]B VV>VD

VV>V kE (\) \DV|

mjw;fpizahf cah;tijf;
VV>V x[uD
fz;ldh;. nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F
 Njrj;jpd; cz;ik epiyapyhd
khw;W ,yf;fzk; $w Ntz;ba fhyk;
nghUshjhu cw;gj;jpapy;
te;jJ. nghUspahyhsh;fSf;F
Mjhuq;fspd; cah;tpd;
tsh;r;rp vd;gJ tho;f;ifj; juj;jpd;
fhuzkhfTk;> fy;tp %ykhfTk;>
cah;NtahFk;. mJ fPo;fz;l khw;Wf;
kw;Wk; Mjhuq;fspd; msT
fhuzpfisf; nfhz;Nl mikAk;.
kw;Wk; El;g cah;T fhuzkhfTk;
1. rj;Jztpd; epiy
cah;itf; fhz;gNj nghUshjhu
2. tphpthf;fg;gl;l kf;fisr;
Kd;Ndw;wkhFk;. NtW tpjj;jpy;
nrd;wilAk; MNuhf;fpa trjpfs;
nghUshjhuj;jpd; xt;nthU cw;gj;jp
- kUj;Jtkidfs;> kUe;Jfs;
nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fs; kw;Wk;
ghJfhf;fg;gl;l FbePh;> jLg;G
Gs;spfspd; kjpg;G $LtjhFk;.
Kiwfs;> Jg;GuT kw;Wk; gpw.
nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;ij xU
3. kf;fs; kj;jpapy; fy;tpapd; epiy
ehl;bd; tsUk; nkhj;j cs;ehl;L
4. ,d;Dk; gpw fhuzpfisAk;
cw;gj;jpypUe;Jk; mwpayhk;.
tho;f;ifj;juk; rhh;e;Js;sJ.
VV>V kE
 mjpfkhd nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpf;F
 1950 tiu nghUspayhsh;fs;
mjpfkhd nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wk;
nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;Fk;
Njit. mjw;fhf mjpfkhd
tsh;r;rpf;Fk; ,ilapyhd
nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wk; jhdhfNt
NtWghl;ilf; fhl;lj; jtwp
nghUshjhu tsh;r;rpiaf; nfhz;L
tpl;ldh;. ,Ug;gpDk; cs;s
te;J tpLk; vd;W nghUshfhJ.
NtWghLfs; mth;fSf;Fj;
 ehk; khWgl;l rpy Kd;Ndw;w tsh;r;rp
njhpAk;. 1960fspy; mjw;F gpd;Dk;
epiyapidf; fhzyhk;.
te;j gj;jhz;LfspYk; gy;NtW
1. mjpf Kd;Ndw;wk; kw;Wk; mjpf
ehl;ilr; Nrh;e;j nghUspayhsh;fs;
tsh;r;rp
nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wk; ,Ug;gpDk;
2. mjpf Kd;Ndw;wk; Mdhy; Fiwe;j
mth;fspd; tho;f;ifj;juk;
tsh;r;rp


 ]B VV>VD

3. Fiwe;j Kd;Ndw;wk; Mdhy; mjpf kkVFA \Vu^

tsh;r;rp  Ntiy tha;g;G khw;wq;fs;> cw;gj;jp
 nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp vd;gJ kw;Wk; Mf;f ts khw;wq;fspy;
mstpYk; juj;jpYk; nghUshjhu gphpf;fg;gLfpwJ. cw;gj;jp FiwAk;
Kd;Ndw;wk; ngWtJ MFk;. Ntfj;jpy; Kjd;ik Jiwapy; ciog;Gk;
nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;ij chpa ciog;ghsUk; Fiwtjpy;iy. ,jd;
tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;jp tsh;r;rp gpd;Ndhf;F epiy njhopw;rhiy
fz;lhy; mJ Nkw;nfhz;Lk; Ntiy ,d;ik epiyiaf;
Kd;Ndw;wj;ijj; Jhpjg;gLj;jp fhl;LfpwJ. njhopyhsh;fspd;
NkYk; ngUFk;. kf;fl;njhiff;F cw;gj;jpj; jpwd; ,jd; %yk; vspjhf
tsh;r;rpia mspf;Fk;. mijg; ghJfhf;fg;gLfpwJ.
NghyNt mjpf Kd;Ndw;wk; MdJ u\] [>o_ \VuD
Fiwe;j tsh;r;rp kw;Wk; rhpahff;  tsh;r;rp Vw;gLifapy; ngUk;
ftdpf;fhj tsh;r;rpapy; KbAkhdhy; gFjpahd tUkhdj;jpw;F Vw;Wkjp
Kd;Ndw;wk; tPo;r;rpailAk;. nghWg;ghtJld;> Vw;Wkjpapd;
VV>V kED xd;wpizthy; Fwpg;gpLk; gbahd
\A x \VuxD khw;wk; epfOk;.
 fzpjtopg; nghUspayhsh;fs;  Kf;fpag; nghUs; cw;gj;jpapidg;
tsh;r;rpf;F toptFf;Fk; mikg;G NghyNt njhopy; cw;gj;jpAk;
Kiw khw;wq;fis mstpl ,izahff; $Lk;. ,wf;FkjpAk;
Kay;fpd;wdh;. fPo;tUtdtw;iw ngUFtJld;> ngWtJk; -
Kf;fpa khw;wq;fshff; nfhs;syhk;. nfhLg;gJk; rkepiy milAk;.
\V> c^V| cu] \>V s> cB
\Vu[ cA^  tUkhdk; $Lk; NghJ> kf;fl;njhif
 kpfg; nghJthf tpOf;fhl;Lg; gq;fpd; ngUk; tpfpjk; FiwAnkd
tUkhdk; $Lifapy; Nrkpg;G vjph;ghh;ff
; yhk;. gpwg;G tpfpjk; Fiw
tpfpjKk; $LfpwJ. muR tUthAk; tJld; ,wg;G tpfpjKk; FiwAk;.
(kw;Wk; nryTk;) $LfpwJ. czT kf;fl;njhif ngUFtjhy;> Kd;Ndw;w
Efh;r;rp FiwfpwJ. cztpy;yhj tpfpjk; gbg;gbahfNt FiwAk;.
nghUl;fs; Efh;r;rp $LfpwJ. gzp k\V 
kw;Wk; njhopw;rhiy gphpTfspd;  Muk;gj;jpy; tUkhdk; rkkw;w
Kd;Ndw;wk; Vw;gl Ntshz; gphptpy; Kiwapy; gfpug;gl;lhYk;> ehsiltpy;
Kd;Ndw;wk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. gpd;Ndhf;fp efUk;. ,J gpd;Ndhf;F
‘U’ tbt Mjhuf; fUj;jhFk;.
,jid jpU. irkd; f];el;];
vLj;Jiuf;fpwhh;.

 ]B VV>VD

nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wk;

nraw;gz;G nghUspay; mikg;G Kiw Kd;Ndw;wk; nghUshjhu
khw;wq;fs; Fwpj;jJ. cw;gj;jp cah;T rhh;e;jJ.
Kd;Ndw;wk; tsh;r;rpahdJ kdpj Kd;Ndw;wk; nkhj;j cs;ehl;L
%yjdf; FwpaPLfs; (cah;T) cw;gj;jpapy; VjhtnjhU
Kd;Ndw;w epiyapy; jho;T cl;$wpy; gbg;gbahf cah;T
kw;Wk; nghJkf;fspd; jukhd Efh;T> muRr; nryT> KjyPL>
tho;f;iff;fhd mikg;G Kiw epfu Vw;Wkjp Mfpatw;NwhL
khw;wq;fs; Mfpatw;Wld; njhlh;GilaJ.
njhlh;GilaJ.
rk;ge;jkhdJ ,J tUkhdj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Nrkpg;gpy; tUkhdj;ij
khw;wq;fisf; Fwpj;Jf; cah;j;jp> %yjd cah;T
fhl;LtJld;> Nrkpg;G kw;Wk; Nghd;W> ehl;bd; cz;ik
KjyPl;Lld; ehl;bd; r%fg; Mf;f Mjhuk; %yk; nghUl;fs;
nghUshjhu mikg;gpy; Vw;gLk; kw;Wk; gzp cw;gj;jpia
khw;wq;fisAk; fhl;LfpwJ. (epWtd cah;j;Jtij ,J Fwpf;fpwJ.
kw;Wk; njhopy;El;g khw;wq;fs;)
msT ju epiy kdpjtsh;r;rpf;F FwpaPL vz;zpf;if mstpyhd
ghypdk; njhlh;ghd FwpaPL> kdpj khw;wq;fis ,J nfhz;L
tWikf; FwpaPL> Foe;ijfs; ,wg;G> tUfpwJ.
fw;Nwhh; tpfpjk; Nghd;wit MFk;.
tpisT juk; kw;Wk; vz;zpf;if mstpyhd vz;zpf;if mstpyhd
khw;wq;fisg; nghUshjuj;jpy; ,J khw;wq;fis ,J nfhz;L
nfhz;L tUfpwJ. tUfpwJ.
fUj;J newpAiu fUj;J nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;j;ijf;
fhl;bYk; FWfpa fUj;J
njhlh;G tsh;e;J tUk; ehLfspy; Kd;Ndw;wk; Fiwe;j ehLfspy;
kw;Wk; tho;f;ifj; juj;ij mwpe;jpl nghUshjhuk; tsh;r;rpf;Fk;
nghUshjhu tsh;r;rp kpfTk; njhlh;GilajhfTk; cs;sJ.
caUfpwJ. Mdhy; vy;iy ehLfspYk;
,J gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
Vnddpy; Kd;Ndw;wNk
tsh;r;rpapy; Njit