ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

anph111
PROFessor rod david duque
Bsn 1-y1-19

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE
HUMAN BODY
● Organization
ANATOMY ○ Specific interrelationships for it to perform
- To dissect, or cut apart & separate functions essential for living organism to
- It is a scientific discipline that investigates the structure thrive (everything is placed on its position). In
of the human body. effect, any problems that affects its
- Study of the structures and parts of the body organization will greatly disrupt its function.
● Metabolism
TERMS ASSOCIATED WITH ANATOMY ○ is all of the chemical reactions taking place in
● Gross Anatomy an organism. It includes the ability of an
○ We see on a naked eye organism to break down food molecules, which
● Surface Anatomy are used as a source of energy and raw
○ Study of the surface or what is being touched materials to synthesize the organism’s own
by the body molecules. It is the ability of the organism to
● Anatomical Imaging use energy to perform functions essential to
○ Used to scan the health of a patient without growth, movement and even reproduction.
cutting or opening the body ○ Breakdown of food where energy can be used
○ MRI, CT SCAN for different processes within the body
● Systemic Anatomy ● Responsiveness
○ Study of the specific systems ○ Capability to react or adjust to whether a
● Regional Anatomy stimulus or a change (E.g. Body perspiration)
○ Body is divided into head, neck, trunk ● Growth
○ Used in Medical School ○ An increase in number or length (physical
aspect)
PHYSIOLOGY ■ Growth is an evidence when bones
- The processes or functions of living things or body become larger as the number of bone
- The science of body functions cells increases.
● Development
THE STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMAN ○ occurs when an organism changes through
BODY time. Like the developmental changes
happening before birth, a human being
1. CHEMICAL LEVEL (first and lowest level) changes through time. Though growth signifies
a. Atoms (smallest unit, they interact to form development, differentiation also embodies
molecules) development. (functional capability)
2. CELLULAR LEVEL ○ Differentiation
a. Organelles (small structures that make up ■ can be seen as a change in structure
some cells, formed by the combination of and function from a generalized to a
molecules) specialized structure. For example,
i. Nucleus following fertilization, generalized
ii. Mitochondria cells specialize to become specific cell
1. Cell (smallest unit of life) types, such as skin, bone, muscle, or
3. TISSUE LEVEL nerve cells. These differentiated cells
a. Formed when similar cells with similar
form tissues and organs.
functions join together
4. ORGAN LEVEL
“There can be growth but no development.”
a. Formed when two or more tissues combine as
one
● Reproduction
i. Urinary bladder
○ Ability to form new organism, giving
5. ORGAN SYSTEM
possibility to tissue repairs and continuity.
a. Organs work together as a unit
6. ORGANISM
HOMEOSTASIS
a. Highest level of organization
b. Organ system that works together which make - according to VanPutte, Regan, & Russo, (2016) is the
up an organism or human (living thing) ability to maintain balance despite changes in the
internal and external environment. Like temperature
regulation as an example, our body produces sweat (as
water) in attempt to lower down body temperature
caused by the external environment. And since
homeostasis involves complex mechanisms, these
regulations are also affected by different variables.
Variables are conditions like volume, chemical content
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
anph111
PROFessor rod david duque
Bsn 1-y1-19
and in this case, temperature. Their values may easily ● Reclining Body
change and so does the response of the organism. ○ Prone (body is lying face down)
○ Supine (body lying face up)
HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISM
“ The importance of knowing the reclining body position is
because the direction can change depending on how the body is
Homeostasis is maintained by many feedback systems. Each
reclined.”
monitored condition in a feedback system, or feedback loop, is
termed a controlled condition. Any disruption that causes a
● Directional Terms
change in a controlled condition is called a stimulus. Some
- Grouped in pairs of opposites
stimuli come from outside the body, while others come from
- Describe parts of the body relative to each
within. In addition to the controlled condition and the stimulus,
other
feedback systems have three other components:
1. A receptor monitors the controlled condition and sends
information (input) to a control center.
2. A control center receives the input, compares it to a set
of values that the controlled condition should have (set
point) and sends output commands (nerve impulses or
chemical signals) to an effector.
3. An effector receives output commands and produces a
response that changes the controlled condition.

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM

- Occurs to reduce the change or output
- Help to maintain stable environment
- E.g. Temperature
- High Temp (Sweat > Reduce temp > normal)
- Low Temp (Shiver > Produce heat > normal)
- E.g Glucose
- High Glucose > Insulin
- Low Glucose > Glucagon
POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
- Occurs to increase the change or output: the result of a
reaction is amplified to make it occur more quickly.
- It supports the change that is happening
- Faulty Positive Feedback (the reaction did not
stop at a certain time, leading to overuse and
can cause illness to the human)
- E.g. Bacteria Infection (Immune ‘Brain’ > Increase Body
temp ‘fever’ > normal)
- E.g. Wound (Beneficial > Cut > H Platelets > Stop blood)
- E.g. Birth ( Cervix Contraction > increase hormone >
birth)
E.g.
> The Ulna is Medial to the radius
> The Lungs are Lateral to the heart
> The Phalanges (finger bones) are distal to the carpals ( wrist
bones)
> The Humerus (arm bone) is proximal to the radius
> The heart is superior to the liver
> The esophagus is posterior to the trachea
> The stomach is inferior to the lungs
> The sternum (breastbone) is Anterior to the heart
CEPHALIC (nearer the head, superior)
CAUDAL (nearer to the tailbone, inferior)
SUPERFICIAL (it is closer to the skin)
DEEP ( it is away from the skin)

TERMINOLOGY AND THE BODY PLANE BODY PARTS AND REGIONS

● Anatomical Position ● This will help to properly identify specific area/s of a

1. The body is upright, stands erect with head patient body to be evaluated upon.
level ● Central Body Region
2. Eyes should be looking forward ○ Head
3. Both feet should be flat on the floor and facing ■ Frontal (Forehead)
forward ■ Orbital (Eye)
4. Arms on side ■ Otic (Ear)
5. Palms should be facing forward ■ Nasal (Nose)
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
anph111
PROFessor rod david duque
Bsn 1-y1-19
■ Buccal (Cheek) ● Head
■ Oral (Mouth) ○ Cranial (skull)
■ Mental (Chin) ■ Occipital (base of skull)
○ Neck ■ Nuchal (back of neck)
■ Cervical ● Trunk
○ Trunk ○ Dorsal (back)
■ Thoracic (Thorax) ■ Scapular (shoulder blades)
● Pectoral (Chest) ■ Vertebral (spinal column)
● Sternal (breastbone) ■ Lumbar (loin)
● Mammary (breast) ○ Sacral (between hips)
■ Abdominal (abdomen) ○ Gluteal (buttocks)
● Umbilical (navel) ○ Perineal (perineum)
■ Pelvic (pelvis) ● Upper Limb
● Inguinal (groin) ○ Acromial (point of shoulder)
● Pubic (genital) ○ Olecranon (point of elbow)
● Upper Limb ○ Dorsum (back of hand)
○ Clavicular (collarbone) ● Lower Limb
○ Axillary (Armpit) ○ Popliteal (hollow behind knee)
○ Brachial (arm) ○ Sural ( calf)
○ Antecubital (front of elbow) ○ Plantar (sole)
○ Antebrachial (Forearm) ○ Calcaneal (heel)
○ Carpal (Wrist)
○ Manual (hand)
■ Palmar (palm)
■ Digital (fingers)
● Lower Limb
○ Coxal (hips)
○ Femoral (thighs)
○ Patellar (kneecap) (Knee joint, placed posterior
to the patellar, it is not moving unlike patellar)
○ Crural (leg)
○ Pedal (foot)
■ Talus (ankle)
■ Dorsum (top of foot)
■ Digital (toes)

ABDOMINAL REGIONS AND QUADRANTS

● Determining exact location of possible problems

concurrent to different organ/s can be difficult, thus it
was subdivided further into regions and quadrants.

Abdominopelvic
Quadrants
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
anph111
PROFessor rod david duque
Bsn 1-y1-19

Abdominopelvic Regions and Some organs found in each region

BODY PLANES

“ It is important because of the different cuts that have been

done. Different cut, different view, different structures.”
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
anph111
PROFessor rod david duque
Bsn 1-y1-19
SEROUS MEMBRANE

● It lines trunk cavities and cover the organs of these

Organs are often sectioned to reveal their internal structure
(figure 1.10). A cut through the long axis of the organ is a
longitudinal section, and a cut at a right angle to the long axis
is a transverse section, or cross section. If a cut is made across
the long axis at other than a right angle, it is called an oblique
section.
cavities. They are filled with minimal fluid to lubricate
its surfaces thereby reducing friction.
● It is a thin, double-layered membrane
● Serous Fluid (a thin layer of lubricating fluid, “allows
the organs to slide without friction across the cavity
walls and one another as they carry out their routine
functions”)
● Parietal serosa (part of the membrane lining the cavity
walls, “close to the cavity”)
● Visceral serosa (it folds in on itself covering the organs
in the cavity, “close to organ”)
● Retroperitoneal Organs (“Behind, past from or outside”)

BODY CAVITIES

● The body contain spaces (cavities), which houses the

internal organs.
○ Dorsal Body Cavity (it protects the fragile
nervous system organs. Cranial, Vertebral,
Spinal)
○ Ventral Body Cavity (It houses the internal
organs, visera or visceral organs. Thoracic,
Abdominopelvic)