed for slicing hard materials, typically

gemstones.

Diamond mandrels

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 Diamond mandrels are very similar to their counterpart, a diamond

wheel. They are tiny diamond rasps for use in a jig grinder doing

profiling work in hard material.

Cut off wheels

Cut off wheels, also known as parting wheels, are self-sharpening

wheels that are thin in width and often have radial fibres reinforcing

them. They are often used in the construction industry for cutting

reinforcement bars (rebar), protruding bolts or anything that needs quick

removal or trimming. Most handymen would recognise an angle grinder

and the discs they use.

Use of grinding wheel

To use the grinding wheel it must first be clamped to the grinding

machine. The wheel type (e.g. cup or plain wheel below) fit freely on

their supporting arbors, the necessary clamping force to transfer the

rotary motion being applied to the wheels side by identically sized

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flanges (metal discs). The paper blotter shown in the images is intended

to distribute this clamping force evenly across the wheels surface.

Dressing of grinding wheel

Grinding dresser

Grinding wheels are self-sharpening to a small degree, for optimal use

they may be dressed and trued by the use of wheel or grinding dressers.

Dressing the wheel refers to removing the current layer of abrasive, so

that a fresh and sharp surface is exposed to the work surface. Trueing the

wheel makes the grinding surface parallel to the grinding table or other

reference plane, so the entire grinding wheel is even and produces an

accurate surface.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GRINDING MACHINE

The grinding machine is characterized by parameters such as:

 Construction

 Mechanism of delivering power

 Size of working area

 Single or multiple station

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 Force rating

 The type of grinding tool and its capacity

 Speed or productivity

 Maximum weight of work piece

 Safety features

 Power consumption

 The type of software

NEED FOR PROJECT

 To achieve mass production

 To reduce manpower

 To increase the efficiency of the plant

 To reduce the work load

 To reduce the production cost

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  To reduce the production time

 To reduce the material handling

 To reduce the fatigue of workers

 To achieve good product quality

 Less Maintenance

CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS

S.No Components Specification Quantity

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1. Electric Motor AC,900 rpm 1

2. Grinding Wheel Aluminium 1

Oxide

3. Bed 150 mm 1

4. Tool head 25 mm 1

5. Base plate 130 mm 1

BLOCK DIAGRAM

AC Power
supply

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 AC Motor

Grinding machine

Up & down Rotating

motion

Grinding wheel

Grinding
operation on
Workpiece

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43
 WORKING PRINCIPLE

The Bending machine consists of column in which the lead screw

is provided. At one end of the lead screw handle of the Bending tool is

attached. Another tools is fixed on the based plate. The Bending

machine consists of a base plate in which the work piece is placed.

When the handle is rotated the lead screw moves down and the bending

tool press the sheet and the sheet metal is bended. Different size & shape

of the bend can be bended using various tools.

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 ADVANTAGES OF GRINDING MACHINE

Advantages

 Low cost.

 Less maintenance.

 Simple in construction

 Operating Principle is very easy.

 Installation is simplified very much.

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  It is possible to operate Manually/automatically by proving

On/Off switch.

 Higher accuracy

CONCLUSION

With the idea on view, we have completed the project titled

“FABRICATION OF Two AXIS GRINDING MACHINE”

This project is very much useful for grinding the sheet metal.

Thus by means of the grinding machine, we can grind the various tool at

any position.

This is one of the most reliable and simple machine in the machine

shop in which many number of operations can be done.

By means of this project, we can fabricate different types of tools

also.

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 REFERENCES

1. Production technology by P.C. Sharma

2. Todd, Robert H.; Allen, Dell K. Manufacturing Processes

Reference Guide

3. Industrial Press Inc., ISBN 0-8311-3049-0,

4. Colvin, Fred H. (1947), Sixty Years with Men and

Machines, McGraw-Hill, 

5. Floud, Roderick C. (2006) [1976], The British Machine

Tool Industry,

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 6. Hounshell, David A. : The Development of Manufacturing

Technology in the United States,

7. Noble, David F. (1984), Forces of Production: A Social

History of Industrial Automation

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