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Typically found in nature if you form a solution of it, it's going to polarize light to the right and Dextre
means
Right
But the more typical term glucose this literally means sweet in greek if you ask a greek friend to say
sweet
it sounds like Lucas or I'm not saying it perfectly, but it sounds a lot like a glucose
And that's because that's where the word comes from and it is super important because it is it is it is
how
energy [is] stored and transferred in biological systems in fact right [now] when if someone were to
talk about your blood your blood sugar
they're talking about the glucose content, so when people talk about blood
blood sugar they're talking about your they're talking about your glucose content the whole process of
photosynthesis
this is all about plants using harnessing the [sun's] energy and
storing that energy in the form of glucose when we talk about when we talk about things like
that's all about taking glucose and using it to full and to create atp's which are the molecular currency
of energy
Starches this along with another similar another simple sugar fructose you can use to form our table
sugar
But even glucose by itself is sweet so let's get familiar with it as a molecule
so immediately
When you look at this is it kind of drawn as a as an open chain we see that we have one two three
Six oxygens, so you might notice we have six carbons and then the ratio for every one oxygen
We have 12 hydrogen's and six oxygens, but it's really good to even just familiarize yourselves with
what are the different parts here
Carbonyl
it's double bonded to an oxygen, but then it's other bonds are I guess you could say a
Carbon chain right over here and then but this other bond right here is a hydrogen
Aldehyde and it would officially make the entire molecule an aldehyde if you contain an aldehyde
group
and when it's written when it's drawn as a straight chain or it's a straight chain form it would be
considered an aldehyde and then
Of course it has all these hydroxyl groups on them, and these hydroxyl groups these O-H groups over
here
That would officially make glucose also it would officially make it an alcohol, and it's neat to keep in
mind
And then the other five are each bonded to a hydroxyl and what I've oriented it this way
four of the hydroxyls are on the right-hand side and the one on the three carbon is on the left-hand
side and
hydrogen carbon likes to form four covalent bonds every one of these six carbons has formed four
covalent bonds
And so you would fill up all the rest once you've accounted for this carbonyl here
And you've accounted for all of these hydroxyls everything else is going to be hydrogen
Now this is when you've drawn when you've drawn glucose just as a straight chain
It's neat to kind of think of how do you go from this form to this form over here?
And so what I've drawn here is this exact same this exact open chain
But I've started to I've started to bend it a little bit and just to be able to keep track of things let's
renumber
The carbons, so this is the carbon. That's part of the carbonyl group
So it's carbon one and then we number up from there two three
four five
And then that is the number six carbon the reason why I've made these this bond over here nice and
fat is
It's popping out of the page and as we go from the the second carbon of the first carbon
We're going back into the page when we go from the third carbon to the fourth Carbon
We are going we are going back into the page right over here, so this big fat bond. This is
That's this right over here and this going from two to one
And I'll draw it a little bit kind of going in and then this bond is
This bond right over here and so it take a second pause the video if you need but try to orient yourself
to orient yourself
Imagine we're going to take this to the right like this to bring it over here
And then we're going to rotate we're going to rotate this end and bend it up backwards like that
To get to this form C six is now bent all the way up is now rotated all the way up there
We've bent we've bent this chain and the whole reason is is because this will typically react the
hydroxyl group
This is it
This is the the most typical form of glucose you will see when you see in a sick little form there's
actually other forms that
You can have but the oxygen that forms a hydroxyl group on the fifth carbon
And that's because oxygen we've talked a lot about it is very electronegative likes to hog electrons
So this carbon is partially positive and so you could take one of the lone pairs
You could take one of this oxygen right over here. It's going to have two lone pairs
Let me just draw them as neatly as I can that's one lone pair, and then this is another lone pair right
over here
so this oxygen
can
Form a bond with this carbon when we learn organic chemistry and more depth, we'd call that a
nucleophilic attack
it sounds very fancy. Just the fact that these are drawn to each other this has a partially positive
charge this guy has a
lone pairs of electrons that can be used to form bonds with things and so when that when those
electrons form this bond or
over here
And then this carbon can let go this carbon can let go of the electrons in
and in the double bond right [over] here it could let go of one of the bonds the electrons in one of the
bonds and
then that can be taken back by the oxygen or even better that can be used by that oxygen to capture a
Hydrogen proton that would just be a hydrogen a hydrogen atom without its electron. It's just a
hydrogen ion
It would just be a hydrogen proton and that would form this bond
That would form this bond right over here and let me let me just be very clear this carbon this carbon
right over here is
This oxygen is that oxygen right over there, and so hopefully you see how it forms a cyclone. You're
probably saying Oh, wait wait
isn't the way I've drawn it looks like there's an extra hydrogen over here, and then that would leave this
guy with a
Positive charge we leave with a positive charge, but you can imagine we're in a solution of water then
hey
And you know these things are all bouncing around and interacting in different ways
But it could use let me do that in the right color it could use
So that's oxygen it could use one of its lone pairs instead of this you know this will become positive
temporarily
But then it can use it can do it can use one of its lone pairs to grab just the hydrogen proton which
would allow
Electrons to take these electrons back and turn into this character and just be neutral and then this
this guy
Would have gained so we have a proton going into the solution you have hi
And so you could end up with this so the whole reason I did
This is [just] so when you see it in biology class or chemistry class you're not intimidated by it in fact
This is something that's really valuable to get very very familiar [with] because you're going to see
Glucose and other sugars in many many many different molecules