Introduction

Understanding how people do a certain activity is based on what drives

them to do task. It could be their goals, wants, needs or something that they want

to achieve. In order to achieve their task, a person should possess self-efficacy

to achieve their goal. According to Albert Bandura, self-efficacy is a person’s

belief in their ability to succeed in a particular situation.

In this research study, three factors are being identified that may influence

students’ self-efficacy, these are the following; personal, social, and academic.

These three factors affect students’ ability to read and write, especially nowadays

where the new system of learning was introduced, which is the distance learning.

In an online class, students and teachers need to be flexible in their classes.

However, being flexible nowadays especially in the current situation which is the

pandemic, students have a limit movement which they cannot do want they want

to do. In addition to that is the self-efficacy of the students in learning the subject.

Aside from those things, Reading and Writing Skill is a core subject which it

needs to be taught by their teachers’ well, even in the virtual field, in which these

might have an effect on the self-efficacy of students.

In the Senior High School, one of the core subjects there is Reading and

Writing skill. Reading and writing are the two-top most macro skills that a student

should possess. Reading is all about how a person understand a text; while

writing is much more on organizing thoughts and ideas based on what a person

read or listened to. Moreover, the two macro skills nurture their critical thinking

and understanding, it requires concentration and focus. The said two macro skills

1
are essential in dealing the 21 st century since students will likely have several

careers in their lifetime.

In relation to academic, if a student has a high level of self-efficacy there is

a possibility that a student would more likely achieve in its overall performance in

school. In classroom context, self-efficacy is a great predictor in terms of

academic success. Based on the study, researchers concluded that if students

who have high self-efficacy, show more perseverance and venture challenging

tasks or activities. On the other hand, students who have low self-efficacy more

likely want to go over easier tasks for them to avoid failures (Hayat, Shateri &

Amini, 2020).

A study was conducted at Universitas Pendidikan Ganesha in Indonesia,

that aimed to correlate the students' reading interest, reading self-efficacy, and

their reading competency. Data shows that there are positive and significant

relationships among the students' reading interest, reading self-efficacy to their

reading competency. This reveals that whenever the students are interested and

confident to read texts, then it has relation to their reading competency in finding

the main idea, specific information, and word meanings, also it means that

students' reading interest, reading self-efficacy, and their reading competency

are positively and significantly related (Handayani et al, 2020).

A study was conducted at University Science High School (USHS) Central

Luzon State University, Nueva Ecija; the study was conducted to determine the

relationship between self-efficacy and academic performance of high school

students in their performances on Math and English subject. The researcher also

2
found out that high school students possess a high level of self-efficacy (Dullas,

2010). In relation with that, in the context of Reading and Writing Skill, it is indeed

a tough subject to learn, and with self-efficacy the possibility of students to learn

and achieve their goal is high.

From the traditional way of teaching which is inside our respective

classrooms, where the teacher is seen physically and where students reading

and writing using their notebooks and pens; to virtual classes where students

face their monitors and phones, utilizes LMS (learning management system) in

the submission of their assessments, and where students need to stay on their

respective homes will be another contributor in the self-efficacy of students.

Several institutions such as Notre Dame of Dadiangas University also resorted to

online measures to keep classes running. The said institution utilizes online

platforms such as Google Classroom, Facebook Groups, Messenger and Zoom

for conducting classes.

Through this case, the researchers became interested in conducting a

study about the influence of personal, social and academic factors on the self-

efficacy of Senior High School students in Online Learning Modality at Notre

Dame of Dadiangas University IBED, specifically in the subject Reading and

Writing Skill. Despite of the current situation of the Philippines, how do these

factors influence the self-efficacy of learners of NDDU IBED, and how does it

affect their learning and participation in online Reading and Writing class? The

gathered data will serve as awareness to teachers, especially to the school

3
administrators on what can affect the self-efficacy of students, and how they will

conduct their online classes.

Statement of the Problem

The study aimed to determine the influence personal, social and

academic factors on the self-efficacy of Senior High School students in online

learning modality.

Specifically, it answered the following questions:

1. What is the profile of Senior High School students in terms of:

1.1 sex;

1.2 academic strand;

1.3 socio-economic status; and

1.4 technological resources?

2. How extensive are the said personal factors relative to the students:

2.1 motivation;

2.2 interest in online class; and

2.3 parental/guardian involvement?

3. How extensive are the said social factors to the students:

3.1 family members;

3.2 teachers;

3.3 classmates;

3.4 friends; and

3.5 neighbors?

4
 4. How extensive are the said academic factors relative to the students:

4.1 prior knowledge;

4.2 online learning environment;

4.2 teaching strategies; and

4.3 teacher’s competence?

5. What is the level of self-efficacy of the students in online Reading and

Writing class in terms of:

5.1 organizing information;

5.2 academic and professional writing; and

5.3 critical reading?

6. Is there a significant relationship between:

6.1 extent of personal factors and self-efficacy;

6.2 extent of social factors and self-efficacy; and

6.3 extent of academic factors and self-efficacy?

7. Is there a significant difference in the self-efficacy of the respondents

across their profile?

5
Significance of the Study

The study measured the influence of personal, social and academic

factors on the self-efficacy of Senior High School students in online Reading and

Writing class. As of this moment, there is no formal study about self-efficacy and

Reading and Writing class in terms of virtual teaching and learning.

The study would be significant to the following:

School Administrators. The results of this study may help them bring

awareness on the influence of personal, social and academic factors on the self-

efficacy in online Reading and Writing class of their students. The study will also

help them to be guided on how the Online Class environment creates a huge

impact on the self-efficacy of a student, and how would they help them resolve or

ease that possible impact to the students.

English Language Practitioners and Teachers. The gathered data of

this study will help them have the knowledge on how students perceive their

success and failure in their respective subjects, specifically the Reading and

Writing Skill course. The study will help them to be aware on what kind of

adjustments and strategies they need to do.

Parents/Guardian. This study will help them realize how important they

are as a source of encouragement to their children and may also help them to

radiate a positive belief system towards the academic performance of their

children. As also a part of a child’s parents/guardians plays a vital role in a child

development.

6
 Senior High School Learners. This study could help them to be aware of

how their self-efficacy influences and affect their performance in online Reading

and Writing Skill class.

Researchers. The study will help them to understand new things,

especially in the field of creating new ways in teaching specifically in an online

class setting.

Future Researchers. This study can be used as a reference or as an

additional literature for others researchers of the same study. This study can be

their guide in conducting their own research. The results and recommendations

of the study will be used as a basis for their literature.

Scope and Delimitation

The study was conducted to determine how personal, social, academic

and self-efficacy of Senior High School students, and how it influences the

performance in the Reading and Writing Skill subject of the respondents.

The researchers created a survey questionnaire to address each

problems of the study. It was conducted at Notre Dame of Dadiangas University

IBED. The respondents of the study were the Grade 12 students coming from the

different academic strands, specifically STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering

and Mathematics), ABM (Accountancy and Business Management), and HUMSS

(Humanities and Social Sciences). The respondents of the study should be

enrolled last Academic Year 2020-2021, and took Reading and Writing Skill on

the Second Semester of the same Academic Year.

7
Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined conceptually or operationally that helps

the readers to understand the words that are being used by the researchers:

Academic Strand. It refers to a guide for students which focus on further

studies as learners pursue to college. Operationally, it refers to the track of the

Senior High School students of Notre Dame Dadiangas University IBED took

before they will step on their preferred course in the tertiary level.

Learning Management System (LMS). NEOLMS defined LMS as an

online education hub that provides a large and indispensable set of features to

support educational activities such as classroom learning, distance education

and continuing education. Operationally, it refers to an online platform that Notre

Dame of Dadiangas University IBED utilizes in teaching and learning.

Reading and Writing Skill. It is one of the core subjects in the Senior

High School. It involves critical thinking and reading, and academic and

professional writing in this subject. Operationally, it refers to the core subject in

the Senior High School of Notre Dame Dadiangas University, and it is the main

focus of the study which serves as the independent variable of the study.

Self-Efficacy. It is the belief in their ability to succeed in a particular

situation. Operationally, it refers to the variable that needs to be measured by the

researcher of the study, and the driving force of the students of NDDU in their

subject Reading and Writing skill.

8
 Senior High School. It is the additional two years in High School.

Operationally, this program in Notre Dame of Dadiangas University consists

three tracks: STEM (Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics), ABM

(Accountancy Business Management), and HUMSS (Humanities and Social

Sciences). It is the groups where the respondents of the study belonged.

Sex. The sexual identity of a person, either male or female. Operationally,

this is the distinction between male and female that is considered as an

intervening variable of the study.

Socio- Economic Status. They refer to the social standing or class where

a person belongs. Operationally, this is one of the intervening variables of the

study of the researcher, also it refers to the financial stability of a student belong.

Virtual/Online Class. It refers to a class conducted over the internet. It

uses some methods such as LMS (learning management system), social media,

and others in conducting the class. Operationally, it refers to the modality of

instruction where teachers and students of Notre Dame of Dadiangas University

use as a means to communicate and collaborate due to the pandemic.