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1/9/2021 Test Material

Classification
•
classification means putting things into groups .
( for example :
we could put all the organism with legs into

one group .
and all those without legs into another ) .

•
The main reason for classifying living things is to make it easier to study them .

DNA
•
in the past , the only ways that biologist could decide which organism were most closely related .
was

to study the structure of their bodies ( they looked carefully at their morphology and anatomy )
Morphology : the overall form and shape of their bodies

☒
Anatomy : the detailed body structure ,
which could be determine by dissection

• Now we have the new tools to help to work out evolutionary → DNA

☒ DNA : is the chemical from which our chromosomes are made 1 the genetic material )

Nutrition
• The process of taking in of nutritious which are organic substances mineral ions , containing
raw materials for growth repair absorbing & assimilating them
or energy .
, .

Respiration
• The chemical reaction that break down nutrietient molecules in living cell to real ease energy
• Food + oxygen → energy t water t carbon dioxide
•
Energy released is coupled to the synthetis Of ATP .

•
ATP is essensial for plant cell maintenance , growth .
and development
☒
Equation for aerobic Respiration :

C. 611-1206 t 602 t 6h20 6002 t 12h20 t energy

( glucose) IATP )

1 Mole glucose 36 ATP

Growth
• A permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase In cell number of cell size

or both
 example chart for growth
y☒
Movement

• An action by an organism or part of organism

causing a change of petition or place

Excretion
•
Removal from organism of toxic materials ( the waste product of metabolism) chemical reactions in

cells including respiration and substances in excess of requirement .

F-
to
DIFFERENT

Elimination
• an unabsorbed and undigested food in the form of fece

This materials have NEVER entered the body cells ,

therefore they are NOT metabolic

waste

• Metabolic waste :

•
CO2 ,
water ( Respiration )
* Nitrogen compounds : ammonia , urea , uric acid ,
( break down amino acid )

• mineral salts : sodium chloride , potassium sulfate ( Metabolism )

•
All of these waste products are poisonous in excess

Reproduction
•
The processes that make more of the same kind of organism

sensitivity
• The ability to detector sense changes in the environment 1 stimuli ) and to

make responses

movement
• An action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of position

or place
 • The enzyme sucrase accelerates hydrolysis of

sucrose into glucose and fructose .

Acting as a

catalyst , the sucrase protein is not consumed

during the cycle , but remains available for

f- other catalys

•
organism which share more recent ancestor care

more closely related I have base sequences in DNA

that are more similar than those that share only

a distant ancestor

→☒ The classification system

•
All modern classification systems have their roots in the Linna en classification * it was developed
Swedish Linnaeus for his contribution Linnaeus
by botanist Carolus in the 1700s .
, is known

the father of taxonomy

" "
as

• The linna en system consists of hierarchy of groupings ☒ taxa 1 singular , taxon) .

taxa range from the Kingdom -

species
• Kingdom :
is the largest and most inclusive grouping ( organism that share just a few
basic similarities ) .

•
species : is the smallest and most exclusive grouping ( organism that similar enough to

produce fertile offspring together ) .

•
closely related species are grouped together in a genus

→ The bominal Naming system

• Linnaeus gave every species living organism to names ( written in latin ) this called "
binominal

nomenclature
"
/ binominal system .

•
two -
word latin name consisting of the genus name ( capital letter) and species name Ismail

letter . ) Homo sapiens * an example of the two -

word latin name for humans .

KEY DEFINITION
• characteristic of animals :
multicellular , cells have nucleus ( but no cell walls / Chloroplast I feed on organic
,

substances made by other organism

•
characteristic of plants : multicellular ,
cells have nucleus 1 cell walls are made of cellulose and often contain

chloroplast ) , feed by photosynthesis ,

may have roots , stomps . and leaves .

•
phylum vertebrates : animals with supporting rod running along the tenant of the body .

•
phylum Arthropods : animals with joined legs , but no backbone