Course Code: CHE-005 Lec.

SAS Module 1

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Lesson title: Introduction to Organic Chemistry Materials:

Pen and SAS
Lesson Objectives: At the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
1. differentiate organic and inorganic compounds. References:
2. explain the different types of formula.  Exploring General Organic,
3. understand and be able to draw structural, and Biological Chemistry
condensed and line formulas by: H. Stephen Stoker


Productivity Tip:
Try doing a Picture Walk before starting this module. Take a quick look at the captions, activities, picutures,
etc. This is to give your brain an idea of what’s coming-it’s like watching a trailer of a movie. Doing this for a
minute will help your brain organize your thoughts before studying.

A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW

Introduction (2 mins)

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of the compounds of carbons. It is a chemistry associated with all living
matter in both plants and animals. As you study organic chemistry you will see that organic compounds are
everywhere around us. They are in our foods, flavours, and fragrances; in medicines, toiletries, and cosmetics;
in our plastics, films, fibers, and resin; in our paints, varnishes and glues; and of course in our bodies and the
bodies of all other living organisms (2). Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, hormones, and enzymes are
organic compounds.

Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (5 mins)

Instructions: In this chart, reflect on what you know. Do not worry if you are sure or not sure of your answers.
This activity simply serves to get you started on thinking about our topic. Answer only the first column, ‘What I
Know”. Leave the third column “What I Learned “blank at this time.

What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4)

1what is inorganic chemistry?

2. What is organic chemistry?

3 What are the different types of

formula?

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 Course Code: CHE-005 Lec.
SAS Module 1

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

B.MAIN LESSON

Activity 2: Content Notes (30 mins.)

During the later part of the eighteenth century and the early part of the nineteenth century, chemist
began to categorize compounds into two types: ORGANIC and INORGANIC COMPOUNDS.
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS are compounds obtained from living organisms. INORGANIC COMPOUNDS are
compounds obtained from mineral constituents of the Earth.

During this early period, chemists believed that a special “vital force” supplied by a living organism was
necessary for the formation of an organic compound. This concept was proved incorrect in 1828 by a German
Chemist Friedrick Wohler, Wohler heated an aqueous solution of two inorganic compounds, ammonium
chloride and silver cyanate, and obtained urea ( a component of urea)

Other chemists had successfully synthesized organic compounds from inorganic starting materials, As
a result, the vital-force theory was completely abandoned, but the definitions of these terms no longer reflect
their historical origins.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Is the study of hydrocarbons (compounds of carbon and hydrogen) and their
derivatives.
INORGANIC CHEMISTRY Is the study of all substances other than hydrocarbons and their derivatives?

COMPARISON OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS

COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF MOST ORGANIC AND INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
PROPERTY ORGANIC INORGANIC
Flammable Yes No
Melting point Low High
Boiling point Low High
Solubility in water No(for most) Yes
Solubility in nonpolar liquids Yes No
Types of bonding Covalent Ionic
Reactions occur between Molecules Ions
Atoms per molecule Many Few
Structure Complex Simpler
Electrolyte No Yes
th
Reference: Chemistry for Health Sciences 8 edition by: George I. Sackeim, and Deniis D. Lehman

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 Course Code: CHE-005 Lec.
SAS Module 1

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

BONDING CHRACTERISITICS OF THE CARBON ATOM

Organic compounds
 Compounds of carbon
 Held together by covalent bonds.
 Covalent bonds are formed by sharing of electrons.
 In organic chemistry the term bond is used to designate a sharred pair of electrons.
 Carbon has four electrons; this means that carbon can form a maximum of four covalent bonds.

Bonds are usually represented by a short, straight line connecting the atoms, with each bond representing a
shared pair of electrons .

Carbon atoms
 Have the unique ability to bond to each other in a wide variety of ways that involve long chains of
carbon atoms or cyclic arrangements (rings) of carbon atoms.
 Carbon can meet to this four-bond requirements in three different ways:
o By bonding to four other atoms. This situation requires the presence of four single bonds.

⸺C⸺

Four single bond

o By bonding to three other atoms. This situation requires the presence of two single bonds and
one double bond.

Two single bonds and one double bond

By bonding to two other atoms. This situation requires the presence of either two double bonds
or a triple bond and a single bond.

Two One triple bond

Double bond One single bond

TYPES OF FORMULAS:

1. STRUCTURAL FORMULAS

 In organic compounds are often written using a structural rather than a molecular formula.
 Structural formula shows the exact way in which the atoms are connected to each other but a
molecular formula does not.
 Is a two-dimensional structural representation that shows how the various atoms in a molecule
are bonded to each other.

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 Course Code: CHE-005 Lec.
SAS Module 1

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Two types of Structural Formula:

1.1 Expanded Structural Formula

 Is a structural formula that shows all atoms in a molecule and all bonds connecting the atoms.
1.2. Condensed Structural Formula
 Is a structural formula that uses groupings of atoms, in which central atoms and the atoms connected to
them are written as a group, to convey molecular structural information.

EXPANDED AND STRUCTURAL FORMULA OF: METHANE, ETHANE AND PROPANE

Methane Ethane Propane

H H H H H H
Expanded structural
formula H⸺C⸺H H⸺C⸺C⸺H H⸺C⸺C⸺C⸺H

H H H H H H

Condensed structural CH4 CH3⸺CH3 CH3⸺CH2⸺CH3

formula

2. SKELETAL STRUCTURAL FORMULA

 Is a structural formula that shows the arrangement and bonding of carbon atoms present in an organic
molecule but does not show the hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon atoms.

C⸺C⸺C⸺C⸺C means the same as CH3⸺CH2⸺CH2⸺CH2⸺CH3

Skeletal structural formula condensed structural formula

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 Course Code: CHE-005 Lec.
SAS Module 1

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

3. BOND LINE-FORMULAS (Bond-line structure, skeletal formula)

In which carbon atoms are implied at the corners and ends of lines, and each carbon atom is
understood to be attached to enough hydrogen atoms to give each carbon atom four bonds. A
representation of molecular structure in which covalent bonds are represented with one line for each
level of bond order. The most common and the fastest to draw. Bond line formulas are easy to draw for
molecules with multiple bonds (4). Bond is used to designate a shared pair of electrons.

For example, we can represent pentane (CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3) and isopentane [(CH3)2CHCH2CH3] as

follows(4):

Below is an example of a more complicated molecule

The following are the suggested steps for drawing a lin-angle structure: (4)

1. Each line represents a bond

2. Remove all hydrogens bonded to carbon
3. Remove all carbons
4. Because the carbons on the left are drawn straight across, we cannot see corners easily, so bend your
lines ( zig-zag) so that the corners are apparent.

Examples:

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 Course Code: CHE-005 Lec.
SAS Module 1

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Activity 3: Skill-building Activities (with answer key) (30 mins + 5 mins checking)

Instructions: Consider the differences between organic and inorganic compounds as you answer each
of the following questions: Check your answers against the Keys to Correction at the last pages of this
SAS. Write your Score.

1. Which compounds make good electrolytes?

2. Which compound exhibit ionic bonding?

3. Which compounds have lower melting point?

4. Which compounds are more likely to be soluble in water?

5. Which compounds are flammable?

Instructions: Convert the following structural formulas into: Condensed structural formula, and Line formulas.

STRUCTURAL FORMULA CONDENSED FORMULA LINE FORMULAS

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 Course Code: CHE-005 Lec.
SAS Module 1

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (3 mins)

Instruction: To review what was learned from this session, please go back to Activity 1 and answer the “What I
Learned” column. Notice and reflect any changes in your answers.

Activity 5: Check for Understanding (35 mins)

Instructions: Some of the following structural formulas are incorrect (that is, they do not represent real
compounds) because they have atoms with an incorrect number of bonds. Which structural formulas are
incorrect, and which atoms in them have an incorrect number of bonds?

H H H H

1. H-C ≡ C-C-H 2. H-C=C-H

H H H H

HH H H

3. H-N-C-C-O-H 4. H-C- C=O-H

H H H H H

H HO
║
5. H-C-C-C-H

H H

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 Course Code: CHE-005 Lec.
SAS Module 1

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Instructions: Complete the following structural formulas by adding enough hydrogen to complete the
teravalence of each carbon. Then write the molecular formula for each compound.

1. C-C=C-C-C

2. C-C-C-OH

3. C-C-C-C-NH2

OH

4. C-C-C-C-C

5. C=C-C-OH

C. LESSON WRAP-UP

Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins)

A. Work Tracker: You are done with this session! Let’s track your progress. Shade the session
number you just completed.
Reminder: Instructor/facilitator. Please direct the students to mark their place in the work tracker
which is simply a visual to help students track how much work they have accomplished and how
much work there is left to do.

P1 P2 P3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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 Course Code: CHE-005 Lec.
SAS Module 1

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

B. Think about your Learning: What part of the module that you think i need to elaborate further
and why?

FAQs

1. What is urrea?
Ans. Urea is the simplest naturally occurring amide, it is a water soluble white solid in the human body
from carbon dioxide and ammonia through a complex series of metabolic reactions.

2. Where do we obtain Organic Compounds?

Ans. Chemists obtain organic compounds either by isolation from plant and animal sources or by
synthesis in the laboratory.

KEY TO CORRECTIONS for Activity # 3:

Instructions: Consider the differences between organic and inorganic compounds as you answer each of the
following questions:

1. Which compounds make good electrolytes?

Ans. Inorganic Compounds

2. Which compound exhibit ionic bonding?

Ans. Organic Compounds

3. Which compounds have lower melting point?

Ans. Organic Compounds

4. Which compounds are more likely to be soluble in water?

Ans. Inorganic Compounds

5. Which compounds are flammable?

Ans. Organic Compounds

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

 Course Code: CHE-005 Lec.
SAS Module 1

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Instructions: Convert the following structural formulas into: Condensed structural formula, and Line formulas.

STRUCTURAL FORMULA CONDENSED FORMULA LINE FORMULAS

CH3CH2CH2CH3

CH3CHCH3

CH3

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3

This document is the property of PHINMA EDUCATION

 Course Code: CHE-005 Lec.
SAS Module 1

Name: Class number: _______

Section: ____________ Schedule: _______________________________________ Date: _______________

Citations:

1. General, Organic and Biochemistry (5th ed.)by: Katherine J. Denniston, Joseph J. Topping,
Robert L. Caret
2. Introduction to General, Organic and Biocehmsitry (8th ed.) by: Frederick A. Bettelhem,
William H. Brown, Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrel
3. Chemistry for Health Sciences (8th) by: George L. Sackeim, Dennis D Lehman

4. https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_South_Carolina__Upstate/USC_Upstate%3A_CHEM_U109_-
_Chemistry_of_Living_Things_(Mueller)/11%3A_Organic_Chemistry/11.03_Condensed_Structural_and_Line-
Angle_Formulas

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