THE COMPUTER HARDWARE

Computer – is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions stored in

its own memory, that can accept data (Input), process the data according to
specified rules, produce information (Output), and store the information for
future use.

Hardware - is any part of a computer system you can see or touch.

CATEGORIES OF COMPUTERS AND MOBILE DEVICES

1. Personal Computer 3. Game Consoles 5. Supercomputers
2. Mobile Computers and 4. Servers 6. Embedded Computers
Mobile Devices

1. A PERSONAL COMPUTER – is a mobile computer or desktop that can perform all of

its input, processing, output, and storage activities by itself and is intended to be used by one
person at a time. Most personal computers today also can communicate with other
computers and devices.

Types of Personal Computers and Mobile Devices:

1.1 Laptops – also called a notebook computer, is a thin, lightweight mobile computer with
a screen in its lid and a keyboard in its base. Designed to fit on your lap and for easy
transport, most laptop weigh up to 7 pounds and can operate on batteries or a power
supply or both.

1.2 Tablets – usually smaller than a laptop but larger than a phone. A tables is a thin,
lighter weight mobile computer that has a touch screen. Like laptops, tablets run on
batteries or a power supply or both, however, batteries in a tablet typically last longer
than those in laptops.

1.3 Desktop – or desktop computer is a personal computer designed to be in a stationary

location, where all of its components fit on or under a desk or table.

2. MOBILE COMPUTERS AND MOBILE DEVICES

 MOBILE COMPUTER – is a portable personal computer, designed so that a user can

carry it from place to place. A user is anyone who interacts with a computer or mobile
device, or utilizes the information it generates.

 MOBILE DEVICE – is a computing device small enough to hold in your hand. Because
of their reduced size, the screens on mobile devices are small – often between 3 and 5
inches. Popular types of mobile devices are smartphones, digital cameras, portable and
digital media players, e-book readers and wearable devices.
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 Smartphone – is an Internet-capable phone that usually also includes a calendar, an

address book, a calculator, a notebook, games, browser, and numerous other apps.

 Digital Camera – is a mobile device that allows users to take photos and store the
photographed images digitally. A smart digital camera also can communicate
wirelessly with other devices and can include apps similar to those on a smartphone.

 Portable Media Player – is a mobile device on which you can store, organize, and
play or view digital media. Portable media players enable you to listen to music, view
photos, watch videos, movies and television shows, and even record audio and video.

 Digital Media Player – A digital media player or streaming media player is a device,
typically used in a home that streams digital media from a computer or network to a
television, projector, or some other entertainment device.

 E-Book Readers – (short for electronic book reader) – is a mobile device that
is used primarily for reading e-books and other digital publications. An e-book or
digital book, is an electronic version of a printed book, readable on computers and
other mobile devices. Mobile computers and devices that display text also can
function as e-book readers.

 Wearable Devices – wearable is a small, mobile computing device designed to be

worn by a consumer. These devices often communicate with a mobile device or
computer using Bluetooth. Three popular types of wearable devices are activity
trackers, smart watches, and smart glasses.

 Activity tracker – is a wearable device that monitors fitness-related activities

such as distance walked, heart rate, pulse, calories consumed and sleep patterns.
These devices typically sync, usually wirelessly, with a web or mobile app on your
computer or mobile device to extend the capability of the wearable device.

 Smart watch – is a wearable device that, in addition to keeping time, can

communicate wirelessly with a smartphone to make and answer phone calls,
read and send messages, access the web, play music, work with apps such as
fitness trackers, GPS and more.

 Smart glasses, also called smart eyewear or augmented reality glasses

– are wearable head-mounted eyeglass-type devices that enable the user to view
information or take photos and videos that are projected to a miniature screen
in the user’s field of vision. For example, the device wearer could run an app
while wearing smart glasses that display flight status information when he or she
walks into an airport. Some smart glasses also include mobile apps, such as
fitness trackers and GPS.
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3. SERVERS – is a computer dedicated to providing one or more services to other computers

or devices on a network. Services provided by servers include storing content and
controlling access to hardware, software, and other resources on a network.

4. SUPERCOMPUTERS. A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer – and

the most expensive. Supercomputers are capable of processing many trillions of instructions
in a single second.
For example, large-scale simulations and applications in medicine, aerospace,
automotive design, online banking, weather forecasting, nuclear energy research, and
petroleum use a supercomputer.

5. GAME CONSOLE - is a mobile computing device Machine controllers designed for single-
player or multiplayer video games. Gamers often connect the game console to a television
or a monitor so that they can view gameplay on the screen.

6. EMBEDDED COMPUTERS. An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer that

functions as a component in a larger product. Embedded computers are everywhere – at
home, in your car, and at work.

The following list identifies a variety of everyday products that contain embedded computers.

 Consumer Electronics: Mobile and digital telephones, Digital televisions, Cameras, Video
recorders, DVD players and recorders, Answering machines.

 Home Automation Devices: Thermostats, Sprinkling systems, Security systems, Vacuum

systems, Appliances, Lights

 Automobiles: Antilock brakes, Engine control modules, Electronic stability control, Airbag
control unit, Cruise control, Navigation systems and GPS receivers

 Process Controllers and Robotics: Remote monitoring systems, Power monitors, Medical
devices

 Computer Devices and Office Machines: Keyboards, Printers, Faxes, Copy machines

PORTS AND CONNECTIONS

Computers and mobile devices connect to peripheral devices through ports or by using
wireless technologies.

Peripheral Device – is a device you connect to a computer or mobile device to expand its
capabilities. Examples include a keyboard, mouse, microphone, monitor, printer, scanner,
external hard drive, webcam, and speakers.

Port – is the point at which a peripheral device (i.e., keyboard, printer, monitor, etc.) attaches to
or communicates with a computer or mobile device so that the peripheral device can
send data to or receive information from the computer or mobile device.
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( Dongle - a small device able to be connected to and used with a computer, especially to allow
access to wireless broadband or use of protected software. (Oxford Dictionary) )

A connector joins a cable to a port. A connector at one end of a cable attaches to a port on the
computer or mobile device, and a connector at the other end of the cable attaches to a
port on the peripheral device.

Most connectors are available in one of two genders. Male connectors have one or
more exposed pins. Female connectors have matching holes to accept the pins on a
male connector.

1. USB port (Universal Serial Bus) port – is a newly designed port for computer devices
or peripherals to connect to, such as the printer, USB flash drive, iPOD, and digital cameras.

2. Monitor port – the LCD monitor is plug into this computer port.

3. Network port – to connect our PC or laptop at the company or school’s Local Area
Network (LAN). We call this port as RJ (Reference Jack)-45 port, the standard port used in LAN
technology.
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4. Modem port – this is the port we use to

connect our PC to a phone line in order to access to
the Internet. We usually call this port as RJ (Reference
Jack) – 11 port.

5. Parallel port – older model printer should

be connected to this port.

6. Serial port – this port is the one we use to

connect our external modem. PC or laptop to the
Internet via phone line.

7. Audio port – there is a color coding or

symbols used and applied to this port to
distinguish it from one another.

UPS - ( Uninterruptible Power Supply ) - is a standby battery back-up for your

computer or company's server. UPS provides temporary and limited electrical energy while your
computer and company's server is experiencing electrical brown-out or any electrical power failure
or when electrical current fluctuates abnormally.

COMPONENTS INSIDE THE CPU BOX OR SYSTEM UNIT

1. Motherboard – sometimes called a system board, is the main circuit board of the
computer. Many electronic components, such as the processor and memory, attach to the
motherboard; others are built into it.

2. Processor, also called the Central Processing Unit (CPU). – interprets and carries
out the basic instruction that operate a computer. The processor significantly impacts overall
computing power and manages most of a computer’s operation. It is considered as the
brain of the computer.

3. Memory – consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed

by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data
(information). Memory usually consists of one or more chips on the motherboard or some
other circuit board in the computer.

3.1 RAM ( Random Access Memory ) also called the main memory, consists of
memory chips that can be read from and written to by the processor and other devices.

Most RAM is volatile, which means it loses its contents when the power is removed
from the computer. For this reason, you must save any data, instructions, and
information you may need in the future.
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3.2 ROM ( Read Only Memory ) ( pronounced as rahm) refers to memory chips
storing permanent data and instructions. The data on most ROM chips cannot be
modified – and nonvolatile, which means its contents are not lost when power is
removed from the computer. An example is the program to start the computer. ROM
information cannot be changed even when power is turned off.

4. Power Supply and Batteries – or laptop AC adapter converts the wall outlet AC power
into DC power. Different motherboards and computers require different wattages on the
power supply. If a power supply is not providing the necessary power, the computer will
not function properly.

5. Internal Storage. Internal storage is where data is kept for future use. This storage
retains information even when power is turned off. The common internal storage is the
hard disk but solid-state drive a high storage without moving parts is now available.

6. Video Card. Also known as the graphics accelerator card or simply graphics card is
a computer component whose main function is to generate video and images to a monitor.
Video cards are installed to improve the quality and speed in which images are displayed.
Some video cards have functions as TV tuner for cable or antenna based TV viewing, video
capture for video cameras and to connect several monitors to one CPU.
FOUR BASIC COMPUTER OPERATIONS:
1. I - Input. is any data entered into the memory of a computer.

2. P - Processing. Is a method in which the computer analyzes or thinks on what to do

with the input data that have entered. The Central Processing Unit or CPU is
known as the brain of the computer, is the one that does the thinking or
processing.

3. O - Output. Is data that has been processed into a useful form. Recall that computers
process data (input) into information (output). The form of output varies,
depending on the hardware and software being used and the requirements of the
user.

Four Types of Output:

1. Text. Examples of output that primarily contain text are text messages,
Internet messages, memos, letters, press releases, reports, classified
advertisements, envelopes, and mailing labels. On the web, users read blogs,
news, and magazine articles, books, television show transcripts, stock quotes,
speeches, and lectures.

2. Graphics. Many forms of output include graphics to enhance visual appeal

and convey information. Business letters have logos. Reports include charts.
Newsletters use drawings, clip art, and photos. Users print high-quality photos
taken with a digital camera. Many websites use animation.
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3. Audio. Users download their favorite songs and listen to the music.
Software, such as games encyclopedias, and simulations, often include musical
accompaniments and audio clips, such as narrations and speeches. On the
web, users listen to radio broadcasts, audio clips, podcasts, sporting events,
news, music, and concerts.

4. Video. As with audio, software and websites often include video clips and
video blogs. Users watch news reports, movies, sporting events, weather
conditions, and live performances on a computer or mobile device. They
attach a video camera to a computer or mobile device to watch video or
programs.

4. S - Storage. A computer stores the output of processing operations in a storage

media for future use.

THE COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER HARDWARE

1. Input Device 4. Storage Device
2. Output Device 5. Communications Device
3. System Unit or (chassis)

1. INPUT DEVICE – is any hardware component that allows you to enter data and instructions
into a computer or mobile device. Commonly used input devices are:

1.1 Keyboard – is an input device that contains keys you press to enter data and instructions
into a computer or mobile device.

1.2 Pointing Devices – is an input device that allows a user to control a small symbol on a
screen, called the pointer. Pointer is a small symbol on the screen whose location and shape
change as a user moves a pointing device.

1.2.1 Mouse is a pointing device that fits under the palm of your hand comfortably.
With the mouse, you control movement of the pointer and send instructions to
the computer or mobile device.

1.2.2 Touchpad – is a small, flat, rectangular pointing device that is sensitive to pressure
and motion. To move the pointer using a touchpad, slide your fingertip across the
surface of the pad. Some touchpad recognize touch gestures, such as swipe, pinch,
and stretch motions.

1.2.3 Trackball – is a stationary pointing device with a ball on its top or side. The ball
in most trackballs is about the size of a Ping-Pong ball. To move the pointer using
a trackball, you rotate the ball with your thumb, fingers or the palm of your hand.
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In addition to the ball, a trackball usually has one or more buttons that work like
mouse buttons.

1.3 Touch Screen – is a touch-sensitive display. Touch screens are convenient because they
do not require a separate device for input. Smartphones and tablets, and laptops and all-in-
ones offer touch screen.

You can interact with a touch screen by touching areas of the screen with your finger or
a stylus to make selections or to begin typing. Many touch screens also respond to
gestures. A gesture is a motion you make on a touch screen with the tip of one or more
fingers or your hand.

1.4 Pen Input – with pen input, you touch a stylus or digital pen on a flat surface to write,
draw, or make selections.

1.4.1 Stylus – is a small metal or plastic device that looks like a tiny ink pen but uses
pressure instead of ink. To capture a handwritten signature, a user writes his or
her name on a signature capture pad with a stylus that is attached to the device.
Software then transmits the signature to a central computer, where the signature
is stored.

1.4.2 Digital Pen – which is slightly larger than a stylus, is an input device that captures
and converts a user’s handwriting or drawings into a digital format, which users
can upload (transfer) to a computer or mobile device.

1.4.3 Graphics Tablet – to use pen input on a computer that does not have a touch
screen, you can attach a graphics tablet to the computer. A graphics tablet, also
called a digitizer, is an electronic plastic board that detects and converts
movements of a stylus or digital pen into digital signals that are sent to the
computer.

1.5 Motion, Voice and Video Input – some mobile devices and computers enable you to
speak data instructions using voice input and to capture live full-motion images using video
input. For voice input, you use a microphone, and for video input you use a webcam.

1.5.1 Motion Input – sometimes called gesture recognition, users can guide on-
screen elements using air gestures. With motion input, a device containing a
camera detects your gesture and then converts it to a digital signal that is sent to
a computer, mobile or game device. For example, gamers can swing their arm
or a controller to simulate rolling a bowling ball down a lane toward the pins.

1.5.2 Voice and Audio Input.

Voice Input – is the process of entering by speaking into a microphone. The
microphone may be built in the computer or device, in a headset, or an external
peripheral device that sits on top of a desk or other surface. Some external
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microphones have a cable that attaches to a port on a computer, others

communicate using wireless technology, such as Bluetooth.

Uses of voice input include Internet messaging that supports voice conversations,
chat rooms that support voice chats, video calls, videoconferencing, VoIP, and
voice recognition.

1.5.3 Audio Input – voice input is part of a larger category of input called audio input.
Audio Input is the process of entering any sound into the computer, such as
speech, music and sound effects.

To enter high-quality sound into computer, the computer uses a sound

card or integrated sound capability. Users enter sound into computers and mobile
devices such as microphones, CD/DVD/Blu-ray Disc players, or radios, each of
which plugs in a port on the computer or device.

1.5.4 Video Input – is the process of capturing full-motion images and storing them on
a computer or mobile device’s storage medium, such as a hard drive or optical
disc. A digital video (DV) camera – records video as digital signals, which you
can transfer directly to a computer or mobile device with the appropriate
connection.

Webcam – is a type of digital video (DV) camera that enables you to capture
video and still images and usually audio input for viewing or manipulation on a
computer or mobile device.

1.5.5 Microphone – is an input device that enables you to speak into a computer or
mobile device.

1.6 Scanners and Reading Devices.

 Scanners – is light-sensing input device that reads printed text and graphics and then
translates the results into a form the computer can process.
 A flatbed Scanner works in a manner similar to a copy machine except it creates a
file of the document in memory instead of a paper copy.
 Bar Code Reader, also called a bar code scanner – is an optical reader that uses
laser beams to read bar codes.
 A bar code is an identification code that often consists of either a set of vertical lines
and spaces of different widths or a two-dimensional pattern of dots, squares, and other
images. The bar code represents data that identifies the manufacturer and the item.
 A QR Code (Quick Response Code) is known as a 2-D bar code because it stores
information in both a vertical and horizontal direction in a square-shaped graphic that
represents a web address or other content, such as contacts or phone numbers. QR
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codes can be read with a QR bar code or a QR code reader app on a smartphone or
other mobile device.
 RFID Readers. (Radio Frequency Identification) is a technology that uses radio
signals to communicate with a tag placed in or attached to an object, an animal, or a
person. RIFD tags, which contain a memory chip an an antenna, are available in many
shapes and sizes.

RFID reader reads information on the tag via radio waves. RFID readers
can be handheld devices or mounted in a stationary object. Such as a doorway. Uses
of RFID include tagging and updating inventory ( as an alternative to bar code
identification); tracking times of runners in a marathon; tracking location of people,
airline baggage, and misplaced or stolen goods; checking lift tickets of skiers; gauging
temperature and pressure of tires on a vehicle; checking our library books; providing
access to rooms or buildings, managing purchases; and tracking payment as vehicles
pass through booths on tollway systems.

 Magstripe Readers – short for magnetic stripe card reader, reads the magnetic
stripe on the back of credit cards, entertainment cards, bank cards, identification
cards, and other similar cards. The stripe contains information identifying you and
the card issuer. Some information stored in the stripe may include your name,
account number, the card’s expiration date, and a country code.

 MICR (Magnetic-ink Character Recognition) device reads text printed with

magnetized ink. An MICR reader converts MICR character into a form the computer
can process. The banking industry almost exclusively uses MICR for check
processing. Each check in your checkbook has precoded MICR characters beginning
the lower-left edge.

When a bank receives a check for payment, it uses an MICR inscriber to print
the amount of the check in MICR characters in the lower-right corner. Each check
is inserted in an MICR reader, which sends the check information – including the
amount of the check – to a computer for processing.

 Data Collection Devices – instead of reading or scanning data from a source

document, a data collection device obtains data directly at the location where the
transaction or event takes place.

For example, employees use bar code readers, handheld computers, or other
mobile devices to collect data wirelessly. These types of data collection devices are
used in restaurants, grocery stores, factories, warehouses, the outdoors, or other
locations where heat, humidity, and cleanliness are not easy to control. For example,
factories and retail stores use data collection devices to take inventory and order
products.
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2. OUTPUT DEVICE – any hardware component that conveys information from a computer or
mobile device to one or more people. Common methods of output include displays, printers,
speakers, headphones and earbuds, data projectors, interactive whiteboards, and force-feedback
game controllers and tactile output.

2.1 Display device or simply display – is an output device that visually conveys text,
graphics, and video information. Sometimes called soft copy, information on a display
exists electronically and appears for a temporary period.

Displays consist of a screen and the components that produce the information on the
screen.

Desktops often use a monitor as their display. A monitor is a display that is packaged
as a separate peripheral device.

 What can you do to ease eyestrain while using a computer or

mobile device?

Position the display about 20 degrees below eye level. Clean

the screen regularly. Blink your eyes every five seconds. Adjust the
room lighting. Face into an open space beyond the screen. Use larger
fonts or zoom the display. Take an eye break every 30 minutes. If
you wear glasses, ask your doctor about computer glasses.

2.2 Printers. A printer - is an output device that produces text and graphics on a physical
medium such as paper. Printed information (hard copy) exists physically and is a more
permanent form of output than that presented on a display (soft copy).

TYPES OF PRINTERS
1. Non-Impact Printers – forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper without
actually contracting the paper. Commonly used nonimpact printers are ink-jet
printers, photo printers, laser printers, all-in-one printers, label printers, plotters and
large-format printers.

A. Ink-Jet Printer – is a type of non-impact printer that forms characters and

graphics by spraying tiny drops of liquid ink onto a piece of paper. Ink-jet printers
have become a popular type of color printer for use in the home.

B. Photo Printer – is a color printer that produces lab-quality photos lab quality
photos. Some photo printers print just one or two sizes of photos, for example,
3 x 5 inches and 4 x 6 inches. Some even print panoramic photos. Generally,
the more sizes the printer prints, the more expensive the printer.

C. Laser Printer – is a high-speed, high quality non-impact printer. Laser printers

are available in both black and white and color models.
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D. Thermal Printer – generates images by pushing electrically heated pins against

heat-sensitive paper. Basic thermal printers are inexpensive, but the print quality
is low, the images tend to fade over time, and thermal paper can be expensive.

E. Mobile Printer – is a small, lightweight, battery-powered printer that allows a

mobile user to print from a laptop, smartphone, or other mobile device while
travelling.

F. Label Printer – is a small printer that prints on an adhesive-type material that

can be placed on a variety of items, such as envelopes, packages, optical discs,
photos, and file folders. Most label printers also print bar codes.

G. Plotter – is a sophisticated printer used to produce high-quality drawings, such

as blueprints, maps, and circuit diagrams. These printers are used in a specialized
fields such as engineering and drafting and usually are very costly.

H. Large-Format Printers – creates photo-realistic quality color prints. Graphic

artists use these high-cost, high-performance printers for signs, posters, and other
professional quality displays.

2. Impact Printers – forms characters and graphics on a piece of paper by striking a

mechanism against an inked ribbon that physically contacts the paper. Impact
printers characteristically are noisy because of striking activity. Impact printers are
ideal for printing multipart forms because they print through many layers of paper
easily.

2.3 Other Output Devices – include speakers, headphones and earbuds, data projectors,
interactive whiteboards, and force-feedback game controllers and tactile output.

2.3.1 Speakers, Earbuds, and Headphones.

Speakers allow you to hear audio, that is, music, voice, and other sounds. Most
personal computers and mobile devices have a small internal speaker.

Headphones and Earbuds

Headphones – cover or are placed outside of the ear to hear sound or listen.

Earbuds – rest inside the ear canal to hear sound or listen.

Headset – is a device that functions as both headphones and a microphone.

Computer and smartphone users wear a headset to free their hands for typing
and other activities while talking or listening to audio output.

2.3.2 Data Projector – is a device that projects the text and images displaying on a
computer or mobile device screen on a larger screen so that an audience can see
the image clearly.
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2.3.3 Interactive whiteboards – is a touch-sensitive device, resembling a dry-erase

board that displays the image on a connected computer screen, usually via a
projector.

2.3.4 Force-Feedback Game Controllers and Tactile Output

Force feedback – is a technology that sends resistance to the device in response
to actions of the user.
2.3.5 Synthesizers – designed to generate sounds electronically. It can be used to
produce music or noise.

3. SYSTEM UNIT – refers to the case on the desktop that contains and protects the
motherboard, hard drive, memory, and other electronic components.

4. STORAGE DEVICE – is the hardware that records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to
and from storage media. Writing is the process of transferring data, instructions, and
information from memory to a storage medium. Reading is the process of transferring these
items from a storage medium into memory.

 When storage devices write on storage medium, they are creating output. Similarly, when storage
devices read from storage media, they function as a source of input. Nevertheless, they are
categorized as storage devices, not as input or output devices.
Storage Capacity
Capacity – is the number of bytes (characters) a storage medium can hold. A gigabyte (GB)
equals approximately 1 billion bytes. A terabyte (TB) is equal to approximately 1 trillion bytes.

Bit - Short for binary digit, it is the smallest unit of measurement.

A byte (character) – is the basic storage unit in memory.

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4.1 Hard Drives – the term hard drive refers collectively to hard disks and SSDs. Hard drives
can be internal or external. That is, they can reside inside a computer or mobile device, or
they can be an external device that connects to a computer or some mobile devices.
4.1.1 Hard Disk, is also called a Hard Disk Drive (HDD) – is a storage device that
contains one or more inflexible, circular platters that use magnetic particles to store
data, instructions, and information. Desktops and laptops often contain at least one
hard disk. The entire hard disk is enclosed in an airtight, sealed case to protect it from
contamination.

4.1.2 SSDs. An SSD (solid-state drive) – is a flash memory storage device that contains
its own processor to manage its storage. Flash memory is a type of nonvolatile memory
that can be erased electronically and rewritten. Flash memory chips are type of solid-
state media, which means they consist entirely of electronic components, such as
integrated circuits, and contain no moving parts.

SSDs are used in all types of computers, including servers, desktops, laptops, tablets,
and a variety of mobile devices, such as portable media players and DV cameras. Some
computers have both a hard disk and an SSD.

SSDs have several advantages over traditional (magnetic) hard disks, including the
following:
o Faster access times (can be more than 100 times faster)
o Faster transfer rates
o Quieter operation
o More durable
o Lighter weight
o Less power consumption (leads to longer battery life)
o Less heat generation
o Longer life (more than 10 times longer)
o Defragmentation is not required

 SSDs have faster access times than traditional hard disks, but they also are more
expensive.

The disadvantages of SSDs are that they typically have lower storage capacity than
hard disks, data recovery in the event of failure can be more difficult than for traditional
hard disks, and their cost is higher per gigabyte.

In order to keep the price of a laptop affordable, laptops with SSDs usually have a lower
storage capacity than laptops with a traditional hard disk.

4.1.3 External Hard Drives. An external hard drives – is a separate freestanding storage
device that connects with a cable to a USB port or other port on a computer or mobile
device.
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4.1.4 RAID. A group of two or more integrated hard drives are called a RAID (redundant
array of independent disks). RAID is an ideal storage solution in situations where
uninterrupted access to the data is critical. Enterprises often use RAID.

4.2 Portable Flash Memory Storage. Two other widely used types of flash memory storage
include memory cards and USB flash drives. Users opt for memory cards and USB flash
drives because they are portable.

4.2.1 Memory Cards – enable mobile users easily to transport digital photos, music,
videos, or other files to and from mobile devices and computers or other devices.
A memory card is a removable flash memory storage device, usually no bigger than
1.5 inches in height or width that you insert in and remove from a slot in a
computer, mobile device or card reader/writer. With a card reader/writer, you
can transfer the stored items, such as digital photos, from a memory to a computer
or printer that does not have a built-in card slot.

4.2.2 USB Flash Drives – sometimes called a thumb drive – is a flash memory storage
device that plugs in a USB port on a computer or mobile device. USB flash drives
are convenient for mobile users because they are small and lightweight enough to
be transported on a keychain or in a pocket. With a USB flash drive, users easily
transfer documents, photos, music, and videos from one computer to another.

4.3 Cloud Storage – is available for home and business users, with various levels of storage
services available, cloud storage fee arrangements vary, depending on the user’s storage
requirements.

Cloud Storage – instead of storing data, instructions, and information locally on a hard
drive or other media, some users opt for cloud storage. Cloud storage is an Internet service
that provides remote storage to computer users.

Types of service offered by cloud storage providers vary. Some provide storage for specific
type of media, such as photos, whereas others store any content and provide backup
services.

4.4 Optical Discs – an optical disc is a type of storage medium that consists of a flat, round,
portable disc made of metal, plastic, and lacquer that is written and read by a laser. Three
widely used types of optical discs are CDs (compact discs), DVDs (digital versatile discs or
sometimes digital video discs) and Blu-ray Discs.

Many different formats or optical discs are available today. Some are read only, meaning
users cannot write (save) on the media. Others are read/write, which allows user to save
on the disc just as they save on a hard drive.

4.4.1 CDs/DVDs are available in three basic formats: read-only, recordable, and
rewritable.
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Some DVDs are double-sided. A more expensive DVD format is Blu-ray, which
has a higher capacity and better quality than standard DVDs, especially for high
definition audio and video.

4.5 Enterprise Storage – allows large organizations to manage and store data and information
using devices intended for heavy use, maximum efficiency, and maximum availability. The
availability of hardware to users is a measure of how often it is online.

Some organizations manage an enterprise storage system in-house. Others elect to offload
all (or at least the backup) storage management to an outside organization or a cloud storage
provider, a practice known as outsourcing. Enterprises use a combination of storage
techniques to meet their large-scale needs, including cloud storage, RAID, network attached
storage, storage area networks and tape.

4.5.1 RAID (redundant array of independent disks) A group of two or more

integrated hard drives are called a RAID. Although RAID can be more expensive
than traditional hard drives, it is more reliable. Computers and enterprise storage
devices often use RAID.

RAID may duplicate data, instructions, and information to improve data reliability,
RAID implements duplication in different ways, depending on the storage design,
or level, being used.

4.5.2 Magnetic Tape - one of the first storage media used with enterprise computers
was Tape. Tape is a magnetically coated ribbon of plastic that is capable of storing
large amounts of data and information at a low lost.

Before the use of digital music players became widespread, cassette tapes were a
popular medium to store music. Tape no longer is used as a primary method of
storage. Instead, businesses use tape most often for long-term storage and backup.

4.6 Other Types of Storage

4.6.1 Magnetic Stripe Card – is a credit card, entertainment card, bank card, or other
similar card with a stripe that contains information identifying you and the card.
The card issuer, such as a financial organization, encodes information in the stripe.
The information in the stripe often includes your name, account number, and the
card’s expiration date.

4.6.2 Smart Card – which is an alternative to a magnetic stripe card, stores data on an
integrated circuit embedded in the card. Two types of smart card, also called chip
cards, are contact and contactless.

When you insert a contact smart card in a specialized card reader, the information
on the smart card is read and, if necessary, updated.
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Contactless smart cards communicate with a reader using a radio frequency, which
means the user simply places the card near the reader.

4.6.2 RFID Readers. (Radio Frequency Identification) is a technology that uses

radio signals to communicate with a tag placed in or attached to an object, an
animal, or a person. The RIFD tags consists of an antenna and a memory chip that
contains the information to be transmitted via radio waves.

RFID reader reads the radio signals and transfers the information to a computer
or computing device.

RFID tags are either passive or active. An active RFID tag contains a battery that
runs the chip’s circuitry and broadcasts a signal to the RFID reader.

A passive RFID tag does not contain a battery and, thus, cannot send a signal until
the reader activates the tag’s antenna by sending out electromagnetic waves.
Because passive RFID tags contain no battery, these can be small enough to be
embedded in skin.

4.6.3 NFC Chips and Tags – NFC (Near Field Communications) is a technology (based
on RFID) that uses close-range radio signals to transmit data between two NFC-
enabled devices or an NFC-enabled and an NFC tag. Most NFC tags are self-adhesive,
so that they can be attached to any location. Examples include smartphones, digital
cameras, computers, televisions and terminals. Other objects such as credit cards and
tickets

What are some uses of NFC devices?

o Pay for goods and services (i.e., smartphone to terminal)
o Share contacts, photos, and other files (i.e. smartphone to smartphone or
digital camera to television)
o Download apps (i.e. computer to smartphone)
o Gain access or admittance (i.e. smartphone to terminal)

5. COMMUNICATION DEVICE – is any type of hardware capable of transmitting data,

instructions, and information between a sending device and a receiving device. At the sending
end, a communications device sends the data, instructions or information from the sending
device to transmission media. At the receiving end, a communications device receives the signals
from the transmission media. Example: modem, wireless access points, routers, network cards,
and hubs and switches.

5.1 Digital Modems: Cable, DSL, and ISDN

5.1.1 A broadband modem, also called a digital modem – is a communications

device that sends and receives data and information to and from a digital line.
Three types of broadband modems are cable modems, DSL modems, and ISDN
modems. These modems typically include built-in Wi-Fi connectivity.
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5.1.2 A Cable Modem – is a broadband modem that sends and receives digital data over
the CATV network. To access the Internet using the CATV service, provider
installs a splitter inside your house. From the splitter, one part of the cable runs
to your televisions and the other part connects to the cable modem. Many CATV
providers include a cable modem as part of the installation; some offer a rental
plan, and others require that you purchase one separately.

A cable modem usually is an external device, in which one end of a cable connects
to a CATV wall outlet and the other end plugs in a port on a computer.

5.1.3 A DSL Modem – is a broadband modem that sends digital data and information
from a computer to a DSL line and receives digital data and information from a
DSL line. (Digital Subscriber Line)

5.1.4 An ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) Modem – is a broadband

modem that sends digital data and information from a computer to an ISDN line
and receives digital data and information from an ISDN line. DSL and ISDN
modems usually are external devices, in which one end connects to the phone line
and the other end connects to a port on the computer.

5.2 Wireless Modems – Some smartphones also can function as a wireless modem, called a
mobile hot spot, when tethered to a personal computer or mobile device.

5.3 Wireless Access Points (WAP) – is a central communications device that allows
computers and devices to transfer data wirelessly among themselves or to a wired network
using wireless technologies, such as Wi-Fi.

Wireless Access Points have high-quality internal or external antennas for optimal signals.
For the best signal, some manufacturers suggest positioning the wireless access point at the
highest possible location and using a device to strengthen your wireless signal.

A wireless access point either connects to a router via an Ethernet or other cable or is part
of a router.

5.4 Routers – is a communication device that connects multiple computers or other routers
together and transmits data to its correct destination on a network. A router can be used
on a network of any size. On the largest scale, routers along the Internet backbone forward
data packets to their destination using the fastest available path.

For smaller business and home networks, a router allows multiple computers and mobile
devices to share a single broadband Internet connection, such as through a cable modem or
DSL modem.

Similarly, if the network has a separate wireless access point, it connects to the router via a
cable. Many users, however, opt for routers that provide additional functionality:
 19

 A wireless router is a device that performs the functions of a router and also a
wireless access point.

 A broadband router is a device that performs the functions of a router and also a
broadband modem.

 A broadband wireless router is a device that performs the functions of a router,

a wireless access point, and a cable or DSL modem.

 A mobile broadband wireless router is a device that performs of a router, a

wireless access point, and a wireless modem. Consumers use mobile broadband
wireless routers to create a mobile hot spot.

 These combination devices eliminate the need for a separate wireless access point
and/or modem on a network. These routers also enable you easily to configure and
secure the device against unauthorized access.

5.5 Network Cards – a network card, sometimes called a network interface card (NIC
pronounced nick), is a communications device that enables a computer or device that does
not have built-in networking capability to access a network. The network card coordinates
the transmission and receipt of data, instructions, and information to and from the computer
or device containing the network card.

Network cards are available is a variety of styles. A network card for a desktop is an
adapter card that has a port to which a cable connects. A network card for mobile
computers and devices is in the form of a USB adapter or other device. A network card
follows the guidelines of a particular network communications standard, such as Ethernet or
token ring.

5.6 Hubs and Switches. A hub or switch – is a device that provides a central point for cables
in a network. Larger networks typically use a hub, while smaller network use a switch. Some
hubs and/or switches include routers. That is, the hub or switch receives data from many
directions and then forwards it to one or more destinations.

A hub or switch is a central point that connects several devices in a network together, as
well as connects to other networks.
 20

Protecting Hardware
 Users rely on computers and mobile devices to create, store, and manage important
information. Thus, you should take measures to protect computers and devices from theft,
vandalism, and failure.

Hardware Failure
 Hardware can fail for a variety of reasons: aging hardware, random events, such as electrical
power problems, and even errors in programs or apps.

 One of the common causes of system failure is an electrical power variation, which can cause
loss of data and loss of equipment.

 If computers and mobile devices are connected to a network, a single power disturbance can
damage multiple devices at once.

 Electrical disturbances that can cause damage include undervoltages and overvoltage.
 21

 Undervoltage – occurs when the electrical supply or voltage drops, often defined as
more than five percent, below the normal volts. Undervoltages can cause data loss
but generally do not cause equipment damage.
o Brownout – is a prolonged (more than a minute) undervoltage.
o Blackout – is a complete power failure.

 Overvoltage or Power Surge – occurs when the incoming electrical supply or

voltage increases, often defined as more than five percent, above the normal volts. A
momentary overvoltage, called a spike, occurs when the increase in power lasts for
less than one millisecond (thousandth of a second).

Uncontrollable disturbances such as lightning bolts can cause spikes. Overvoltages

can cause immediate and permanent damage to hardware.

 To protect against electrical power variations, use a surge protector. A surge protector,
also called a surge suppressor, uses electrical components to provide a stable current flow
and minimize the chances of an overvoltage reaching the computer and other electronic
equipment.

 For additional electrical protection, some users connect an uninterruptible power supply to
the computer.

 An Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) – is a device that contains surge protection

circuits and one or more batteries that can provide power during a temporary or permanent
loss of power.
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References:
Aurora, A. (2015). Computer Fundamentals and Applications, VIKAS Publishing House PVT LTD.
Jangpura New Delhi. Retrieved from http//google book.com.

Vermaat, Misty E, Sebok, Susan L., Freund, Steven M., Campbell, Jennifer T., Frydenberg, Mark
(2018). Discovering Computers 2018, Digital Technology, Data and Devices.
https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/topics/computers/
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