jkpo;ehL muR

Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rpj;Jiw

gphpT : TNPSC Group II Njh;T

ghlk; : ,e;jpa murpayikg;G
gFjp : KfTiu

fhg;Ghpik

jkpo;ehL muRg; gzpahsh; Njh;thizak; F&g; - 2 Kjy;epiy kw;Wk; Kjd;ik

Njh;TfSf;fhd fhnzhyp fhl;rp gjpTfs;> xypg;gjpT ghlf;Fwpg;Gfs;> khjphp Njh;T
tpdhj;jhs;fs; kw;Wk; nkd;ghlf;Fwpg;Gfs; Mfpait Nghl;bj; Njh;tpw;F jahuhFk;
khzt> khztpfSf;F cjtpLk; tifapy; Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rpj; Jiwahy;
nkd;nghUs; tbtpy; jahhpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,k;nkd;ghlf; Fwpg;GfSf;fhd fhg;Ghpik
Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rpj; Jiwiar; rhh;e;jJ vd njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ.

ve;j xU jdpegNuh my;yJ jdpahh; Nghl;bj; Njh;T gapw;rp ikaNkh

,k;nkd;ghlf; Fwpg;Gfis ve;j tifapYk; kWgpujp vLf;fNth> kW Mf;fk; nra;jplNth>
tpw;gid nra;Ak; Kaw;rpapNyh <LgLjy; $lhJ. kPwpdhy; ,e;jpa fhg;Ghpik rl;lj;jpd;
fPo; jz;bf;fg;gl VJthFk; vd njhptpf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,J Kw;wpYk; Nghl;bj;
Njh;TfSf;F jahh; nra;Ak; khzth;fSf;F toq;fg;gLk; fl;lzkpy;yh NritahFk;.

Mizah;>
Ntiytha;g;G kw;Wk; gapw;rpj; Jiw
 KfTiu
KfTiu Kfg;Giu:
,e;jpa kf;fshfpa ehk;> ,e;jpahit
xU ,iwahz;ik kpf;f> rkjh;kk;
rhh;ej
; > kjr;rhh;gw;w> kf;fshl;rp>
FbauR mikf;fTk;> mjd; Fbkf;fs;
midtUf;Fk;
r%f> nghUshjhu> murpay; ePjp
(JUSTICE) fpilf;fTk;
rpe;jidapy; rpe;jidia
ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy;> ek;gpf;ifapy;>
gw;WWjpapy; kw;Wk; topghl;by;
Rje;jpuKk; (LIBERTY)>
jFjp epiyapy; kw;Wk; tha;g;gpy;
rkj;Jtk; (EQUALITY)> cWjpahf
midtUf;Fk; fpilf;fr; nra;aTk;>
jdp xUthpd; khz;Gf;Fk;>
rNfhjuj;Jtj;ij (FRATERNITY)
midthplj;jpy; tsh;f;fTk;> ehl;bd;
 Kfg;Giu vd;gJ ,aw;wg;gl;l xw;Wikf;Fk;> xUikghl;Lf;Fk;
rl;lj;ij mwpKfk; nra;J cWjpaspf;Fk;
itf;Fk; gFjpahFk;. tpOkpa KiwikAs;s cWjp
 Kjd;Kjypy; Kfg;Giuia G+z;L> 1949 etk;gh; 26-k; ehshfpa
murpayikg;gpy; toq;fpa ehL ,d;W ek;Kila murpayikg;G
mnkhpf;fh. mjid njhlh;e;J eph;za rigapy;> <q;fpjdhy;>
,e;jpah kw;Wk; gy ehLfs; ,t;turpayikg;ig Vw;W rl;lkhf
toq;fpaJ. ,aw;wp ekf;F ehNk toq;fpf;
nfhs;fpNwhk;.

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 KfTiu

 gz;bj [t`h;yhy; NeU ",e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; Md;kh" -

mth;fshy; brk;gh; 13> 1946 y; vd;W $wpath; jh$h;jh]; ghh;ft;.
,e;jpa murpay; eph;za rigapd;  murpayikg;G Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l
Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; gw;wpa jPh;khdk; NghNj KfTiuAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;
Kd;nkhopag;gl;L> [dthp -gl;lJ. murpayikg;gpd; Nehf;fk;>
22>1947y; murpay; eph;za kw;Wk; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs; ,jpy;
rigahy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Fwpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;
gpd;G ,J ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; gl;l ehs; etk;gh; 26> 1949.
Kfg;Giuahf khw;wg;gl;lJ.  ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd;
Kfg;Giuapy; cs;s rkj;Jtk;>
 ,e;jpa murpayikg;Gf;F Kfg;Giu Rje;jpuk; Nghd;w thh;j;ijfs;
Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpath; - gpnuQ;R Gul;rpapd; topahf
[t`h;yhy; NeU. kf;fNs Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ. murpayikg;gpd;gb
mjpfhuj;jpd; Njhw;Wtha; vd;W ,e;jpah xU ,iwahz;ik ngw;w
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; Kfg;Giu kf;fshl;rpf; FbauR vdTk;>
$WfpwJ. rkjh;k newp rhh;e;j> kjr;rhh;gw;w
FbauR vdTk; $WfpwJ.
 Nfrthde;j ghujp - Nfush muir
vjph;j;J njhlq;fpa tof;fpy; (1973)
Kd;Diu 'murpay; mikg;gpd; xU
gFjpNa" vd;W cr;rePjpkd;wk;
$wpaJ.
,iwahz;ik nfhz;l rkjh;k
 ,e;jpah xU ,iwahz;ik cila rkarhh;gw;w kf;fshl;rp Fbauir
rkjh;k> kjr;rhh;gw;w> kf;fshl;rp mikj;jpl cWjp G+z;l ,e;jpa
kw;Wk; FbauR ehlhf cs;sJ. kf;fshfpa ehk;> midj;J
 ePjp> Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> Fbkf;fSk; r%f> nghUshjhu>
rNfhjuj;Jtk; Mfpait ekJ murpay; ePjp vz;zj;jpy;>
Nehf;fq;fs; vdTk; murpayikg;G ntspg;gLj;jypy;> ek;gpf;ifapy;
rl;lj;jpd; Kfg;Giu $WfpwJ. gw;WWjpapy;> topgLjypy; Rje;jpuk;
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; Kfg;Giu jFjpepiyapYk; tha;gG
; hpikapYk;

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 KfTiu

rkepiy ngwTk; mij mth;fs; ehspidAk; Kfg;Giu

ahthplj;Jk; Nkk;gLj;jTk; jdpegh; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
fz;zpak;> kw;Wk; ehl;bd; xw;Wik
kw;Wk; xUikg;g hL nfhz;l Kfg;Giuapd; rl;lj;jpUj;jk; :
rNfhjuj;Jtk; ngw;wpl cWjp nra;J>  KfTiuapy; ,Jtiu xNu xUKiw
,e;j 1949-Mk; Mz;L etk;gh; khjk; jpUj;jk; nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. 42tJ
26-Mk; ehs;> ekJ murpayikg;G rl;l jpUj;jk; (1976) %yk; rkjh;kk;>
mitapy; ,e;j murpayikg;Gr; kjr;rhh;gw;w vd;w thh;j;ijfSk;>
rl;lj;ij ,q;F Vw;W> ,aw;wp ekf;F xUikg;ghL vd;w thh;j;ijAk;
toq;FfpNwhk;. Nrh;f;fg;gl;lJ.

Kfg;Giuapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; : [dehafk; (Democracy)

1. murpayikg;Gr; rl;lj;ij  Mgpufhk; ypq;fd; fUj;Jg;gb
,aw;wpath;fs; ve;Nehf;fj;jpw;fhf [dehafk; vd;gJ kf;fshy;
mjid ,aw;wpdhh;fs;> mjd; kf;fSf;fhf mikf;fg;gLk;
%yk; mth;fs; mila tpUk;gpa kf;fspd; murhFk;. ,J kf;fshy;
murpay;> rKjha> nghUshjhu Ml;rpashHfs; NjHe;njLf;fg;gLk;
khWjy;fs; ahit vd;gd gw;wpa kw;Wk; kf;fspd; tpUg;gq;fs; kw;Wk;
Fwpg;Gfis KfTiu gfph;fpwJ. xg;Gjypd;gb muR nray;gLk; xU
2. murpayikg;gpd; cl;gphpTfspy; Ml;rp KiwahFk;.
fhzg;gLk; Fog;gq;fis  [dehaf murpd; gpw ,ay;Gfshd
njspTWj;jTk; rpy Neuq;fspy; rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp Fbkf;fspd;
Kfg;Giu gad;gLfpwJ. cupikfs; kw;Wk;
3. ,jd; %yk; ePjpj;Jiw Rje;jpuq;fSf;fhd tpjpfs;>
murpayikg;gpd; khz;gpid midtUf;Fk; ePjp kw;Wk;
rhpahd Nfhzj;jpy; tpsk;g rkj;Jtj;jpy; ek;gpf;if Rje;jpukhd
,aYk;. NkYk; murpayikg;gpd; kw;Wk; ghugl;rkw;w ePjpj;Jiw
,iwahz;ik mjpfhuj;ij %yth; gj;jpupf;if Rje;jpuk; NeHikahd
vth; vd;gjidAk;> murpayikg;G kw;Wk; Rje;jpukhd NjHjy;fs;
,aw;wg;gl;L> Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l Nghd;wit.

,e;jpahtpd; caph; ehb fpuhkq;fs; vd;W $wpath; kfhj;kh fhe;jp

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 KfTiu

kjr;rhHgpd;ik (Secularism)  ,k;Kiwapy; jdpahH

 ,J murpaiyAk;> kjj;ijAk; nrhj;Jupikf;F ,lk; ,Ue;jhYk;
jdpj;jdpahf gpupj;J itg;gijf; mt;Tupik nghJ eyid fUj;jpy;
Fwpf;Fk;. xU kjr;rhHgw;w ehl;by; nfhz;L rl;lj;jpd; %yk;
ehl;Lf;nfd;W xU kjk; ,Uf;fhJ. fl;Lg;gLj;jg;gLk;.
NkYk; midj;J Fbkf;fSf;Fk;
jhq;fs; tpUk;Gk; kjj;ij gpd;gw;w
cupik cz;L.
 ,e;jpahTk; xU kjr;rhHgw;w
ehlhFk;. Mdhy; ,e;jpahtpd;
midj;J kjq;fSk; ghugl;rkpd;wp
elj;jg;gLtNjhL (rHt jHk
rk;gth) rpWghd;ik kjq;fspd;
eyd;fSk; fhf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

r%fj;Jtk; (Socialism)
 ,J Kjyhspj;Jtj;jpw;Fk;
jdpegUf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; jUk;
nfhs;iff;Fk; vjpuhdjhFk;. ,J
cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; tpdpNahf
cupikfis r%fk; KOtjpw;Fk;
nghJthdjhf khw;wf;$Lk;
jj;Jtk; MFk;.
 rkj;Jtk;> midtUf;Fk; eytho;T>
kw;Wk; midtUf;Fk; rktha;g;G
Nghd;w ,ay;Gfis nfhz;l
r%fj;jpid mikf;f ,k;Kiw
toptFf;Fk;.
 r%fj;Jtk; jdJ Nehf;fj;ij
murpd; %yk; epiwNtw;Wk;. muNr
nghJeydpd; gpujpepjpahFk;.

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