JOURNAL OF SCIENCE OF HNUE

Social Sci.. 2014, Vol. 59, No. 3. pp. 56-62

This paper is available online at http://stdb.hnue.edu.vn

PHI TRUNG TAM HOA CHU THE T R A N THUAT

TRONG TRUYEN NGAN VIET NAM TlT 1986 D^N NAY

Le \ ^ Trung
Trudng Trung hpc phd'thdng Hoang Diiu - Qudng Nam

Tom tat. Truyen ngan Viet Nam sau 1986 den nay da co mpt su thay ddi I6n ve
hinh thflc trin thuat. Vai tto toan tti cua ngUcti ke chuySn da dUpc thay thi bdi loi
tran thuSt da tri Diem nhin ttong cac cau chuyen dich chuyen, danh ttao lien tuc.
Vi thi, ttuyen ngan Viet Nam sau ddi mdi da xuit hien hien tupng phi trung tam
hoa chu the ttin thuat, Su thay doi nay da mang din mpt khong kbi dan chu ttong
mdi quan he gifla van ban va ngUdi dpc. Tac pham da dUdc ndi rong bien do phan
anh th6ng qua hieuflngtilp nhSn da chilu cua d6c gia.
Tiir khda: Diim nhin, hinh thdc trin thuat, phi ttung tam hda, ttuygn ngan Viet
Nam,

1. Md d§u
Xuit phat tfl su xoi mon niem tin vao cac dai tu sfl, chu nghia hau hien dai hfldng
vl cac tieu tfl sfl. Vi the tinh phan manh la xu hfldng chfnh ciia H thuyet nay khi doj lap
vdi khuynh hfldng tdng the gin lien vdi thdi ki hien dai. Cac nha If luan hau hien dai dUa
ra bang loat cac khai niem then chdt nhfl. phi trung tam hda, da trung tam, giai cau ttuc,
phan ra, phan manh, tfnh da tri... de xac lap nhflng dac diem can ban ttong qua trinh "giai
hdp thflc hda ve nhan thflc" cung nhfl sfl ket thuc cua flu the ve mpt "sieu ngon ngfl phd
quat" [2],
Chung tdi diing khai niem phi trung tam hda ttong nghien cflu nay dfla tten cd sd
khao sat sfl van dpng va each tan manh me cua mpt sd cay but truyen ngan thdi ki ddi mdi
tren binh dien chu the ttan thuat.

2. Noi dung nghien ciru

2.1. S u phan ra chu the tran thuat

Truyen ngan Viet Nam sau 1986 den nay da ed mot sfl thay ddi Idn ve hinh thflc
ttan thuat, Vai trd toan tn eua ngfldi ke chuyen da dan din bi tflde bd, thay vao dd la sfl

Ngay nhan bai 11/1/2014, Ngay nhan dang 25/05/2014.

Lien lac Le Van Trung, e-mail: levanlrungedu@gmail.com
 Phi trung tdm hoa chd the trdn thudt trong truyin ngdn Viel Nam tit 1986 den nay

da dang boa cac dang thflc ke chuyen. Dd la loi ttan thuat da tti, nd cd sfl kit hdp nhieu
vai tran thuat mot each Hnh boat vdi ngUdi ke chuyen thupc dang da thfle. Ben canh kieu
Iffi chuyen ed nhilu nhan vat "toi" ttong ciing mot cau chuyen; kieu ke chuyen co sfl dan
xen Idi ke cua nhan vat "toi", ngfldi dan chuyen va Idi ke cua cac nhan vat, cd khi xuat
hign sfl tham nhap kho tach bach gifla cac ddi tfldng tren, kieu ke chuygn danh ttao chfl
the ttin thuat. Cd nhilu cau chuyen la mot ban hdp xfldng da thanh cua nhilu ngfldi ke.
Diem nhin nghe thuat ttong cac can chuyen dich chuyen lien tuc, vi the eung mot van de
lai dfldc soi chieu tfl nhilu diem nhin khac nhau. Chuyen dUdc nen lai d mflc tdi da. Hien
thuc dfldc ke md ra vd hdi vd ban. Nha van khdng true tilp phat bieu mpt chinh kiln hay
mpt tu tudng nao ca. Cupc chdi ngon tfl danh phin Idn cho ngfldi dpc.
Diem gap gd thu vi trong nd Iflc each tan ngn van xudi dfldng dai Viet Nam cua cac
cay but truyen ngin vdi nhflng dac diem cd ban cua van hpc hau hien dai la d tinh chit
phi tam hda. Theo Ii thuylt nay, phi ttung tara hda nghia la tao ra nhilu trung tam, moi
nhan vat ttong tac phim trd thanh mpt trung tam, mdi manh vd ttd thanh mpt cau chuyen.
Mdi cau chuyen dfldc din dat bdi mpt hay nhieu ngfldi ke. Gifla cac cau chuyen cd the cd
nhflng mdi quan he hoac la khong. Chu the tran thuat dfldc thay ddi va danh ttao ben tuc.
Chinh ldi trin thuat nay da din du ngfldi dpc troi dat theo cac manh vd. nhflng ttang thai
bat dinh. Cupc chdi se dfldc xac lap cho ca ngfldi vilt va ngfldi dpc.

2.2. I\r sU ngdi thu* nhat vdi cai nhm da thu'c

Mpt ttong nhiing each tan rd ret ttong nghe that ttan thuat la tU sU d ngdi thfl nhat,
Trong truyen thong, ngdi kl nay thfldng gin liln vdi nhflng tfl ttuygn. Nhan vat xung toi
thudng ke lai nhflng cau chuyen ma ho da ttai nghigm. Vi the "tdi" trd thanh ttung tam
cua td chflc ttin thuat, ngfldi kl chuyen va hinh tfldng tac gia hda vao nhau. Nguyin Khai,
trong kha nhilu truyen ngin da sfl dung kieu tran thuat nay. Trong Anh hUng hi van, Chung
tdi vd bpn han. Cdi thdi Idng man, nhan vSt toi da ndi hp tac gia nhflng day dflt, tran ttd
vl nghl nghiep, vl le sdng, vl nhan each eua nha van trfldc nhflng biln ddng phflc bdp
cua cudc sdng thdi hau chien. Cai thdi Iang man da qua, ddi dien vdi hien thuc cudc sdng
xo bd, hdn dpn, nha van chan chfnh phai sdng va vilt nhfl thi nao? Cac cau chuyen cua
Nguyin Khai mang xu hfldng tfl thuat, hfldng npi rd net. Dd la nhflng ldi tfl thu ciia mpt
nha van chan chfnh trfldc toa an ctia Ifldng tam trudc sU sa sut nhan pham ciia mpt sd
ngUdi cam but.
Tii su ngdi thfl nhat theo diem nhin da thflc la hinh thflc tfl sfl ma d dd diem nhin
nghg thuat da thoat khdi pham vi y thflc cua mdt nhan vat ke chuyen xflng "toi" ma cd sfl
dich chuyen trgn hai hay nhieu cai "tdi" ke chuyen. Nhflng cai "tdi" nay khdng phai la sU
phan than cua mdt cai "tdi" nao dd nhfl ttong cac truyen ke d ngdi thfl nhat theo diem nhin
ddn tuyln. Mdi cai "toi" dlu dfldc migu ta nhfl mpt y thflc. Chiing tdn tai vdi tu each la
nhiitig chii the dpc lap, mang quan diem rigng. Kieu tfl sfl nay da gdp phin pha v5 ldi mdn
ddn nbit trong tfl duy nghe thuSt ttuyen thdng, Nd da md ra nhflng chan trdi nghe thuat
radi, bign dp ciia tac phara vdn dflpc dong khung theo sfl ap dat ciia rapt chii thg' da dfldc
cdi ndi, Sfl thay ddi nay da gdp phin xac lap tinh da tri ctia mot tac pham nghe thuat. Ddi

57
 Le Van Trung

vdi the loai truyen ngan, kieu ke ehuyen nay da tao nen mot dp nen cao cho van ban. Nd
md rdng bien dp phan anh. Nd gdp phin tao nen chilu sau cung nhfl de lai nhigu khoang
ttong trong van ban. Hien thflc vi thi dfldc phan anh da chilu, da ttang thai.
Cd the' khang dinh Nguyin Huy Thiep la nha van the nghiem kieu ke chuyen da tiiflc
d ngoi thfl nhit. Khao sat 42 truyen ngan cua dng, cd den 23 truyen ngan ngfldi ke xflng
tdi. Nhflng khac vdi ngudi kg' chuyen la mot nhan vat xflng tdi trong truyen ngan truyen
thdng - nhan vat tdi ke' hit chuyen cua minh, nhaii vat toi bilt hit tfldng tan mpi sfl viec.^
Nhan vat "tdi" ttong sang tac cua Nguyin Huy Thiep la sfl ddng vai cua nhieu cai khac
nhau. Trong 23 tioiyen ngin, ngudi ke chuyen d ngdi thfl nhit ttong truyen ngan Nguyen
Huy Thiep xuit hien d kha nhilu vai nhfl nha van, nha giao, bac si, cdng chflc nha nfldc,
ki sfl, hpc sinh, sinh vien, ngfldi lam nghe tU do, con mpt gia dinh ndng dan ngheo... Da
sd nhan vat "tdi" cd gidi ti'nh la nam, chi cd mot nhan vat la nfl sinh trong ttuyen Nhihig
tiing long liu la liu lo. Nguyin Huy Thiep la nha van y thflc rit rd chflc nang, vai ttd cua
ngfldi ke chuyen da dien d ngdi thfl nhit. Trong Con gdi thiiy thdn, mac du van cung chung
rapt khat vpng la di tim ngUdi con gdi thuy thdn, ChUdng cua hai truyen la ba cai "tdi" ke'
chuygn kbac nhau. Trong truyen thfl nhit, ngfldi ke ehuyen la mdt cau be Chfldng mfldi
bdn tudi, bdn nhien va vo tfl Cau tin vao cau chuyen ve Me Ca nhfl bao dfla tre ma thi
gidi CO tfch da rae hoac chung bing nhflng chi tilt hoang dfldng ki ao: "Chuyen Me Ca
am anh tdi sudt thdi nien thilu Mot ban, me tdi di chd xudi vl, ke chuyen Me Ca cflu hai
cba con dng Hpi Bgn Doai Ha. Ong Hpi lam nha, mang dfla con gai tam tudi di dao cat.
Hd cat khoet ham Ich, sut xudng, vui lap ca hai cha con. Me Ca dang bdi tten sdng, trdng
thiy, hda phep thanh con rai ca ra sflc dao bdi. cflu dflpc hai ngudi" [3;1I0]. Hinh anh
ngudi con gai thuy thin cfl thudng ttUc trong ChUdng, nang la thien thin hay nang la ac
quy. The nhUng cudi cung ao anb xa vdi kia da tan bien. De tdn tai, Chfldng phai boa nhap
cupc sdng, biet ddng vai, bilt chilu theo y thfeh cua ngudi khac. Rd rang nhin ve hinh
thflc ben ngdai, truyen tudng chflng nhfl dUdc ke d ngdi thfl nhat nhflng nhan vat xflng
"toi" d hai phin cua cau chuyen la nhflng manh vd cua nhieu ngfldi ke. Kig'u tran thuat
nay dfldc Nguyen Huy Thiep sfl dung ttong nhieu cau chuyen khac nhfl Nhitng ngUdi thd
xe, Bdi hoc ndng thdn, Thuong nhd ddng qui...
Phi tam hda trin thuat d ngoi thfl nhat la mpt ddng gdp quan trpng trong tiln trinh
ddi mdi nghe thuat tu su trong van hoc dfldng dai. Cac nha van giai doan nay da rit y thflc
ttong viec dfla van hpc di ra khdi nhung ldi mdn trfldc dd. Hp raanh dan trong nd Iflc each
tan, Nhflng tap quan da dfldc thao gid. Nha van khdng cdn ap dat cat nhin chu quan cua
hp vao trong van ban, ho khdng cd y dinh hfldng, din dudng, hp thu tieu su tham binh phg
phan cua chti the' sang tac. Hp dg' ngUdi doc tu Ifla chpn each tilp can van ban. Hd Anh
Thai, trong kha nhilu truyen ngan, ciing da chpn kigu tran thuat ttgn. Trong hiu hit cac
ttuyen dupe ke vdi nhan vat tdi, ngfldi dpe it thay nhflng tam sU rieng tU cua nha van. Cac
cau chuyen eua ngUdi ke xUng "tdi" khdng cdn la nhflng Idi tu thu, chat van hoac xam
hoi. tfl bien. "Tdi" hien Ign tiong nhflng cau chuyen da dfldc "giai toi" mpt each thiu triet.
"Tdi" chi la mdt hien hflu nhd nhoi trong mpt cdi nhan gian ddng due, xd bd, hdn loan.
Trong Phdng khdch, Td khai visa. Sdn bay, Vdn fin vdo chuyin thdn tien. Tu truyin, Chay
quanh cdng viin mdt mpl thdng... ngfldi ke' khep nep thu minh vao mot gdc nhd de mat
 Phi trung tdm hda chu the Iran thudt trong truyen ngdn Viet Nam tie 1986 din nay

cho cac nhan vat khac diln mdng. Ngfldi ke chuyen da danh mat vai ttd. hp hoan toan thu
dpng, hay ndi each khac hp cd tinh lin ttanh, hp khong 16 dien. Ddi luc "toi" khong cdn
tin vao eau chuyen cua chi'nh minh, tham chf toi la ai, tdi cung khong bilt nfla.
Chu the ttin thuat d ngoi thfl nhat da c6 sU phan ra triet de ttong cac truyen ngan
cua Nhat Chigu. Trong kha nhieu cau chuyen cua nha van nay, ngdi ke thfl nhat da vd
thanh nhflng manh vun. Rit nhilu "toi" hien hflu trong cac cau chuyen. Gipng ke da dang,
da phflc diim nhin xuit hien trong cung mpt ngfldi xflng "toi" dang ke chuyen. "Toi" dang
ke ve chuygn thflc, "toi" dang bia chuyen, "toi" lai vudng vit vao nhflng ao giac cua chinh
tdi. Chuygn thflc hay md, chuyen ttin gian hay cdi Minh ti kho ma tach bach. Trong ba
tap Mua mat na, Viet ten trin nUdc. Ngudi dn gid vd qud chudng bay di, Nhat Chieu vin
sfl dung ngdi k l xflng "tdi", nhung ngUdi ke chuyen khdng cd dung y din dat cac cau
chuyen. "Tdi" chi la nhflng raanh vd cua y thflc, cua tam thflc va cua ca vo thflc. Ngfldi
ke chuyen ehi hien dien nhfl mot ngon ngfl, mpt kf hieu ttong vd van nhflng kf hieu trong
van ban."T6i" dfldng nbu chi ghe tam vao cau chuyen, khong chti y din dit can chuyen,
khong phat ngdn, khdng binh luan. khong c6 thflc quyin. Tham cbi kho ma nhan dfldc
gipng cua ngfldi ke. Bdi cai thflc quyin ciia nd da bi tfldc doat doi khi ttd thanh am tinh.
"TSi" trong Mua mat na cung chi la cai raat na cua "toi" va ciing la mdt mat na ttong vo
van mat na hien tdn trgn nhan the. Nhat Chieu cting da tflng phat bieu vl vai trd cua ngfldi
ke trong sang tac cua minh- "Nbu tdi da ndi, van chUdng la "giic md", nhUng md la radt
dieu tu nhien, ta khong chu dpng de "md" dupc. Mdi dem nam xudng nghi ngdi, ta khdng
the Xxi ra lenh cho minh hay rad di va hay md theo mot kl hoach. Do dd van chUdng la
giic md cua mpi ngUdi, la dien bien chan thflc ttong day sau tara hdn. neu giic md ma lai
theo chieu mot ap lflc ngoai tai nao, cho dii dd la quyen lflc hay dara ddng thi thfl giic rad
cd con la giic md nfla khdng. Md theo ai cung la vo ly. Md chi la md the thdi" [1;176].
Tfnh chit ttd chdi dupc nha van xac lap rit ro ttong qua ttinh sang tao nghe thuat. Theo
nha van, van chUdng khong nen cd thara vpng va rauc dich, nd hdn nhien nhU dam tre con
chdi diia trgn cat. nhflng lau dai vfla xay xong cd the bi song bie'n xda di, chi cin nd dem
den cho con ngudi nilm hoan lac.
Tfl quan niem ttgn, truyen ngan ciia Nhat Chigu da thfl nghiem mot Ideu tu su mdi.
nd doan tuyet vdi cac kie'u ke cd ldp Iang, c6 trat tU, cd quy tac ttUdc dd. Trong hang tram
cau chuygn dupc ke', nha van khdng he ap dat mot y kiln nao, bdi "toi" trong cac cau
chuygn khong phai la "tdi", Cdnh beo la truyen ngin the hien rd nhflng quan diera ttgn;
"Vay dd la y. Tdi hdm qua, khi tdi vl nha thi y chd tdi ngay ttong phdng ngii cua tdi, hien
ra trong anh den toi vfla bat. Ngdi ttgn giudng toi, dd la y. Mot ngUdi la ma toi cam giac
rit quen. \ ^ gay mpt cam giac rdn rdn... Y kha gidng tdi vl ngoai hinh. Ao den. quan
sIm mau cung hau nhu den... Toi mdi chi hdi y la ai. thi ma y ciing cfldi, mpt nu cfldi
cham biem va tai ac. Tdi la hdn ma cua ong" [ I ;21 ]. Mpt cupc tn vin ve "toi" diln ra. Cau
hoi "tdi la ai" la mpt van la khac khoai. Tdi la hdn ma sdng cua toi, tdi la cai ddi lap cua
chinh tdi. tdi la quyin lire cua bdng dera de' sai bao chinh tdi, tdi la ke sat nhan, tdi la tu
tfldng, toi la hanh dpng, tdi la ban djch cua chfnh tdi...
Nhu vay, dfldi gdc nhin trin thuat d ngdi thfl nhat, van xudi dfldng dai ndi chung va

59
 Le Van Trung

ttuyen ngan ndi rieng da cd nhflng thay ddi Idn. Cac cau chuyen khdng con la bflc chan
dung tu hoa cua cac nha van. Nhflng cau chuygn mang tinh tii thuat khong con la manh
dit de nha van the hien nhflng quan die'm rieng. Nha van khdng he cd y ap dat nhflng chu
kiln cua minh hay hp da danh mit tiiflc quyin. Dien ngdn cua ho khong cdn bi cbi phdi
bdi mpt quyin luc nao ding sau. Bdng dang cua hp hoan toan hi khuit lip ttong ttd chdi
cua chinb hp. Ddi luc sfl bien hflu cua hp cbi ddn gian la mdt ngon ngfl cua van ban. Sfl
van dpng ttong nghe thuat ttin thuat tten khdng cdn la mot hien tflpng ddn le. Dpc ttuyg%
ngan eua nhilu nha van giai doan sau ddi mdi, sfl phan ra chu the ttin thuat da hien dien
rd ret.

2.3. Stf danh trao chu the tran thuat

Trong ttuyen thdng, tac phamtiJfsu trUdng dudc ke d ngdi thfl nhit hoac ngdi thfl
ba. Cac ngdi ke thfldng dudc tach bach de "ndi bd"cbo tac gia. Diu d ngdi ke' nao, ngfldi
ke chuyen cung "biet tudt". Cau chuyen thfldng dudc ke theo trat tfl tuyln tfnh. Nhan vat,
cdt ttuyen. dl tai, canh ttf hien Ign ro net. Chung se minh hpa cbo nhflng ndi dung, tfl
tudng ma nha van dung cdng xay dflng. Cac nha van.dflPng dai da y thflc pha vd ttat tU
tren, Vdi ho, nlu vin di di lai lai nhflng con dfldng cu, nlu khdng cd gi thay ddi, ban dpc
se thd d, lanh nhat vdi loai hinh nghe thuat nay. Thi gidi dang van dpng, dang thay ddi
tflng gid, tflng khic. Van hpc cin thoat khdi quan tinh cii. Y thflc ddi mdi, nd Iflc each tan
cua phfldng thflc tfl sfl, tit ylu phai dfldc the hien d nghe thuat ttin thuat. Viec thd nghiem
nay da dfla din sU gap gd thu vi cua van chfldng dfldng dai vdi phfldng thflc tran thuM
eua van hpc hau hign dai. Tinh phi tam boa ttong chu the trin thuat bat diu tfl tinh than
hoai nghi dai tfl sfl da tflng tdn tai ttong mpt thdi gian dai ttfldc do. Nha van khdng dfla
ra, khong xac lap nhflng y kien phan doan chu quan, hp khdng can thiep, ap dat rapt each
may mdc vao van ban. Khong cdn nhflng chi tiet dien binh, nhan vat dien binh nhfl trfldc.
Chu the ttin thuat dfldc hoan vi, dfldc danh ttao lien tuc. Phfldng thflc trin thuat trd nen
hdn dpn. dflt gay. Nd pha vd hoan toan nhflng ldi tfl sfl quen thudc. Khd nhan chan dfldc
mpt ngdi ke rd rang ttong van ban.
Sfl danh ttao chii the' trin thuat dfldc the' hien diu tign d sfl xam thflc khd tach gifla
trin thuat d ngdi thfl nhit va ngdi thfl ba. Cd nhflng cau chuyen, nhan vat "tdi" chi xuat
bien khi thi d diu truyen, khi thi d cudi ttuyen, npi dung chinh cua can chuyen dfldc ke
mdt each khach quan thdng qua nhilu vai kg' khac nhau Nhan vat "toi" cbi la ngfldi din
dat de can chuyen hinh thanh. Trong loai ttuyen dfldc ke theo kieu nay, khdng the xep
vao kie'u truyen ke d ngoi thfl nhit, ngfldi ke chuyen "tdi" khdng mang tieu diera, tflc la
"tdi" khong phai la chu the cam nhan, quan sat ttong phin chinh cua cau chuyen. Ngfldi
ke chuyen da cd sfl hoan doi, dich chuyen diem nhin. Vdi sif xuit hien cua nhilu vai ke,
ngfldi ke'. Day la kieu ngfldi kg' chuyen khdng dang tin cay. Vdi sfl danh trao nhfl tten, each
ke trd thanh phi tuyln tfnh. Thdi gian ttong cac cau chuyen bi dao Idn, khdng gian dfldc
phan manh. The gidi hien thue cang trd ngn xd bd, hdn tap, da chilu. l i t ca cac mat gd
ghl. tit ca cac gdc khuit dlu dupc bay bien.
Nguyin Huy Thiep la nha van tign phong cua kieu tU sif nay. Cac ttuyen nhU nhfl:
 Phi trung ldm hda chii the'trdn thudt trong truyen ngdn Viel Nam lif 1986 den nay

Clin. Kiem sdc, Phdm tiit, Vdng lita. Mua Nhd Nam. Truang Chi. Cdnh budm ndu thud
dy... hien dien sfl Iuan phign rat linh boat cac diim nhin tfl sfl. Tinh chit trd chdi hien
hien kha rd. Budc vao can chuyen, nha van ndi rat ro day la chuyen tdi chflng kiln, tdi ke'
lai. NhUng cang di sau vao can chuyen, "tdi" da lui sau vao hau trudng. Chuyen dudng
nhu dUdc ai dd tilp tuc ke. tdi chi la ngfldi dflng ben canh. Bp ba truyen ngan Kiim sac.
Vdng liia, Phdm tiit, la mpt thfl nghiem thu vi cua thu phap hoan ddi, danh ttao chu the'
ttan thuat. Ngfldi dpc bi cudn theo cac mdi quan he phflc hdp gifla ngfldi ke va van ban.
Xac dinh vi tti cua ngfldi ke chuyen la thao tae rat quan trpng ttong viec kham pha npi
dung, tfl tfldng cua truyen. Diera nhin cua ngfldi ke thay ddi, tfnh chit cua chuyen cung
thay ddi theo. Trong ba truyen tren, nhan vat cua ttuyen ngan nay cd the xuat hien ttd lai
ttong truyen ngan khac vdi mpt vi tri, vai ttd mdi.
Dang Than la nha van dua li thuyet trd chdi mot each dpc dao vao dia hat trin thuat.
Vai ke hoan ddi hen tuc, chu the ttan (van la cai tgn Dang Than) nhUng bien ao khdn
Ifldng, khd raa nam bat dfldc, cd khi Dang Than nhap vao ngoi thfl nhat, doi khi 6 vai trd
ngdi thfl ba. Ngay khi dflng d vi trf ngdi thfl nhit. Nhan vat "tdi", ngfldi ke, cung vun vd
thanh nhflng manh, qua nhigu "tdi" thay nhau kl. Tdi dang ngdi viet, tdi dang bia, tdi la
nhan vat cua tdi. tdi da chit, tdi nhap vao may tinh cua Dang Than de tiep tuc ke chuyen.
Tfnh phi tam cua chii the ttan thuat dfldc tac gia thg' hien diy chu y. Vdi Dang Than, nghg
thuat chi la ttd chdi, mot trd chdi khong he cd luat le. Nd la he qua cua cai nglu nhign.
Ngfldi chdi cd tinh khdng de cho ngfldi tham gia cupc chdi doan dinh dupc phfa trUdc la
nhflng gidi han nao.
Khao sat cac vai trin thuat trong hai truygn ngan "lign hoan" la Ma net va Ma nhda
(net 11), hai cau chuyen dUdc md diu na na nhau (vdn la trd tung hda mii cua Dang Than);
Dang Than cung mot dam "nfla ngUdi, nfla ma" thue rapt ttang trai each xa thanh phd.
Mua mpt xe tai hfldng hang ma cam ddt lign tuc.,, Ca bpn tat hit dien thoai, mot tgn pe-de
ngdi dpc Liiu trai chi di, mot dpi ca ve chuyen mua cot Ifldn 16 trong trang phuc Eva...
va Dang Than ngdi vilt Ma net. Nhu vay. Dang ThSn ngdi ttong ma net de vilt "ma net",
rdi tilp tuc Dang Than ngdi trong Ma nhda (net II) cung de vilt "ma net". Khong the biet
ttong hai cau chuygn tren co miy Dang Than. Rdi Dang Than ttd thanh nhan vat "toi" de'
kl chuygn cua minh, tac gia vilt: "Xin ndi ngay cai xuit xfl dd chua xay ra vi toi dang
ngdi viet "ma net" tren man hinh phang 17 inch trong phdng dieu hda hai chilu. Cd le vi
mdt qua ngn khdng chd dupc din ngay cung cac chiln hflu tu ba ndi hoang da vi minh"
[2; 173], Mach truygn di chuye'n chdng mat, dot nhien "tdi" ttd thanh nhan chflng cua mpt
chuyen di tim mo d gifla dai ngan Trfldng Sdn. "Toi" dpc Rdng xd nu cua Nguyin Trung
Thanh, "toi" doc mdt bai van cua rapt thi sinh sfl dung "phao thi" ttong rapt ki thi tuyen
sinh dai hpc. "Tdi" quay lai Trudng Sdn de' chflng kiln canh bdc mp cd rapt khdng hai.
Truyen dot ngpt dfldc chuyen sang ngoi ke thd ba, ttuyen di vao thi gidi cua nhiing ga
khong the rim thiy dfldc sfl lign hg cua minh vdi ddng loai ttong cudc sdng thflc nen phieu
Iflu vao the gidi ao. Nhiing ga nay lai rdi vao ma tran cua co y ta da chet each day 35 nam
ma Dang Than da kg' ttfldc dd. Cudi cung mot ga ttong dd: "Nung ninh tien bac y mua
mpt cai trang trai dg' hoang. Theo phong van phong thuy cua nd chac chan mot ngay kia
Dang Than cung the dpi se den day tu ba. De' Dang Than liy cam hflng viet "ma net".

61
 Le Van Trung

3. Ket luan
Khao sat truyen ngin cua cac nha van sau doi mdi dfldi gdc dp ngudi ke' chuyen,
ngudi dpc se thiy dflpc nhung dong gdp mdi cua tac gia tten linh vtJtc tfl sfl. Tac pham cua
nha van co sfl xuit hien kha phong phfl. linh boat cac vai ngfldi din dat chuygn. Dflng d
nhilu vi trf khac nhau. ngudi ke chuyen da bao quat dfldc nhflng van de tUdng ddi rpng Idn
cua hign thuc. cua cupc sdng. Trong loai hinh tu sU, ngUdi ke chuyen cd mpt vai ttd dac
biet quan trpng. Truyen ngan eiia ciia cac cay but truyen ngan sau 1986 da cd mpt sfl thay
ddi Idn ve hinh thflc ngfldi ke chuyen. Cac nha van ban che viec phan tich tam Ii nhan vat
theo cai nhin chu quan cua minh. Die'm nhin va ngdi ke lign ttic dflpc dich chuyin thay doi.
Cac nhan vat trong tac pham dfldng nhfl dlu cd kha nang thi chd nha van ttong viec ke'
chuyen. Mdi sfl kien hien Ien tfl cai nhin nhilu phfa vdi nhflng thdi diem tran thuat khdng
tiling nhau, Hien thuc la nhflng dien raao khac nhau tuy theo each ngudi ta cam nhSn ve
no. Su thay ddi tren da gdp phan raang den mdt khdng khf dan chu trong mdi quan he gifla
tac pha'm va ban dpc. Nd md ra vd bdi, vd han nhflng van dl ma tac gia gdi md ttong van
ban. Hieu flng tilp nhan vi thi cung diln ra cflc ky phong phu ma cung khdng kem phan
phflc tap.
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

[1] Nhat Chieu, 2008. Mua mat na. Nxb \ ^ nghe. Ha Npi.
[2] LP Ilin va E.A Tzuranova, 2003. Cdc khdi niim vd thudt ngd cua cdc trudng phdi
nghien cUu vdn hpc Tdy Au vd Hoa Ky thi ki XX. Nxb Dai hoc Qudc gia Ha Ndi Ha
Npi.
[3] Dang Than. 2008. Manet. Nxb Van hpc. Ha Ndi.
[4] Nguyin Huy Thiep, 2006. Tuyen tap iruyin ngdn. Nxb Van hoa Sai Gdn.

ABSTRACT
Decentralization of narrative in Vietnamese short stories from 1986 to present
Vietnamese short stories have, since 1986, shifted dramatically in narrative form.
The role of the omniscient narrator has been replaced by multiple narratives. Point of view
in the story is now constantly moving and shifting with a decenttalization of narrative
subjects. This change creates a democratic relationship between the text and the reader.
The works have been extended tiieir reflection amplitude tiirough the multi-dimensional
reception effects from the readers.