Gaseous state

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Sakshi Vora
IIT Roorkee

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SAKSHI SAKSHI
Gaseous State
Gaseous state /States of matter
The study of gases and their behaviour, and their types

Inter convention of states

sublimation
Fusion
melting vaporization
solid liquid gas
freezing condensation

Deposition / crystallization
Characteristics of
states of matter
Characteristics of states of matter
Property Solid Liquid Gas

1. Intermolecular Neg. moderate V. large

distance

2. Intermolecular Very large ” V. low

attraction

3. KE of particles ≈O low V. high

4. Shape definite indefinite indefinite

5. Volume ” ” ”

6. Density high moderate V. low

7. diffusibility Neg. May / may not Always diffusible

Water - oil
Water - ROH
 Characteristics of states of matter

8. Compressibility In compressible neg. neg Always compresible

9. Type of mixture Always Homogeneous Always homogeneous

heterogeneous (ROH, H2O)
alloys ? or hetero (oil/H2O)
metal
↓
molten
↓
miss
Parameters of
gases
Gaseous state
Minimum 4 parameters are required to describe a gas

1. Amount of Gas
n = moles
n = mass / MM = no of particles / No

2. Temperature of gas
Temp at which gas is kept
T(K) = T(C) + 273

3. Occupied vol. of gas

Every gas occupies the entire vol. Of container, in which is it
present
Vgas = vol. Of container.
Gaseous state
4. Pressure of Gas
- all gaseous particles move with high speed, thus collide
continuously with each other as well as with the walls of
container.
- Gas particles apply A uniform force on each point of the
wall.
- Since P = F/A ⟶ uniform
∴ at each point on the wall of containses. Experiences
uniform / some pressure known as Pressure of gas.
Atmospheric
Pressure
Atmospheric pressure

The force applied by atmospheric gases per unit area of earth’s

surface.

Standard P atm = 1.01325 x 105 N/m2

= 101325 Nm-2
= 1 atm
Standard P atm
is defined as sea - level and as the height from sea level inc,
atmospheric pressure dec.
Note :
In an apparatus, from every open end, Patm is applied.
Calculation of
pressure
Calculation of pressure

- Whenever u have to calculate pressure at a point, always

Consider all the substances present above that point.

- If horizontal level is same, pressure of all the points will be

same.
Calculation of pressure
Calculation of pressure
P = h⍴g all values must be in Sl Units only always.

⍴ = kg/m3
g = 9.8 ms-2
h=m
P = N/m2 or Pascal
Calculation of pressure
Calculation of pressure

What height of column is needed so as to get

PA = 101325 N/m2

P = h⍴g + 0

101325 Nm2 = h x (1000 kg / m2) (9.8 m / s2) + O

h = 10.33 m

∴ generally H2O is not used in tubes for pressure measurement

Calculation of pressure

Let’s say, if same pressure is exerted at the bottom of different

columns.
if P1 = P2 = P3 = P4

⇒ h1⍴1 = h2⍴2 = h3⍴3 = h4⍴4 = …..

Width has no effect on calculation of pressure

Calculation of pressure
Calculation of pressure
Barometer
Barometer
- A device used to measure atmospheric Pressure.

Invert(Hg) test tube in the 1st container

This setup is Barometer.

Barometer

PA = (⍴gh) + (0)

PB = Patm

Now since A & B are at same level

PA = PB
⍴hg = Patm
Barometer

also

⇒ Patm α h

At sea level , h = 76 cm
Barometer
cal Pgas = ?
Consider two pts A & B
PA = h⍴g + Pgas
PB = P atm
∵ A & B at same level

Patm = h⍴g + Pgas

Pgas = Patm - h⍴g

Pgas = Patm - h⍴g

Manometer
Manometer

- Used to measure pressure of gas sample present in a vessel

- It is a J shaped glass tube filled with Hg
- Smaller tube ↔ inner tube ↔ will be connected to gas samples.
- Larger tube ↔ outer tube ↔ may be opened or closed.
- Before connecting to gas sample Hg level in both the tubes is
same.
- But after connecting to the gas sample there is/will be movement
of liquid and then a stable height difference of Hg level in both
the columns will be observed.
Manometer
Closed end manometer open end manometer

- Outer tube is - Outer tube

closed. remains open.
- After connecting - ∴ Patm is applied.
to gas, liquid - After connecting
always move from the gas, there can
inner tube to outer be 3 possibilities.
tube side.
Closed end

P1 = Pgas

P2 = h⍴g + O

Since 1, 2 are at same level

⇒ P1 = P2
Pgas = h⍴g
Open end manometer
Consider two points A & B
PA = Pgas
PA = PB
PB = h⍴g + Patm
⇒ Pgas > Patm
Open end manometer
PA = h⍴g + Pgas
PB = P atm
Pgas + h⍴g = Patm
Pgas = Patm - h⍴g
⇒ Pgas < Patm
Open end manometer
PA = Pgas
PB = Patm

PA = PB
Pgas = Patm
Ideal Gas
Ideal Gas
The gas which obeys each and every point / postulate of
kinetic theory of Gases
Or
The gas which obeys all the gas laws - ideal gas
Gas Laws
Gas Laws
1. Boyle’s law

n & T - constant
V α 1/P
if n and T are constant and pressure ↑ ⇒ vol ↓
⇒ PV = constant
Movable piston
Charles's law
n & p ⟶ constant

v α T (kelvin)

if T ↑ V ↑

VαT

V / T = constant
Ideal gas
Consider a pt A

PA = Pgas

Also PA = Patm + Ppiston = Pext

⇒ since Pext = const

Pgas = constant

Now suppose, this system is heated.

T↑ KE of particles ↑
∴ Particles will strike on wall with more speed.
∴ Piston moves upward.
∴ vol ↑

if this system is cooled, T↓ KE↓

Particles will strike the wall with less speed
∴ Piston moves downwards, vol↓
Gay lussac’s law
n & v ⟶ constant

P ∝ T (Kelvin)
if T↑ P↑ and T↓ P↓
P/T = Constant
If system is heated
KE ↑
Particles will strike the walls with more speed.
⇒ force ↑

⇒ Press ↑
Avogadro’s law
P, T ⟶ constant

nαV
at const P and T
More volume ⇒ more moles

n / V = constant
If there are two open containers in a room at same T and P

⇒ vol ↑ n↑
vol ↓ n↓
When all gas laws are combined together, then we can get ideal
gas.
PV = nRT

boyle's charles avogadro’s

V α 1/p VαT Vαn

⇒ v α nT/p
v = RnT / P
⇒ PV = nRT
R = universal gas constant
= 0.0821 l atm K-1 mol-1
= 8.314 JK-1 mol-1
= 2 cal K-1 mol-1
Important Graphs
Graphs

Straight line

y = mx + c
↓
slope = tan Ө
Ө = angle by line from +x axis in anticlockwise direction.

C = intercept on y axis
Graphs
Graphs
Graphs
Graphs
Rectangular hyperbola
Exponential
Graph of Boyle’s law

(PV = constant)

1. P v/s V
PV = k
xy = k ⟶ rectangular hyperbola
Boyle’s law

(PV = constant)

PV = constant
at any vol, PV = const

Only in IQ and
∵ P & V can’t be -
Boyle’s law
How to draw the graph of PV2 v/s V
First write the equation u know
PV = k
Multiply with V
PV2 = KV
Y = kx
y = mx
Boyle’s law

We know
PV = constant
PV = k
DIVIDE by V2
PV/V2 = k/V2
P/V = k/V2

P/V = k(1/V2)
y = kx2
Boyle’s law

P/V v/s 1/V2 PV = k

፥ by v2
P/V = k/v2 x 1
y = kx
Boyle’s law

logP v/s logV PV = k

log(PV) = log k
log P + log V = log k

log P = log k - log V

Y = -log V + log K
y=mx+c

Slope = m = -1
Ө = 135o
Intercept = PV = k
k can be > 1, <1 or 1
⇒ log k = +, -, 0
∴ 3 lines are possible log k
Charles law
1. V V/S T(K)

VαT
V = k(T)
y = mx

not at OK
∵ OK _ gas can’t exist
Charles law

2. V V/s T(oC)
Charles law

V = k T(k)
= k (t(oC) + 273)
V = k t + 273 K

y = mx + c
m = slope = k = nR/V = +ve
always

k.273 ⇒ +ve
C>O
 Charles law

VT v/s T2
Charles law

VαT
V = kT
log V = log T + log K
y = mx + c

m = 1 (45o)
k = nR/P
k = +ve
>1 <1 = 1
log k = +ve , -ve, O
Gay Lussac’s law
Gay Lussac’s law
Gay Lussac’s law
Gay Lussac’s law
Equation of state
Equation of state
An ideal gas is said to be present in a ‘state’ until it is subjected to
another ‘state’.
P1 V1 P2 V2
T1 n1 T2 n2
ideal gas ideal gas

State 1 State 2
An equation equating these 2 states
⇒equation of state

P1V1 = n1R T1 P2V2 = n2R T2

R = P1V1 / n1T1 R = P2V2 / n2T2

P1V1 = P2V2
n1T1 n2T2
 [Sep. 02, 2020 (I)]

A. I

B. II

C. IV

D. III
A.

B. [Jan. 09, 2019 (I)]

C.

D.
A. 1.46

B. 1.64 [April. 16,

2018]
C. 0.46

D. 0.64
A. 28 g mol-1

B. 56 g mol-1
[April. 09, 2017]
C. 112 g mol-1

D. 224 g mol-1
 Types of
containers
Types of containers

Open Closed

Open container

At least one wall must be open

Ex, glass, soda can , test tube

Pgas
Patm (by default constant)

V Container = constant
Types of containers
Close rigid container

- No wall is open
- All walls are rigid ⇒ immovable

Ex - gas cylinder / closed room

v = constant
n = constant (by default)

But in case of chem Rxn

No. of moles may change.
Types of containers

Pgas = constant
Volume = variable

n = constant (by default)

If reaction occurs
n - change - variable
Dalton’s Law
Dalton’s law

In a gaseous mixture containing 2 or more gases then the total pressure

of the mixture is equal to the algebraic sum of partial pressure of all the
gases present.
PA ⟶ Partial pressure of A
PB ⟶ _____B
PC ⟶ _____C

Mixture gases is always Homogeneous mixture

Now if a manometer is connected to measure the pressure of the

container.
The pressure measured wil be P total
P total = PA + PB + PC
Dalton’s law
PA . V = nART ------------1
PB V = nBRT ------------2
PC V = nCR T ------------ 3

mix is a gas ⇒ PV = nRT

P total. V = n total RT-----------------4
Dalton’s law

PA / P total = na / n total ⇒ mole fraction

PA = P total x XA -------------- 5
PB = P total x XB ---------------- 6
PC = P total x XC ------------- 7

PA + PB + PC = P total (XA + XB + XC)

⇒ Ptotal = PA + PB + PC
In a gaseous mixture

(Partial Pressure)gas = Ptotal x (mole fraction)gas

A. 6 atm

B. 38 atm
[Sep. 03, 2020 (II)]
C. 14 atm

D. 22 atm
Vapor Pressure
Vapour pressure of a volatile liquid

At a constant temp, the pressure exerted by vapors of the

substance when an equilibrium is present between liquid and
gaseous phase of the substance is called vapour pressure of that
liquid at that temperature.

at equilibrium,
Px(g) = V.P. of that liquid at TK.
Vapour pressure of a volatile liquid

For a particular volatile liquid, the vapor pressure only and only
depends upon temperature.

as temp ↑ VP↑

Vapour pressure of water is also called AQUEOUS TENSION.

Vapour pressure of a volatile liquid

P internal = Pin = P H2O(g) + Px

= (P)(x) + (VP) H2O
Vapour pressure of a volatile liquid

Find the pressure of X(g)

Vapour pressure of a volatile liquid

Consider two points A & B.

PA = hg⍴ + Pgas + VPH2O

PB = Patm
PA = PB
Pgas = Patm - h⍴g - (VP) H2O
Relative Humidity
Relative Humidity
It is the measure of moisture present in the atmosphere.

R.H = (PH2O(g) in the atmosphere / V.P of H2O ) x 100

At the same temperature.

Diffusion &
Effusion
Effusion
The process in which a gas comes out of the vessel through a small
opening / hole.
Diffusion
The natural tendency of gases to be inter mixed with each other
thoroughly.
Diffusion & Effusion
Diffusion & Effusion
 Rate of
effusion/diffusion
Rate of effusion / diffusion
A gas travels due to pressure difference of that gas only.

moles diffused or effused

Time taken

r= volume effused
Time taken

Distance travelled in narrow tube

Time taken

Decrease in pressure
Time taken
Rate of effusion / diffusion

Rate of diffusion / effusion of a gas is directly proportional to the

pressure difference of that GAS only.

rx α (ΔP) x only
ry α (ΔP)y only
rz α (ΔP)z only

rx α (Pin - Pout)x
Graham’s Law
Graham’s law
In same condition of T and P for different gases, the rate of effusion
/ diffusion of a gas into vacuum, is inversely proportional to the
square root of the density of the gas.

r gas α 1 /√dgas
Case I
For different gases in similar conditions
Case I
For different gases in similar conditions
Similar conditions ⇒ same T, P, V, n
But both gases are different
∴ different dA , dB, MA, MB

r α 1/√d
Case I
For different gases in similar conditions

rA/ rB = √ dB/dA

For a gas PM = dRT

d = PM/RT

At same T and P
dαM

⇒ r α 1/√M
Case lI
For different gases in different conditions
Case lI
For different gases in different conditions
Case lI
For different gases in different conditions

Since gases are different

r α 1/√M rgas α 1/√Mgas

Also since pressure are different,

r α (Pin - Pout)

rgas α (Pin - Pout) gas

Vacuum ⇒ Pout = O
Case lI
For different gases in different conditions

rgas α (Pin)gas

⇒ overall

rgas α Pin / √M

rA/rB =
Case lI
For different gases in different conditions

also , PV = nRT
V, R, T ⟶ constant
⇒
Pαn
⇒ Pin α nin
⇒ r α nin/√M
Important

Until given specifically, always consider the conditions to be

identical
rA = no. of moles of A effused / time
rB no. of moles of B effused / time

If time is same

rA = nA
effused
rB nB
⇒ In given time, if nB moles of B are effused.
⇒ In same time, nA moles of A will be effused.
Effused molar ratio = ratio of rate of effusion

If it is same
 [Adv. 2014]

A. 8

B. 12

C. 16

D. 20
 [Adv. 2014]
A. Larger mean free path for X as compared to that of y

B. Larger mean free path for Y as compared to that of X

C. Increased collision frequency of Y with the inert gas

as compared to that of X with the inert gas
D. Increased collision frequency of X with the inert gas as
compared to that of Y with the inert gas
Kinetic Theory of
gases
Kinetic theory of gases KTG
- Applicable only and only for ideal gases.
- Main postulates of KTG are-

1. A gas is the collection of very large no. of particles.

2. Volume of particles is neg. As compared to the volume of
container.
3. No attraction / repulsion forces are there among the particles.
4. All particles travel in straight line with high speeds and
continuously collide with other particles as well as with the
walls of the container.
5. All collisions are perfectly elastic hence no change in total KE
of gas.
6. The average KE per molecule depends on temperature only.
Kinetic theory of gases KTG

7. The pressure of gas is due to collisions by particles with the

walls of the container.

*** as per KTG,

The pressure exerted by one particle of mass m in a container
of vol. V is given as follows -

u ⟶ speed of particle

P = 1/3 mu2/v
Kinetic theory of gases KTG

Now, for a gas sample containing

N particles in a container of vol V and having

speeds u1 , u2 , u3 … un

Now, for a gas sample containing

N particles in a container of vol ‘v’ and having

speeds u1 , u2 , u3 … un
If one mole gas

N = No
P = 1m / 3V [NA U2rms]

m = mass of 1 particle
mNo = mass of No particles
= molar mass of gas (M)

P = 1M / 3V [U2rms]
Kinetic energy acc
to KTG
Calculation of KE
For one particle KE = 1/2 mu2
for gas sample containing N particles

KE = 1/2 m [u12 + u22 + —------- + Un2

= 1/2 m [Nu2rms]
For 1 mol gas

KE = 1/2m No x Ur2ms

= 1/2 M Ur2ms

also P = 1 M / 3 V Ur2ms

⇒ 3PV = MUr2ms
⟶ KE for 1 mole gas
1/2 (3 PV)

(KE)1 mole = 3/2 PV

= 3/2 RT

For n mole gas

(KE) total = 3/2 nRT

⇒ (KE) total α ngas

α T(k)
Average KE per molecule
(KE)avg = total KE / no. of molecules
= 3/2 nRT/ n x NA

(KE)avg = 3/2 kBT

⇒ (KE)avg α T(K) only
kB = R/Na = Bolzman constant
= 8.314 JK-1 mol-1 / 6.022 x 1023 mol-1

kB = 1.38 x 10-23 J/K

⇒ (KE)avg α T(K) only
kB = R/Na = Bolzman constant
Average KE per molecule
(KE) avg = total KE / No. of molecules
= 3/2 nRT /n x NA

(KE) avg = 3/2 kB T

How to cal KE of gas
(KE) total = 3/2 nRT ⇒ α n
αT

(KE)avg
or
(KE) per molecule = 3/2 kBT α T only

How to cal (KE of molecule)

Different speeds
of gases
Different speeds of a gas
For a gas sample containing N particles having speeds
U1 , U2 , U3 …. Un

There are 3 kinds of speeds -

1. Average / mean speed (Uavg)

Uavg = u1 + u2 + u3 + – - - - + uN / N
Root mean square speed
Urms =
Most probable speed
Ump

The speed corresponding to maximum numbers of particles.

For n moles
Urms = √3RT/M = √3PV/nM = √3P/d

Mavg = √8RT/πM = √8PV/π.n.M = √8P/πd

Ump = √2RT/M = √2PV/π.M = √2P/d

In the above relations, put all the value in SI units only.

R = 8.314 JK-1 mol-1
T=K
P = N/m2 or pascal
V = vol. of container (m3)
d = density of gas (kg / m3)
n = no. of moles of gas

M - molar man of gas (kg / mol)

For a particular gas at constant temp
Urms : Uavg : Ump
√3 : √8/π : √2

1.73 : 1:62 : 1.41

i.e, Urms > Uavg > Ump

 Maxwell
distribution of
speeds
Maxwell’s distribution of molecular speeds

- We are talking abt the actual speeds of particles.

- In a gas sample at a certain temperalar, all particles do not have
same speed but they poses a wide range of molecular speeds.
- It at TK speed of particles will be im a range
minimum - maximum

Umi Umax
n
- According to maxwell, in a gas sample at a certain
temperature, the no. of particles corresponding to a
particular speed remains constant.
Which can be given by the following equation
N = total numbers of particles in gas sample.
M = molar man of gas
R = gas constant
T = temp
u = speed
⇒⇒
⇒⇒ dN/dU ⟶ number of particles corresponding to speed u.

This is not differentiation

(dN/dU)/N ⇒ fraction of particles corresponding to speed u

At any speed, the height of the curve represents no. of
particles corresponding to that speed.
- At any speed, the height of the curve represents no. of
particles corresponding to that speed.
- The peak represents maximum no. of particles
⇒ the corresponding speed is Ump
- For calculating Nmax
But u = Ump in the equation
- At any speed, the height of the curve represents no. of
particles corresponding to that speed.
- In a gas sample, particles having v low & v high speed
are very less.
- Most particles have speeds near to mp speed.
- In a gas sample , particles having vlow and v high
speed are very less
- Most particles have speeds near to mp speed.
- Total area under the curve = total no. of particles.
- If (dN/Ndu) is taken on y axis,
Then area under the curve = 1 sum of all fractions.
 Variation of
different speeds
Variation in graphs
1. For same gas at different temperatures.

On increasing temp, the curve becomes BROADER and vice

versa
So as to get same area under the curve.
For different gases at same temp
diff gases ⟶ weight of particles different
if molar mass is more, then curve becomes steeper and vice
versa with same no. of particles.
 [Jan. 07, 2020
(II)]

A.

B.

C.

D.
 [Adv. 2020]

A. 1:1:1

B. 1 : 1 : 1.224

C. 1 : 1.128 : 1.224

D. 1 : 1.128 : 1
 [Adv. 2020]

A.

B.

C.

D.
A. 2u

B. 14 u [April 10. 2016]

C. 4u

D. u/2
A.

B.

C.

D.

[Adv. 2019]
A. 500 oC

B. 500 K [Jan. 12, 2019 (II)]

C. 750 oC

D. 750 K
[Adv. 2018]
Real gases
Real gases
1. No gas is always ideal
⇒ all the gases are real gases which just show ideal
behaviour under certain conditions only.

Real gas

if any gas Pv = nRT Pv ≠ nRT

Satisfies Ideal behaviour ⇒ here we say gas shows
Ideal gas non-ideal behaviour
⇒ non - ideal gas aka Real
gas
- For a real gas,
1. Volume of gas particles is not neg as compared to
volume of container.
2. Intermolecular forces are present both attractive and
repulsive forces are present.
Due to above reasons, there are some changes
(corrections) in pressure of gas and free volume of gas.
Volume correction
Volume correction (V1)
Free volume of gas
The volume available for gas particles to move freely (V gas)
For a real gas
(V gas) real ≠ V
(V gas) real = V-V’
V’ = volume correction.

Where V’ = effective volume of gas particles

= excluded volume.
= co volume
For a gas
b = effective volume of 1 mole particles

For n mole gas,

Effective volume (V’) = nb
Vgas = V - nb
Effective volume /
excluded volume
free volume Volume of
of gas container
Calculation of b
Gas particles cont. Collide with each other in which Bimolecular
collisions are maximum (trimolecular, tetra molecular collisions are vv
less)

- Due to high collision frequency, particles appear as pairs.

- If all the above collisions are superimposed with common center
com of mass, then a sphere is formed which will contain all the
collisions.
If rad. of particle = r
⇒ rad of sphere = 2r

No. of collisions in this sphere = 106 but

No. of particles in this sphere = 2
In this sphere, since no other particle can enter,
⇒ effective vol. of 2 particles = 4/3 π (2r)3
= 8 x 4/3 πr3
⇒ effective vol. of 1 particles = 4. 4/3 πr3

⇒ for, b ⇒ (1 mde = Na particles)

b = 4.4/3 πr3 x No
Note
For a gas,
Effective volume = 4 x actual volume
 Pressure
correction
Pressure correction (p1)

1. The pressure of a gas is due to collisions by particles with the

walls of container.

3. There are no forces among the particles of an ideal gas so the

particles strike on the wall with same speed as they posses but,
4. In a real gas, the particles which is going to strike on the wall is
being attracted by other particles, hence it will strike on the wall
with a lesser speed compared to an ideal gas under similar
conditions.
5. Thus, the pressure exerted by a real gas in similar cond. of n, V, T is
lesser as compared to an ideal gas.
6. In similar condition,
For a real gas,

p1 = an2 / v2 ( no derivation rep)

Pgas = P ideal - an2/v2
n = moles of gas
v = vol. of container
a = +ve constant for a gas
ideal real

v v - nb Free volume

pideal Pideal- an2/v2 Pressure

There is no particular eq. Which can provide all info about Real gas
Van Der Waal
equation
Van Der Waal equation

To describe behavior of a real gas, many equation were

proposed, out of them, the most used equation is van der waal eq:
For n mole
(P + an2/v2) (v - nb) = nRT

For 1 mole
(P + a/Vm2) (vm - b) = RT
P = pressure of gas
V, Vm ⟶ vol. of container containing 1 mol gas

n = moles of gas
R = 0.0821 l atm k-1 mol -1
= 8.314 Jk-1 mol-1
T = temp in k
a, b ⟶ vanderwaal constants for gas
- For a particular gas, a & b have certain fixed values.
“a”

For a gas, ‘a’ is the measure of intermolecular attractive forces

more IMAF ⇒ more value of a

Types of molecule IMAF

Polar Dipole - dipole (strong)
Non - polar London forces (weak)
If type of IMAF is same

|IMAF| α size of molecular (surface area)

H2 CO2

n polar n polar

⇒ London forces in Both

∴ now see size

Size co2 > H2
|lMAF| CO2 > H2
a co2 > aH2
b

For a gas, b is the measure of size of molecule.

more molecular size ⇒ more value of b

∵ b = 4(4/3 πr3) NA
b α r3
If r ↑ (size ↑) b ↑
Units of a and b

P + an2/v2

(P) = (an2/v2)
atm = a.mol2 / l2
a = atm mol-2 l2
v - nb
(v) = nb
l = mol b
b = l mol-1
 [April 10, 2019 (I)]

A.

B.

C.

D.
 [April 09, 2019 (I)]
A. Kr

B. Ne

C. Xe

D. Ar
Compressibility
factor
Compressibility factor (Z)

- It gives information about the behavior of a gas in given

condition.
(z) real = V real / V ideal

for ideal,
P. V ideal = nRT
(z) real = v real / nRT / p
(z) real = P.V real / nRT
z = PV/nRT = PVm/RT = PM/dRT = P/CRT

P = Prem of gas (atm)

V, Vm = volume of contains (l)
n = moles of gas (mole)
R = 0.0821 l atm (k-1 mol -1)
T = temp (k)
M = molar mam (g/mol)
d = density of gas (g/l)
c = molarity of gas (mol/l)
 [April 09, 2019 (II)]
A. Xe

B. Kr

C. Ne

D. Ar
A.

B. [April 09, 2016]

C.

D.
 [Adv. 2015]

A. C.

B. D.
∵ High temp _ curve will be (1 + Pb/RT)

In low pressure range

Z = 1 + ( b - a/RT) 1/Vm
At T = Tb ⇒ Z = 1
1 = 1 + (b - a/RT) 1/Vm
TB = a/R.b
Liquefaction of
gases
Liquification of gas

1. To liquify a gas, there must be attraction among particles.

2. Thus, an ideal gas can never be liquifies.
3. A gas can be liquified at constant temp. Just by applying
pressure on it.
4. At a constant temp, a certain minimum pressure is required for
liquefaction.
5. At higher temperature, the minimum required presence for
liquefaction will be higher. Which can be explained by
Andrew’s Isotherms.
Andrew’s isotherms

These are P v/s V graphs for gas at different constant T.

Ex. T1, T2 , T3 , T4 ….
Where T1 < T2 < T3 < T4
At Temp T1

- at A, gas in presentat low pressure.

- From A to B, press ↑ ⇒ vol. of gas ↓ ⇒ gas compresion
- at pt B, liquefaction starts.
- min required pressure for liquefaction at T1 is P1
- From B to C , gas liquified at constant press P,
- After pt C, there is almost no change in vol. On changing press
- Liquefaction was completed at c.
at temp T3,
The gas liquifies at higher press.
But l and g phases can not be distinguished at this T and P.
Above temp T3, the gas can’t be liquified irrespective of going pressive.
Hence T3 is called Critical temperature.
Critical values
Critical temperature (Tc)

The maximum temp above which the gas can’t be liquified at any
pressure.
for different gases, There are diff values of Tc.
If Tc ↑ ⇒ tendency to liquify ↑
Critical Pressure (Pc)

The maximum required pressure for liquefaction at Tc

Critical Volume

The molar volume corresponding to TC & Pc

For a gas (no derivation)

TC = 8a/27Rb

PC = a/27b2

VC = 3b
PC . VC / RTc = 3/8
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