]B VV>VD

[MB J>D

[MB J>D mwpitAk; ntspehLfspypUe;J ngw

 tsh;r;rp Fiwe;j ehLfspd; Ntz;bAs;sJ. ,tw;iwg; ngw Vw;Wkjp
nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F %yk; NghJkhd md;dpar; nryhtzpia
Kl;Lf; fl;ilahf %yjdg; gw;whf; <l;l Kbahj epiyapy;> md;dpa KjyPl;ilg;
Fiw ,Uf;fpd;wJ. NghJkhd ngWjy; Njitahfpd;wJ. md;dpa KjyPL,
%yjdk; ,y;yhky;> tWikapd; md;dpar; nryhtzpahf tUtjhy;
er;Rtl;lj;ij cilj;Jf; nfhz;L> nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F Ntz;batw;iw
tpiuthd nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpiag; ,wf;Fkjp nra;J nfhs;s Kbfpd;wJ.
ngw KbahJ. 2. c^V| J> uVz:
 %yjdj;ijg;ngw> xd;W> cs;ehl;L tsUk; ehLfspd; %yjd Mf;fk;
%yjdj;ijg; ngUf;f Ntz;Lk;. Fiwthf cs;sJ. kf;fspd; tUthAk;
my;yJ> kw;nwhd;W gw;whf;Fiwia Nrkpg;Gk; Fiwthf ,Ug;gjhy; %yjd
<Lgl;l md;dpa %yjdj;ijg; ngw Mf;fKk; Fiwthf cs;sJ. gw;whf;
Ntz;Lk;. md;dpa %yjdj;jpd; Fiwahf ,Uf;Fk; %yjdj;ij <Lfl;l
NjitiaAk;> mjpYs;s tiuaiw Vw;w Kiwahf md;dpa %yjdk;
fisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;tJ ,e;jpag; ,Uf;fpd;wJ.
nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpiag; Ghpe;J 3. m k:
nfhs;sj; Jiz nra;Ak;. md;dpa %yjdk; tUfpd;w nghOJ,
I. [MB J> >k mjNdhL ,ize;J nghUshjhu
,e;jpah Nghd;w tsh;fpd;w ehLfspd; tsh;r;rpf;Fj; Njitahd njhopy; El;gk;,
md;dpa %yjdj; Njitiar; Rl;bf; thzpgj; jpwik, mDgtk; Mfpait
fhl;lyhk;. tUfpd;wd. ,tw;iw jdpNa ngw
1. z\] >k: KbahJ.
tpiuthd nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpiag; 4. t :
ngw ve;jpuq;fisAk;> fUtpfisAk;> kf;fspd; tUthiaf; $l;lhky;
%yg;nghUl;fisAk; njhopy; El;g Nrkpg;igAk; %yjdj;ijAk; ngUf;f


 ]B VV>VD

KbahJ. KjyPl;ilf;; $l;bdhy; jhd; mit ,q;F fpisfs; my;yJ Jiz

kf;fspd; tUtha; caUk;. %yjd Mf;fk; epWtdq;fspd; %yk; KjyPL nra;fpd;wd.
Vw;gLk;. ,jw;Fj; njhlf;ffhy KjyPlhf rpy Ntisfspy; ntspehl;bdh; Neubahf
md;dpa KjyPL ifnfhLf;fpd;wJ. ,q;Fs;s epWtdq;fspd; gq;Ffs. fld;
5. >Va_ k: gj;jpuq;fspy; KjyPL nra;ayhk;.
ehl;by; jpl;lq;fs; jPl;b njhopy;fis 2. [MB > x>|^ (Foreign
tsh;f;f %yjdk; Njit. njhlf;f Collaborations):
fhyj;jpy; cs;ehl;L %yjdk; ,jw;Fg; rkPg fhyj;jpy; ntspehl;L KjYk;
NghJkhdjhf ,Uf;fhJ. ,e;j epiyapy; ,e;jpa KjYk; ,ize;J njhopy; Kiwapy;
ntspehl;L %yjdk; njhopy; tsh;r;rpf;Fj; <LgLk; Nghf;F fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.
Jiz nra;fpd;wJ. ,j;jifa KjyPl;il ,e;jpa muR
6. Jk B[|>: Cf;Ftpf;fpd;wJ. ,g;gbg;gl;l ,ize;j
ehl;bypUf;Fk; %ytsq;fisg; KjyPLfs; (i) ntspehl;L jdpahUk;
gad;gLj;j %yjdk; Njit. ,e;j ,e;jpaj;jdpahUk;,ize;J KjyPLfs;
%yjdj;ij md;dpa %yjdkhfg; nra;tjhfNth (ii) ntspehl;L
ngWfpd;w nghOJ, %ytsq;fisr; epWtdq;fSk; ,e;jpa muRk; ,ize;J
rhpahfg; gad;gLj;j Kbfpd;wJ. elj;JtjhfNth (iii) ntspehl;L
7. |\V ckV: muRk; ,e;jpa muRk; ,ize;J
tsh;r;rp Fiwe;j ehLfspy; ,uapy;fs;. nray;gLtjhfNth %d;W Jiwfspy;
kpd;rhuk;, rhiyg; Nghf;Fyuj;J Nghd;w mikAk;.
mff; fl;Lkhdq;fs; NghJkhd 3. l_ [^ (Inter-
mstpy; ,y;iy. mtw;iw cUthf;f Government Loans):
%yjdk; Njit, md;dpa %yjdk; tsh;r;rpngw;w ehLfspd; muRfs;
mff;fl;Lkhdq;fis cUthf;fj;Jiz tsh;fpd;w ehLfspd; muRfSf;Ff;
nra;fpd;wJ. fld;fshfTk;, khdpaq;fshfTk; epjp
II. [MB J>][ k^ cjtp nra;fpd;wd. ,e;jpa muRk;
k^: ,g;gbg;gl;l fld;fSk; khdpaq;fSk;
ekJ ehl;bw;Ff; fpilf;fpd;w md;dpa ngw;W ekJ ehl;by; KjyPL nra;J
KjyPl;ilf; fPo;f;fz;l tiffspy; tUfpd;wJ.
gphpf;fyhk;. 4. [V| Wkom [:
1.  x>| (Direct Investment): cyf tq;fp, gd;dhl;Lg; gzepjp,
ntspehl;bypUe;J Neubahf njhopy;, Mfpa tsh;r;rp tq;fp Nghd;w epjp
thzpgj;jpy; ekJ ehl;by; KjyPL epWtdq;fspypUe;J epjp cjtp ngw;W
nra;ayhk;. tsh;r;rp ngw;w ehLfspy; KjyPL nra;fpd;Nwhk;.
,jw;fhfNt epWtdq;fis mikj;J,


 ]B VV>VD

5. kV| kV [^ (External 4. c V[ sB

Commercial Borrowing): W|>:
ntspehLfspYs;s tq;fpfs;, fld; md;dpa cjtp Fwpg;gplj;jf;f msT
epWtdq;fspypUe;Jk; fld;ngw;W KjyPL nghUl;fshff; fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. NkYk;
nra;fpd;Nwhk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf, mnkhpf;f md;dpa cjtpiaf; nfhz;L Njitahd
Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp tq;fp, [g;ghd; Vw;Wkjp czTg; nghUl;fisg; ngw;wpUf;fpd;Nwhk;.
,wf;Fkjp tq;fp, Mfpatw;wplkpUe;J ,jdhy; czTg; nghUl;fspd; tpiyia
ngw;w fld;fisf; $wyhk;. epiyg;gLj;j Kbe;jpUf;fpd;wJ.
[\^: 5. cu] :
1. x>k : md;dpa cjtpiaf; nfhz;L
md;dpa cjtpapd; %ykhf ekJ ehl;bd; %yg; nghUl;fis ,wf;Fkjp
KjyPl;lsT $bAs;sJ. Ie;jhz;Lj; nra;jpUf;fpd;Nwhk;. ,jdhy; ekJ ehl;bd;
jpl;lf; fhyj;jpd; njhlf;fj;jpy; ehl;L nkhj;j cw;gj;jp $bapUf;fpd;wJ.
tUthapy; 5 rjtpfpjk;jhd; KjyPL z^:
nra;Njhk;. ,g;nghOJ ehl;L tUthapy; 1. EB_ :
ekJ KjyPl;lsT 25 rjtpfpjk;. md;dpa ntspehl;L cjtpia ehk;
cjtpapd; %ykhfj;jhd; ekJ KjyPl;ilf; rhh;e;jpUf;fpd;w nghOJ> me;j ehl;bd;
$l;l Kbe;jpUf;fpd;wJ. murpay; jiyaPl;bw;F ehk; Ml;gl
2. [MB kV E y: Ntz;bajpUf;fpd;wJ. (v.fh) ehk;
1972-73 Kjy; md;dpa nryhtzpr; ngUkstpy; cjtp ngWk; mnkhpf;fh
rpf;fYf;F ekJ ehL Ml;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ. ek;kplk; neUf;fbia Vw;gLj;jp> ek;ikr;
,r;rpf;fiy ngUkstpy; rkhspf;f md;dpa rpytw;iwf; fl;lhakhfr; nra;a itf;Fk;
KjyPlhf te;j md;dpar; nryhtzpjhd; 1971,y; ,e;jpah> ghfp];jhd; Nkhjy;
ifnfhLj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. Vw;gl;l nghOJ mnkhpf;fh cjtpia
3. >Va_ O> : epWj;Jtjhff; $wp mr;RWj;jpaijAk;>
md;dpa KjyPl;NlhL Nrh;e;J 1994,y; lq;fy; jpl;lj;ij Vw;fr;
ntspehLfspypUe;J njhopy; El;g nra;tijAk; $wyhk;.
ty;Yeh;fs; te;Js;sdh;. ,e;jpah;fSf;F 2. W g>VBD z:
cahpa njhopy; El;gj;jpy; gapw;rp md;dpa KjyPbw;Fk;> flDf;Fk;>
fpilj;jpUf;fpd;wJ. njhopy; El;g cjtpf;Fk; ehk; Mz;LNjhWk; md;dpar;
Ma;Tk; gapw;rpAk; tsh;e;jpUf;fpd;wd. nryhtzpapy; nfhLf;Fk; tl;b> gq;Fj;
,tw;why; ekJ ehl;by; njhopy; El;gk; njhif> jpUk;gr; nrYj;Jk; fld;
Nkk;gl;bUf;fpd;wJ.


 ]B VV>VD

Mfpatw;iw vy;yhk; $l;bf; fopj;Jg; njhptjpy;iy. Mjyhy; md;dpa cjtpiaj;

ghh;j;jhy; md;dpa cjtpapypUe;J> ekf;Ff; jpl;lkpl;Lg; gad;gLj;jtpy;iy. md;dpa
fpilf;Fk; Mjhak; kpfTk; FiwthfNt cjtpapy; vjph;ghh;f;Fk; gad; fpilf;fhky;
,Uf;Fk;. Nghdjw;F ,JTk; xU fhuzkhFk;.
3. c]V[\:
md;dpa cjtp fpilf;Fk; msT>
fpilf;Fk; fhyk; Mfpait jpl;ltl;lkhfj;

•••
c k> \A
(WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION - WTO)

 ‘fhl;” rkurg; Ngr;Rthh;j;ijfs; VO  WTO tpd; Kf;fpa gzpfshtd

Rw;Wfs; eilngw;W ‘cUFNt Rw;W” 1. cWg;G ehLfspd; th;j;jf
vd;W miof;fg;gLk; vl;lhtJ Rw;W cld;ghLfis eph;thfpj;jy;.
Ngr;R thh;j;ijfs; 1989 y; njhlq;fp 2. th;j;jf rkurg; Ngr;Rf;F xU
1995 Mk; Mz;L ‘cyf th;j;jf mikg;G.
mikg;G” (WTO) cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. 3. th;j;jf jfuhWfis ifahSjy;.
WTO tpd; ‘;jiyik ,af;Fduhf” 4. Njr mstpyhd th;j;jf
gh];fy; yhkp (Pascal Lamy) vd;gth; nfhs;iffis fz;fhzpj;jy;
,g;gjtpia tfpj;J te;jhh;. tsh;e;J tUk; ehLfSf;F
 WTO tpd; Kf;fpa Nehf;fk; Ngjkw;w> njhopy;El;g cjtpAk; gapw;rpAk;
Rje;jpukhd th;j;jfNk MFk;. nfhLj;J cjTjy;.
mjhtJ xU th;j;jfj; jilfNs (Rq;f 5. ,ju rh;tNjr mikg;GfNshL
thpfs; kw;Wk; Rq;fthpapy;yhjit) $l;LwTld; nray;gLjy;.
,q;F fhz ,aYk;. ,J NkYk;  WTO tpd; midj;J cWg;G
Fiwe;J tsh;r;rpaile;j ehLfSf;F> ehLfspd; mikr;rh;fs; mstpyhd
Nghl;bAld; $ba th;j;jf mikg;G khehL ,uz;L Mz;LfSf;F xU
epiyia cUthf;fp> mitfs; Kiw $l;lg;gl;L> ,k;khehl;by;
rhpnra;af; $ba msTf;F Neuk; gy;NtW th;j;jf cld;ghl;L KbTfs;
xJf;fp nefpo;r;rpAs;s th;j;jfj;Jld; vl;lg;gLk;.
$ba rYiffisj; je;Js;sJ.
WTO khehLfs;


 ]B VV>VD

1. 1996 rpq;fg;G+h;
2. 1998 n[dpth> Rtpl;rh;yhe;J
3. 1999 ];Nfl;by; mnkhpf;fh
4. 2001 Njhfh> fh;j;jh;
5. 2003 fhd;fd;> nkf;]pNfh
6. 2005 `hq;fhq;
7. 2009 n[dpth> Rtpl;rh;yhe;J
8. 2011 n[dpth> Rtpl;rh;yhe;J
9. 2013 ghyp> ,e;NjhNd\pah
10. 2015 ieNuhgp> nfd;ah
11. 2017 GtNdhrpah;];>
mh;n[d;bdh

•••
c\B\V>_ \uD
>MBV \B\V>_
 LPG - jhuhskakhjy;>  gy Gjpa Jiwfspy; njhopy; njhlq;f
jdpahh;kakhjy;;> cyfkakhjy;; jdpahUf;F mDkjp mspj;J
 1991- [{iyapy; Gjpa nghUshjhuf; njhopy;Jiwia tsh;j;jy;
nfhs;if mwpKfk; >MBV\B\V>_
 gpujkh;; - eurpk;kuht;  nghJj;Jiw epWtdq;fspd;
 epjpaikr;ru; - kd;Nkhfd;rpq; gq;Ffis jdpahh; Jiwf;F tpw;gjd;
c\B\V>_ %yk; cw;gj;jpia mjpfhpj;jy;.
 ,e;jpag; nghUshjhuj;ij cyfg; [\^
nghUshjhuj;jpy; xd;wpizj;jy; 1. Ntiytha;g;G ngUf;fk;
 1991-y; mwpKfk; 2. njhopy;KidNthh; mjpfhpg;G
>V\B\V>_ 3. Nghl;bkdg;ghd;ik
 nghUshjhuf; fl;Lg;ghLfis 4. ,e;jpa nghUl;fspd; juk; mjpfhpg;G
jsh;j;Jjy; 5. tUtha; ngUf;fk;
6. cs;fl;likg;G tsh;r;rp


 ]B VV>VD

7. %yjd ngUf;fk; n>V| ] >Vau kE

8. njhopy;Kidnthh;f;F mjpf yhgk;  LPG - apd; jhf;fk; gpd;dh;
9. tho;f;ifj;juk; cah;T te;j Ie;jhz;L jpl;lq;fSf;F
10. njhopy;El;;g mwpT tsh;r;rp vjpnuhspj;jJ.
>Vaum kE  8 - tJ - 7.6%
 LPG - f;F gpd;dh; njhopw;Jiwapy;  9 - tJ - 6.0%
xUq;fpize;j kw;Wk; kWrPuikT  10 - tJ - 8.6%
Ntfk; ngw;wJ.  11 - tJ - 8.6%
1. ifafg;gLj;Jjy;> ,izg;G kw;Wk; >k_ >Va_ Om
tphpthf;fk;  ,e;jpah jfty; njhopy; El;gj;
2. me;epa $l;L Jiwapd; Fthikakhf khwpaJ.
3. FDI mDkjp  brpv];> tpg;Nuh> ,d;Nghrp]; Nghd;w
4. v‡F> rpnkz;l;> thfdk; Nghd;w Vuhskhd cyfpy; Gfo;ngw;w
Jiwfspy; njhopy;El;g Nkk;ghL epWtdq;fs; Njhd;wpd.
5. ,e;jpah;fSf;F njhopw;gapw;rp> mJ SEZ - 2005
njhlh;ghd Ma;Tfs; Nkk;gl;lJ.  njhopyhsh; eyr; rl;lq;fspypUe;J
c kE tpyf;F kw;Wk; gy rYiffSld;
 LPG - mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l fhyj;jpy; njhlf;fk;.
2.1% Mf ,Ue;j njhopy; tsh;r;rp  ,jdhy; gy njhopw;rhiyfs;
1996y; 88% MdJ. 1999y; 8.1% Mf mikag;ngw;W njhopw;Jiw tsh;r;rp
,Ue;jJ. ngw;wJ.

•••