Motion and Measurement

0 of Distance
mentof
pPdP7ment of Transport Learning Objectives:
You will be
t o fDistance
1. able to
1ATement
How did
2 What is various understand:
means of
Units of,Measurement 3. distance and how istransport
ard
g asurement
4.
What are the
standard
it develop?
measured?
Sn
Small What is the units of
measurement?
and
Curved

5. How to correct way of

measure curved taking measurement?
ig
LESUTEMents
6. What is motion? surfaces?
TiesofMotion

ince ancient times, living

birds, etc., have been things like humans, animals,
For this travelling from
purpose of movement, we humansone place to another.
of transport. We use
use various
modes
cars, buses, tralns,
to cover long alrplanes, ships, etc.,
distances, and cycles, scooters,
help us travel short distances. In some rickshaws, etc.,
remote villages,
bullock carts and tongas stll form a
means of
era in which man has transport. In an
landed on the moon, there has been an
increase in the use of spacecrafts to travel to
space for
further research and development.

10.1 DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSPORT

The process of travelling and moving people or goods from
d his load one place to another is called transportation, Transportation
along the grouna takes people to where they want to go and brings to tnem
what they need. No trade is possible without transportation.
on foot as
Prehistoric people used to travel and carry goods
known to them. It
there were no other means of transport
of
was only around 5,000 BC
that people began the use
animals such
domesticated some
animals to haul loads. They over
mules to carry them and thelr goods
a s horses, bulls and thelr loads along
used to drag
mesCartTicyatleodad some animalsS ong distances. Till then, people
them on thelr
head.
the ground or carry
 Mille
Sdenca
sledgges from
n t to
make
o n the
ogs, poles
t h e i r load
l e a r n t
ground. nd. At the
transport
rafts built from
p e o p l e
ogs and
r a f t
prehistoric ooden
wooden
to
ent by, they
earnt
t h e m
uSing time
G r a d u a l l ye n a b l e d started
As
hand or with poles,
oles, which
W a t e r .
hand
06 that
they
also acrosS
paddled
by
etc, goods
time, be
s a m e
transport c o u l d
b o a t s .
to
which
of
reeds
canoes m a k i n g
Mesopotamia,
the
build
to in m e a n s
to led revolutionised t h e
p r o b a b l y
u l t i m a t e l y
BC, much

easier
er
3,500 wheel were
A r o u n d
of v e h i c l e s
i n v e n t i o n
W h e e l e d
and the and
logs t r a n s p o r t . land
built
from
of
sledges. in
rat man
than improvements
Warden design
by
eary
m o v e
The
e to great place.
Gradually,

took vastly
transportation improved
water
construction
of ships rapidly.
prosper
and to
began
trade
and
D I S T A N C E
OF have to
have to go
go to be able to
you
how far
C O N C E P T
to take aa bus.
walk, take bus, a train a
10.2 have a n
idea as whether to walk,
Wooden cat place,
to reach a
must
mode of transport spacecrart
decide
the even a
or
an
airplane,
a ship, ******* *** *********
**°**°°********** * *9tetst
Horse cart from your
room to the
Count your steps take to go
need to
vehides were
easier to
move
number of steps
you take when walking
from y
Wheeled
Count the number of steps you
count the
kitchen. Now
playground. as the
house to the Obviously,
number of steps?
case did take lesser
you n u m b e r steps of required is les
2. In which the
than the playground,
kitchen is n e a r e r less.
have to travel
when distance is less, esu**
you *******"******°"*******
3. It shows that
******ei***
veres
*sessonser
********s* **
wpsoseeseases**
Intext Cuestions in your daily c
that you see
1. Name any five modes of transport
2. What are the usual modes of transport in small villages
oads.
for carrying
3.
Name some animals that can be domesticated
Why is it necessary for us to know the approximate alsta
travelled before starting a journey?
10.3 MEASUREMENT C D s a n e de
e ii th
t h e r
The answer to "How much" or "How
by measuring or
many" can be onade of
by
made
different sizes,
counting. Size matters! If CDs were
you would
Single
Your dress should be of player. Similarly, if your not
dress be
was able
stitched them on aelse's si
to Someone
to play
play
your measurement
would not fit you.
 107
What if a
person asks Yau "HoM muh do
many brotters and sisters do au have" negh" or w
The ansner t boh e
questions is
nurnter. The firs question is
a
answered by measuring,
and the seCDNd by Auing. f po were to
make a ncden door
you wuld need measuremerts, e, te lengh and
Dd Yon Knom door, to alastate h breadh of e
Mu WGA wil e
Measurement is the required to make The
cst of land is also derided
by re totai area of the land.
out how
proes of inaing Measurenent is the onparison
manymeasuning units are an uniknan quantity with a
there in an object fiyed quarntity of the sarme Kind. Tre f+zed quantity is known
as the
unit of measurement.
Every measurerment invokves to things:
(i) The unit of measurement.
(ii) The number of units the object measures

Unit of measurement = mere

tio. of units = 3 unit (mere)

Measuring three metres doth witn a metre rod

example, when we say that the length of a coth piece s

3 metres, we actually compare the length of the cdath
piece
(unknown quantity) with a fixed known quantity (metre). Thus we
can say that the unknown quantity is 3 times the known
quantity
and is written as 3 m. Here, measurement has two
parts, a number
(3) and a fixed quantity (metre). Metre is the unit of measurement
in this case.

Measurement of length and size of objects

Metre scale helps in Measuring the size of an object or space involves three types of
taking measurement
measurements:
() Length or distance i) Area (ii) Volume
We will study length in this chapter.

Length of a rod Area of a square Volume of a cube

108
Mil enniumsSoer
ms
Length or distance: Length or distance is the mea
between two points such as two cities or two neasureme
end of
hent
a
aanor a AaAat ********** **********************
**** ******
**nerrasnen********************n**nn**********-~**....

******************** r bed
Measuring with thread

1 You can measure the length of your bed

non-stretchable thread/ribbon.
using a

2. Take a thread/ribbon and put a mark on it.

This length would be the standard of
measurement of length called the string
Now, using the thread you
length (L). can

measure the length of the bed.

Length of the bed in this example is 1 and

a half string length, i.e., 1.5 L.
v vaew ****************°*************** *
L/2
************ ** **

*********

Just like you used a ribbon/thread in the activity, you cCan

also
Yard use various other items such as your hand, a pen, or a stick
measure size. Measuring with hand can be done by opening v
hand and stretching your fingers.

Ancient methods of measurement

Ancient people did not have any standard methods or toolsf
measurement and thus were unable to measure accurately. Tre
measured length by comparing the length of, say, a stick wih
that of what they needed to measure. Several ancient civilsat
developed measuring systems based on units corresponding tt
Handspan the length of certain human body parts.

A few ancient methods of measurement are discussed below

Yard: It was King Henry-I of England who declared for thes
time that the distance from the tip of the nose to the tnun
Cubit
stretched arm should be used as the unit of length called y
Ancient methods of measurement the
Handspan: The length between the tip of your thumb and
Did Yoa Kaou?
ven

little finger of an open palm is called handspan. It was a

Uncia: The Romans used important conventional way of measuring length, breduu
the uncia or the width of
the thumb as a measure.
height although it was not very accurate.
The English word 'inch is Cubit: Cubit is the length of a man's forearm, from
elbow

also derived from the

the tip of the middle
word 'unda' finger of an open palm. This meas
used in Egypt as early as 3,000 BC.
***

**e***********1 * ******* ************sA *s *a*****

Measurement using ancient methods by

using Di
1. Take a table cloth and measure its
A I s o measure the length of your room
as
length by your foot and ask your mother to measure
using ancient methods of measurement. Note well. Are your readings same?
down the respective numbers for each method. 3. You in the
will notice thhat there is a variation
Now ask your mother to do the same. cient
readings. Hence we can conclude that an
irate.
methods of measurements were not acc ***

********************** ***********
 Distance
Measurement of

dotion
and 109
Drawbacks
Measuring units which were based
on the
a
person's length of
body parts were not accurate and
because all people were not of failed
the same size. In
modern measuring systems,
of units based on measuring tools consist
measurement standards
upon by the users of the system. agreed
for different people
differenti

is
y parts

Intext Questions
Q1 What is measurement?
O.2 Name the three types of measurements.
0.3/ Name three ancient methods of measurement.
04 What is the drawback in
oi
measuring the length of a table with
handspan?

10.4 STANDARD UNITS OF

The difference and inaccuracy in
MEASUREMENT
DdlorKaow? measurements made by using
ancient methods led to the realisation of the need
urits is the to develop some
SI system
ot
abbreviation of Systeme
standard units of measurement. Standard units
were needed for the
abe
Intermational
nites (French Sake of uniformity in measurements all
over the world, and for
measuring various quantities more accurately.
Scientists of different countries
Neens
developed their own
systems of measuring, which were again not similar. The
metricsystem was the first standard system of units of
measurements. This was first adopted by France in
abad Naida Over the centuries, many variants to this system were
1791
adopted by different nations.
More recently, SI system of units,
i.e., International System
of Units, was adopted as the standard
system for
measurement in France in 1960, at the General Conference
of Weights and Measures. The SI
system is the modern
form of the old metric system and is now
accepted and
used worldwide.
As per the SI system, standard units for the measurement
of basic quantities are:
1. Length- metre (m).
AE
between two cities is 2. Mass- kilogram (kg).
measured in km
3. Time second (s).
4. Temperature kelvin (k).
the SI system, length or distance is measured in metre.
ner
diough, metre is appropriate to measure the length of a cloth, a
110

room, any furniture or area,

tennlum
Ontt beSclentat
convenient to express the etc. it Chapte

cities in metres. an we distance won'

2.5 cm measurement is very
expresss the
eraser approprlately in metre?
width
Noiwidth etween of a
large
and the other is very small (thousandecause one
ERASER Object Therefore, to measure smaller (1/1000 of ofa metres
Met
system, objects/d
aimistoetal nces,
res).
smaller units in metric
ujuyjuyujqu (mm), centimetre (cm) and
used. For measuring larger decimetre (d
such as
imetre
Lnit of
(km) is used. distances m) are
measurement SCALE
1km = 1000m
kilometre
1m = 100 cm

Width of 1cm = 10 mm
an eraser is measured in cm
Q.1 A tree stands tall at
2350mm. Express its
height in metres and
A.1 We know that centimetres.
1cm= 10mm or 1mm
1m= 100cm or 1cm
=
1/10 cm
1/100 m=

Therefore 2350mm 2350/10 =

cm
Also 235cm 235/100 m 235cm =

2.35m =

Height of the tree is 235 cm or 2.35m

2m and 35cm. or

Q.2 Class 6 students were

going for a picnic to
a
nearby place.
The place was at a
of 33km from the distance
school. Calculate this
distance in metres as well as in
A.2 1km = 1000m centimetres
Im =100cm
Distance of the picnic place = 33km
33km = 33x 1000 m = 33,000m
33000m 33000 x 100 m
=
33,00,00Ud
Distance of the picnic place from
=

is theschoo
33,000m or
33,00,000cm.
10.5 TAKING MEASUREMENT
Now, you can repeat standard

Scale and
a
Activity-3 using un
rd unls

measure the lengths in sta

awo
a l w a s

you measure correctly,

observatio
e the same irrespective of aking
the person taking
measurements. To get corre measuremner
s o Very necessary to measure the
e o b j e c t s

correctly.
 Distance
of
111
Measurement

7soter
10
Motiona n d
Motr
nd

Some
precautions should be taken while
taking measurements.
(1) The most common
instrument to measure
length Is the metre scale. When
measurements with a metre scale,taking
TINITpnmmmmimnpM|Iijmpim

45 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1

the ruler It should have check

with no missing
smooth edges
141 markings. It should be
kept stralght along the edge of the
to be measured. object
(ii) Sometimes, due to continuous
ends of the scales use, the
X get worn out, which
may result in the omission of zero or
i 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 19 initial point. Such scales should
10 11
12 13 14 1 be
6 7 8 9
avoided or used from any other full
2 3

mark
point. Subtract the reading of this mark
from the final reading. That will
the actual reading.
give you
(ii) Correct position of the eye while making
observations is also very important.
Readings should always be taken keeping
45 9 10 11 13 1415
the eye straight and not from a side. It is
also advisable to keep one eye shut while
measurements
Precautions while taking
taking readings.
X Some rules for writing symbols for units:
Symbols for units are usually written in small letters.
m M
Symbol is always in singular form.
kg kgs Symbol for a unit is not to be followed by a full stop
unless it lies at the end of a sentence.

Rules for writing symbols

10.6 TAKING CURVED AND SMALL
MEASUREMENTS
We can measure straight lines/distances with a ruler or
measuring tape. But how can we measure curved
lines/distances? We can use a thread for such measurements.
7***** ***r************** Perform the following activity.
************************************* ****** *** *********** *******

1aking curved measurements

Draw a curved
Put it t one line. Take a thread
t and tie a knot at its one end.
end of the line.
ine, Place the thread along the curved
Mark streching and
the thread keeping it tight ti you reach the other end.
thread on this
distance between point with ink. Now can
the two points with a you measure
PPrOximate length of the ruler. This wi
wninis curved line.
***********"* *. i******************* ri
2

Intext Questions 10.7 MOTION

iler's
Q1 What is a metre? You must have noticed the movement of
Q2 Mention the precautions around you. You can see the otion of acar differ ert oeo
o
you must take while
swing in aplayground, bees, butterfies. on aToac
taking measurements of a ceiling fan, etc. In some cases, mosauit ,
03 How is 100 m related to however
notice the movement of the object. For examn you ma
km and cm?
of a second's hand on a watch is easily visible ee
hand moves very slowly. Its t te
Definition movement is not
An object is said to be in Similarly, there are certain objects that move so De
motion with respect to certain cannot see them moving (invisible fast
other objects if its motion). Thene
position rotating on its axis is also an example of invisible
continuously changes with
respect to those objects. how can motion be described? Motion occurs
when
changes its location in space. Motion is a relative
an absolute term. rath
An object may be in motion with respect to anothes
but it may be stationary with respect to a third obje
object
example, you are sitting in a train and pass a person
standing along the tracks. That person will see you
an
everyone else on the train as being in motion. But
the
person sitting next to you on the train will be
stationary w
respect to you. Objects that do not change their
Moton is relative are said to be at rest. postos

Even as you sit reading this

page, you are moving becax
the earth is
rotating on its axis. In addition, the sun, te
earth and the rest of the
planets in our Solar System art
also in motion due to the
movement of our galaxy witir
universe.

10.8 TYPES OF MOTIONN

We know that motion
is an integral part of
However, the way in which
our everyc
object. Let us examine
things varies from
move
WES

in
different types of motion tha
the world around us.
Tránslatory motion: Have you erved the motion of
vehicle on a
straight or curved road? All parts of
move at the same speed in the ame rection. Such a
motion on a
straight or curved path is called translato
motion. It can further res
be
rectilinear and curvilinear classified into two cateyories
(a) Rectilinear motion: The motion.
motion of a body along
straight line is
called rectilinear motion. Fr
3 m p l e

of
Car moing on a straight road
motion of a car driven motio
on a straight road,
100 m
Rectilinear motion
sprinter, motion of soldiers on a march past,
ma
 |Measurement of stance
rapler10:Moti
0 :M o t i o n a n d
113

(b Curvilinear motion: When a body changes

with respect to time on a curved position
its
path, then its
motion is called curvilinear motion. For
motion of a train along a curved track on
example,
hills.
Rotational
motion:(Motion
an axis and different
in which a body moves around
parts of the body cover different
distances in a given time interval. For
a rotating top, the outer
example, consider
part and inner part of the top
cover different
curved
road Curvilinear motion
-Cu
distances. Inner part covers lesser
distance than the outer part during the same
moving
along

translatory motion
time
Car
Types of interval. Also the top seems to be rotating around an
imaginary line passing through its centre. Thus, the
motion of a rotating top is rotational motion. Hands of a
clock, rotation of the earth on its axis, wheels of a bullock
cart and the blades of a fan are some
examples of
rotational motion.
on axis Hands of a clock
Top
rotating
Circular motion: There is another kind of motion which
Rotational motion
seems like rotational motion, but if
you look closely you
will find the body moves around a fixed
object or point
which lies outside the moving body.(The
body moves
along a circular path around this fixed ohject or point.
Such a motion is called circular
motionIn this kind of
motion, the position of moving body changes
continuously with time. Take a small ball, tie a thread to
it and whirl it with your hand. What do
you observe? Thee
ball moves in a circular path. You might have seen that
Ball moves around
the needle of a compass is fixed while a pencil moves to
Needle of a compass is fixed a centre trace a path called circular path. Motion of the earth and
but the penctl moves
other planets around the sun in the Solar System
Circular motion
represents circular motion. Motion of the moon around
the earth is another example of circular motion.

Periodic motion: Motion which repeats itself after regular

time intenvals is called periodic motion. Periodic motion
can be both circular as well as 'to and fro' motion.
Consider the motion of a swing in a playground. You will
notice that the swing moves backward and forward in air
and this up and down movement is repeated periodically,
To and fro'
motion i.e., after regular time intervals. Similarly, the motion of a
SWing is perlodic as ofwella
OScil atory motion as
pendulum of a clock and a water wheel is also periodic.
You know that the earth rotates about its axis and
completes one rotation in 24 hours. The earth also
Moving pendulum completes one revolution around the sun in 365 days.
of a clock
Periodic motion
Hence, rotation and revolution of the earth are both
periodic motions.
 Millen s
apter
Consider the motion f a
the
m o t i o n :

O s c i l l a t o r y

hanging bell. What

Wha
happens when you
ou rin
ring the
the bell swings from side to
14 will
see
that
an object moves to and
a n object moy
which

Dd Yos Kao
You
motion
in -
oscillatory
called oscillatory motion
alled
(This s i d e is
Every oscillatory
side
to
motion
ofthe
the pendulum The
also a
from
a
swing, in a
motion
is of of tabla
of tabla are
me examte
of sskin
motion kin
p e r i o d i cmnotion.

m o t i o n
of
But e v e rperiodic
clock,
oscillatory motion.,
not be
motion
may

Motion that does not follow a

Swinging
osciliatory
a bel motion:

Random

called
random motion. Consider the
motion.

is a hockey playe
bird in flight,
direction

of a
ball, an ant crawling
on
m o v e m e n t

She
Oscillatory motion

running after a in a playground All of tes

a child playing
paper, any uniform pattern and
motions
do not follow
examples of random motion.
hence are
Hookey
uning Sometimes a body has two
Combined motion: time. For example, the
same
at the
Random motion
ofmotion rotates as well as moves
wheel of moving car
a

forward. Hence
it exhibits translatory and rotati
roll a coin on the floot
motion both. When you
moves forward
while rotating, exhibiting both
motion. In a sewing
translatory and rotational
Combined motion of a moving car executes rotational motion
machine, the wheel
in oscilaton
while its needle moves up and down
motion. However, both the motions are periodik
shoe
motions. a working sewing machine
Hence,
combined motion.

Intext Questions
1. Mention
any two objects which move very slowly and two obiects which fast so
ther
motion is almost invisible. move very u
2. Name the
type of motion in the following cases:
(a) Pulling a drawer out from a table.
(c) Motion of honeybees. (6) Falling of a fruit
from a tree
windblon
3. Give examples of repetitive motion which is (d) Motion of the
not
branches of trees when
Identify the types of motion in the periodic.
following figures:
a)

)
 Measurement of Distance
MoV
115
MORTANT T ERN
TERM:

the tip of the nose to the

Distane from SI Unit: Standard unit of
arm
measurement used
worldwide.
the tip of the thumb
anudspan
Length between Symbol: A mark or character used as a
of an open palm.
hte firnger conventional representation of
something.
nbit: Length o f ,a torearnm.
Relative: Considered in relation or in
proportion to something else.

SUNMARY

of travelling noving people or goods

he oxess to another is called
are metre, kilogram, second and kelvin,
place
n
one transportation. respectively.
2Measurentent: tis the process of finding out how 5. Motion occurs when an object
units are in an
changes its
ny
Marnp
measuring present object. relative location in space.

Ie
orldwide accepted system of units is the 6. Different types of motion are translatory,
ntemational System of Units (SI Units). rotational, circular, periodic, oscillatory,
mass, time and
random and combined motion.
The Sl units of length, tenmperature

Eercises
MLTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS:
1. The basic standard unit of length is: (a) rectilinear (b) periodic
(a) kilometre (b) metre (c) random (d) combined
c) centimetre (d) millimetre Q.2 VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS:
1. The St unit of temperature is: 1. Every measurement consists of a
(a) celsius (6) kelvin and a
c) fahrenheit (d) degrees 2. Lengths more than 1 m are measured by
3. 1m cm.
a) 10 (b) 100 3. Centimetre is the unit of mass in SI system.
c) 1000 (d) 10000
True or false?
4. Motion is atelative term. Do you agree?
Movement of a pencil on the paper while
from one
wnting is an example of . motion. 5. Processof moving people or/goods
(a) rectilinear placeto another.
(b) periodic
c) rotational 6. The worldwide accepted system of units.
(d) random
S. The urved line motion of an object is called
7. The standard unit of mass.
motion.
a) rotational (b) rectilinear
Movement of hands of a watch.
c) circular 8.
6 (d) curvilinear
Astone tied to
string,a when whirled ANSWER QUESTIONS:
Overhead, executes
) rotational motion.
Q.3 SHORT
Who developed the metric system?
1.
(b) rectilinear of land and water transport

1. Moti circular
of
(d) random
2. Name two
used in ancient
means
India.

have standard units of

a
hockey player is an example of
Why do we need to
motion. measurement?
 116
Q.4 LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS:
Mlenrrm
What is oscillatory motion?
1. Describe various
piscuss translatory motion. taken while takin
ecautions that.
LKYour scale has rough edges near zero. Wnat
2. Distinguish between:measuremeny
oeet
errors might occur if you measure the
length of a pen with it? How çan you
(a) Rectilinear and curvilinear
anprJobYcircular and rotational mati
motions
Ancorrect Ww the error? tions
) AWhat types of motions the fotowing exhibit feriodic and random
a. Table fan which moves from left to right What are the iferent
one example of each.
types of me
b . Drill used by a carpenter
4/Your friend is 152cm tall.
C. Pulley used to draw water What is
metres? Also find his
ght in millmetret
HOTS Questions (Higher Order Thinking SKill5)
1. Go to a park which has a play area for children. Observe different playground equipment and so
observe different types of motion made by each of them. Tabulate your observation. arehul
2 How is measurement
important in the kitchen while cooking and baking?

Activities
A. Classroom Activity
Select students from your class who are
good artists. Ask them to draw different stages in
of transportation on A4 size sheets the devels
(one stage on one sheet).
Take a large chart paper and
paste these sheets in correct sequence with a short
B. Conversational Activity story describing those
What type of motion do the
following display arrow, bullet, CD, housefly,
stapler, typewriter keys, washing machine and snake, ocean current, sae
C. Exploration Activity pulley on a well?
Visit a construction site and find out how labourers measure different objects. For
constructs straight walls; how a carpenter makes doors example, how a
and windows with such
pillars are made to be exactly of same precision; how all ir
D. Experiments/Projects width; etc.
Earlier, different parts of the
body were used to measure
accurate source of measurement
because different
objects or distances. But they were
test this out. Take
measurements of people have different height and size of nota
Ask your brother/sister to do the same.
your arm,
thumb, forearm, palm limps.
Are the results and foot.
same?
Value Based Questions:
Divya and Swati were sitting at the
while Swati said backseat of a
that they both were at rest.
moving car.
that they both wereDivya said moat
Next
day they asked their science They could not
teacher to solve the convince each other of their viewpon
to both of
them with helpful query. the
Teacher explained the cept ofmati
Based on the situation examples. con
1. Who given above answer the
2.
according to you is
correct? following questions:
What are the values
3. How do displayed by Divya and
examples help in Swati?
understanding concepts?