Chapter (2) Sensors

2.10.2 Temperature sensors

Temperature sensors are used to detect the

temperature of liquids, gases or solids.

Many technologies are used in temperature

sensors .
1) Thermostat (Bi-metallic strip)
2) Thermistors (Thermally sensitive resistor)
3) Electrical resistance temperature sensor (RTD)
4) Thermocouple
Applications of temperature sensors

1) Monitoring systems in medical applications.

2) Heating and air conditioning systems.
3) Monitoring of temperatures throughout the
production processes in the steel, iron and
aluminum industry.
4) Temperature profiling in ovens, furnaces.
5) Temperature measurement of gas turbine and
engine exhausts.
1) Thermostat (Bi-metallic strip)
2) Thermistors (Thermally sensitive resistor)
3) Electrical resistance temperature sensor (RTD)
4) Thermocouple
2.10.3 Light sensors
1) Light Dependent Resistor
2) Photodiode Light Sensor
3) Phototransistor
 Light Sensor Applications

Light sensors are used in •

cameras, infrared detectors,
and ambient lighting
applications

Sensor is composed of •
photoconductor such as a
photoresistor, photodiode, or
phototransistor
I
p n

+ V -
2.10.4 Magnetic Field Sensor

• Magnetic Field sensors

are used for power
steering, security, and
current measurements
on transmission lines

• Hall voltage is
proportional to magnetic
field + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
I (protons) x x x x x x +
x x x B x x x VH
x x x x x x -

I B
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

VH 
n q t
2.10.5 Ultrasonic Sensor
• Ultrasonic sensors are
used for position
measurements
• Sound waves emitted
are in the range of 2-13
MHz
• Sound Navigation And
Ranging (SONAR)
• Radio Detection And
15° - 20°
Ranging (RADAR) –
ELECTROMAGNETIC
WAVES !!
2.10.6 Photo-gate Sensor

• Photo-gates are used in

counting applications (e.g.
finding period of period
motion)

• Infrared transmitter and

receiver at opposite ends
of the sensor

• Time at which light is

broken is recorded