BMD-3201 - Trans 1 - Introduction To Anatomy and Physiology

BMD 3201: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)
A.Y. 2022 - 2023 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

DR. GALLARDO, A COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
BMD 3-2 Department of Biology
TRANS 1: THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION

o organs are composed of tissues that
OUTLINE perform specific functions for the body.
● Organ system level
I. Introduction: Warm-Up
o a group of organs that work together to
a. Anatomy
accomplish a common purpose make up
b. Physiology
an organ system.
c. Levels of Organization of the Human Body
● Organismal level
d. 11 Organ Systems of the Body
o living human being
e. Necessary Life Functions
o represents the sum total of all organ
f. Survival Needs of the Body
II. Objectives systems.
III. Principle of Complementarity
IV. Subdivisions of Anatomy D. 11 ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE BODY
V. Subdivisions of Physiology ● Integumentary System
VI. Levels of Structural Organization ● Skeletal System
VII. List of Organ Systems of the Human Body ● Muscular System
VIII. Life Essential Functions ● Nervous System
IX. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs ● Cardiovascular System
X. Survival Needs ● Respiratory System
XI. Homeostasis ● Digestive System
XII. Homeostatic Mechanisms ● Lymphatic System
XIII. Language of Anatomy ● Urinary System
● Reproductive System
o Male Reproductive System
INTRODUCTION: WARM-UP
o Female Reproductive System
A. ANATOMY ● Endocrine System
● Two Greek words
o Ana = apart E. NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS
o Tom = cut ● Organization
● Study of structure of different organs in the body, ● Maintaining boundaries
its form, and how they relate to one another. ● Movement
● Responsiveness
B. PHYSIOLOGY ● Nutrients/Digestion
● Two Greek words ● Respiration
o Physis = nature ● Metabolism
o Logy = study of ● Excretion
▪ third idea ● Reproduction
● Study of functions of the different body organs. ● Growth
● Development
C. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION OF ● Adaptation
THE HUMAN BODY
● Chemical level F. SURVIVAL NEEDS OF THE BODY
o simplest level of the hierarchy. ● Nutrients
o atom → molecules → macromolecules ● Air/Oxygen
● Cellular level ● Water
o comprises organelles that have distinct ● Normal body temperature
functions like mitochondria for energy. ● Appropriate atmospheric pressure
● Tissue level ● Shelter
o group of cells ● Sleep
o 4 major tissues: connective tissue,
epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and OBJECTIVES
nervous tissue. ● Explain how structure complements function
● Organ level ● Name the levels of structural organization
o group of tissues ● Identify the functions necessary for life
● Identify the survival needs of the body
ALABADO, S., FERNANDO, A.K., JAMBALOS, Z.H., LUCIDOS, A., MANCERA, M.J., OBLIGACION, C.D., POBLETE, M.J., ROLDAN, C.D. 1
● Define homeostasis and explain its significance Regional Anatomy

● Use correct anatomical terms to describe ● The study of the structures in a particular
region of the body.
PRINCIPLE OF COMPLEMENTARITY ○ Such as the organs found in the
● The two terms or approaches are correlated or abdomen or the organs found in the
complementary. upper part of the trunk, in the thorax,
o Anatomy is the structure of the body; or organs found in the head region.
Physiology is the function of the body.
o It may also be called the Systemic Anatomy
complementarity of the structure and
● Body structure is studied system by system.
the function.
● Referring to the organ system.
● In this concept, it is referred to “What a structure
can do, that is the nature or the function of a
particular organ, depends on the specific form, Developmental Anatomy
or the anatomy, or the structure of that organ.” ● Deals with the origin, growth, and
development of an organism from its inception
until birth.
● Sometimes known as embryology.
○ Embryology: a subdivision of
developmental anatomy concerns with
the developmental changes that occur
before birth. The following are the
sequence of the embryo stage
■ Fertilization: starting from the
meeting of the egg and the
sperm to become a zygote
Fig 1. Principle of Complementarity
● Bones: are long, tough, and hard tissues because ■ Zygote: this will develop into a
its function is to support the body and become the blastula
framework of the body. ■ Blastula: undergo gastrulation
● Heart: is a muscular organ in order to pump blood to form gastrula
towards all parts of the body. ■ Neurulation: form after
o Ventricle: its muscle is much thicker gastrula eventually into—
compared to auricles as it pumps blood ■ Entire organ system
towards the head and the upper part of the ● Importance of the developmental anatomy
body and to all parts of the body. ○ Formation of the different germ layers:
o Auricle: is less muscular as it delivers the ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm.
blood towards the ventricle. ■ Ectoderm: gave rise to the
● Lungs: its structure are spongy and has air skin, mouth, anus, nervous
spaces and not muscular because it function as system, hair, nails.
the passage of air and exchange of gases ■ Mesoderm: gave rise to the
● The function or what the structure can do depends bones, muscles, and
on the nature of its specific form. connective tissues.
■ Endoderm gives rise to the
lining and the tubes of the
SUBDIVISIONS OF ANATOMY
digestive and respiratory
system, organs in the body
GROSS ANATOMY
such as the liver, pancreas,
thyroid gland, thymus, and
● Study of large body structures visible to the
parathyroid gland.
naked eye.
● Different organs of the body in its whole mount
can be observed simply by our naked eye. Microscopic Anatomy
○ E.g. study of heart, lungs, kidney ● Study of the cellular level and tissue level of
● Divided into subspects. the particular organ
● This is revealed through the use of the
microscope.
● these are the structures of the body that ● The difference now lies with their protoplasm.
cannot be seen with the naked eye as they are o Protoplasm: living part of the cell that
too small to be seen with the human eye is found in cellular level and not on the
○ Cytology: study of the cells of the body chemical level.
○ Histology: study of the tissues of the
body 3. TISSUE LEVEL
● Consist of similar types of cells performing a
SUBDIVISIONS OF PHYSIOLOGY similar or related function.
● Subdivisions are based on the organ system. o E.g. smooth muscle cells making up
the smooth muscle tissue.
Renal Physiology ● There are several types of tissues in the human
body.
● Study of the organs under the urinary systems
and the functions of the kidney, urinary 4. ORGAN LEVEL
bladder, and the nephrons.
● Made up of different organs which are made up of
different types of tissues.
Cardiovascular Physiology
o An organ is a discrete structure
● Study the functions of the heart, blood vessels, composed of at least two tissue types
and the blood. (four is more common) that performs a
specific function in the body.
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION o Example: In blood vessels (an organ),
the smooth muscle tissue and
connective tissue makes up the outer
layer while the epithelial tissue makes
up the inner layer.
5. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL

● Other organs such as the heart, blood vessels
and the blood, make up now the
cardiovascular system, an organ system level.
● An organ system consists of different organs
that work together very closely or relatedly.
6. ORGANISMAL LEVEL
● The entire organism, such as the humans, is
made up of several organ systems. This is
how the human body is structurally organized.
.
LIST OF ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY
1. CHEMICAL LEVEL Organ System Organs

1. Nervous ● brain
● Every living organism as well as the nonliving
system ● spinal cord
organisms are made up of atoms and molecules. ● nerves
o Atoms: are grouped into molecules ● ganglia
which are the nonliving part of the ● special sense organs:
human body. ○ eyes
○ ears
2. CELLULAR LEVEL 2. Respiratory ● nasal passage
system ● lungs
● Cells are made up of several molecules and
● pharynx (throat)
different organelles that will be part of the one cell.
● larynx (voice box)
● Organelle level: atoms to the molecules. ● trachea (windpipe)
o made of the different cells
● bronchial tubes is the pituitary

● alveoli gland,
3. Digestive ● mouth considered part
system ● pharynx (throat) of the system).
● esophagus (food tube) ○ pituitary gland
● small intestine ○ thymus
● large intestine ○ thyroid gland
● anus ○ parathyroid
● salivary glands glands
● liver ○ suprarenal
● gallbladder (adrenal)
● pancreas glands
● accessory organs ○ pancreas
(found in the oral ○ ovaries
cavity): ○ testes
○ teeth ● hormone producing
○ tongue cells
○ floor of the oral 8. Integumentary ● skin
cavity system ○ dermis
○ palette (roof of ○ epidermis
the oral cavity) ○ hypodermis
4. Skeletal ● bones (subcutaneous
system ○ connective layer)
tissues ● associated structures:
covering the ○ hair
bones ○ fingernails
● joints ○ toenails
● cartilages ○ sweat glands
5. Muscular ● skeletal muscle tissue (exocrine)
system (attached to bones) ○ oil glands
○ other muscle (exocrine)
tissue inclue 9. Lymphatic ● lymph - circulating
smooth and system medium homologous to
cardiac the blood in the
(comprises the circulatory system.
heart). ● lymphatic Vessels - in
○ examples: the form of thoracic
○ temporalis duct, bigger lymphatic
○ sartorius vessels, lymphatic
○ rectus femoris capillaries.
○ rectus ● spleen
abdominis ● thymus
○ biceps brachi ● lymph nodes
○ pectoralis ● tonsils
major 10. Urinary ● kidneys - main
6. Circulatory ● blood system escretory organ.
system ● heart ● duct - forms the urine
● blood vessels as it passes through
7. Endocrine ● hormone producing the bladder.
system glands: ● ureter
○ pineal gland ● urethra
○ hypothalamus ● urinary bladder
(not included in 11. Reproductive Male Reproductive System
the endo system ● testis (gonads)
system, but a ● epididymis
part of the ● ductus deferens
brain; attached ● seminal gland
to the ● prostate gland
hypothalamus ● penis
Female Reproductive System movement of external activities which are

● ovaries (gonads) promoted by the skeletal muscular system.
● uterine tubes ● The skeletal system provides the body
● uterus framework that the muscles pull on as they
● vagina work.
● clitoris ● There are also movements inside, internally.
● mammary glands o substances inside the body such as:
● There are similarities between body system.
our blood, different body fluids, food
o There is always the main organ.
we take in.
o Either they are producing gametes or
fluids, they are provided with the duct.
RESPONSIVENESS OR EXITABILITY OR
▪ except for the endocrine IRRITABILITY
system that is not provided ● Ability of the body to be sensitive to changes
with ducts. in the environment.
● The ability of the human body to sense or
▪ They are being carried directly detect changes in both the external and the
from the bloodstream. internal part and be able to respond to it.
● The nervous system is involved in the
LIFE ESSENTIAL FUNCTIONS responsiveness of the body.
● Needed to maintain life. o it has the ability to pick up stimulus,
process them in the brain, and send
messages for the body to react.
MAINTAINING BOUNDARIES
● Keeping what is inside from the outside. ● This is another necessary life function.
● There must be a distinction on what is inside to
what is outside the body. DIGESTION / NUTRITION
● At the cellular level, it refers to the function of the ● The ability to breakdown the food for
plasma membrane which is selectively absorption.
permeable. ● It is a necessary life function as we need to do
o it protects the cells from the this to derive energy from the food that we
environment. take in.
o Keeping the cell healthy, against any o The food is in the form of
invading organism from its protein,carbohydrates, and lipids.
environment.
o Allowing only some of the materials to METABOLIZE / METABOLISM
enter the cell. ● Refers to all chemical functions of the body.
● In the human body as a whole, maintaining ● It could be building up something or
boundaries is performed by the integumentary anabolism.
system or the skin. o An example is the protein synthesis in
o skin is the one that protects our body the body.
from external environments. ● It could also be the breaking down of
o It is the first line of defense. something or catabolism.
o It controls and regulates temperature, o An example of this is the digestion of
fluid balance, chemical substances, food
sunlight entry to the body, entry of ● Metabolism depends on the digestive and
pathogens and other things from the respiratory systems to make nutrients and
environment. oxygen available to the blood. It also depends
● The ability of the human body to maintain on the cardiovascular system to distribute
boundaries is one of the essential functions of the them throughout the body.
human body. ● Metabolism is regulated largely by hormones
secreted by the endocrine system or the
MOVEMENT glands under the endocrine system.
● Refers to the movement of both the body fluids
inside, such as the body fluid, the nutrients, or EXCRETE / EXCRETION
the food intake inside the body, and the
● The ability to remove waste or excreta from o Nutrients - food that the human body
the body produced during digestion and requires to survive
metabolism. o Air - oxygen needed to breakdown the
● The digestive system removes indigestible food
food residues as fecal material. o Water - transports, regulates, it is
● The excretory system removes the nitrogen needed for chemical reaction, and the
containing waste in the form of urine. most abundant molecule in the body
● Removing waste from inside the body is o Normal body temperature -
necessary to avoid accumulation and reaching determines the rate of reactions in the
toxic levels that are hazardous to the human body
body. o Atmospheric pressure - force
● Kidney is a vital excretory organ in this exerted on the body by the weight of
process. air. The normal/stable atmospheric
pressure will enable gas exchange in
RESPIRE/ RESPIRATION the lungs.
● The need to take in oxygen and give off
carbon dioxide in the body. SAFETY NEEDS
● This is performed by the respiratory organs ● This includes personal security, employment,
which is the lungs resources, health
REPRODUCE/ REPRODUCTION LOVE AND BELONGING

● Can be in cellular level by cell division or by ● Includes friendship, intimacy, family, and sense
the whole organism of connection
● The ability of the body to produce another
offspring both at the cellular level (during
mitosis and cytokinesis) or the production of ESTEEM
an organism (during meiosis and fertilization) ● This includes respect, self-esteem, status,
● The endocrine system provides the hormones recognition, strength, and freedom
that regulate the reproductive system.
SELF-ACTUALIZATION
GROW/GROWTH ● Includes the desire to become the most that
● This is to increase in size or in part one can be
● To increase in size through increasing the
number of cells SURVIVAL NEEDS
● For growth to occur, the cell constructing ● Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature
activities of the human body must occur faster and appropriate atmospheric pressure are needed
than the cell destroying activities. for us to survive. All must be in appropriate
● Growth is usually accompanied by the amounts.
increasing number of cells. However, ● These are the 5 important survival needs of the
individual cells also increase in size when not human body:
dividing. o Nutrients - from the food that we
intake
o Oxygen
MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF HUMAN NEEDS o Water
o Normal body temperature
PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS o Appropriate atmospheric pressure -
● Includes air, water, food, shelter, sleep, in order for the oxygen and carbon
clothing, and reproduction dioxide to move around the body.
● Found in the lowest part of the triangle of
human needs HOMEOSTASIS
● This is the foundation for all other needs
● All included in this category is survival needs
which are requirement for life
receives the input from the receptors

along the afferent pathway. And then,
they set the level of maintenance.
They process the information, analyze
the input and send appropriate
responses to the effector via the
efferent pathway.
o Effector - provides the means for
control centers response. The
response travels to the effectors via
the efferent pathway where the
feedback influences the stimulus by
● Homeostasis is the central theme of physiology. It way of depressing or reducing it and
is the ability to maintain or the maintenance of a enhancing it.
relatively stable internal conditions inside the ● Homeostasis here is symbolized by the
human body regardless of the changes in the imbalance, the middle of the fulcrum. It should
external environment. be maintained in an internal environment and
o The ability to maintain relatively stable any change in the external environment may
internal conditions even though the produce an imbalance (stimulus) which can be
outside environment changes detected by our receptors.
continuously. o Receptors of the body are the
o The main goal of homeostasis is to sensory organs.
maintain a dynamic state of o Effectors of the body are the
equilibrium. The internal conditions muscles and the glands.
may change but balance should be
maintained, functions should be
ORGAN SYSTEMS INTERACTING AND
normal and needs should be met. CONTRIBUTING TO HOMEOSTASIS
o The role of the different organs in the
human body is for the continuous
monitoring and regulation of many
factors or variables in the body.
o The nervous and endocrine system
accomplish the communication via
nerve impulses and hormones in the
body. But, all organ systems function
to maintain homeostasis.
MECHANISM OF HOMEOSTASIS / CONTROL

SYSTEM OF HOMEOSTASIS (right figure)
● This includes several variables.
o Variables are factors or events that are
being controlled or regulated in the
body.
● Stimuli - change in the environment.
● Different Control Systems:
o Receptor - are the sensors that
monitor and respond to stimuli by
sending information or the “input”
towards the control center via the
afferent pathway. Impulses or
information reaching the control
center.
o Control Center - the control center,
brain and the nervous system, ● All of these organ systems interact and
contribute to maintenance of homeostasis.
● We can see here the synchronized work of the Components of Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
different organ systems in the body. 1. Stimulus - produces the change in the
● For example, the digestive system which is in variable
charge of taking in the nutrients, breaking 2. Receptor - detects the change and sends the
them down, and eliminating the unabsorbed information along the afferent pathway.
matter, feces.
o In the diagram, the food enters the 3. Input - the information sent along the afferent
digestive organ where it is processed, pathway to be processed at the control center
digested, passes through the small
intestine, and the undigested food is ○ Afferent Pathway - The pathways
excreted out. that signals travel through from
● Meanwhile, nutrients that have been extracted receptor to control center. Afferent
or absorbed will pass through the blood neurons that carry the information
system. from the sensory receptors of the skin
o The heart pumps the blood carrying all and other organs to the central
the nutrients to all parts of the body to nervous system.
the interstitial fluid. ○ Control Center - the brain and entire
nervous system; processes the
▪ As part of the interstitial fluid, information and sends it to the
nutrients and wastes pass effectors
between the blood and cells
via the interstitial fluid. 4. Output - information (processed by the control
● The blood goes through the body systems center) sent along the efferent pathway
while the oxygen and carbon dioxide are towards the effectors
exchanged by the main respiratory organ, a
pair of lungs. Oxygen is taken in while carbon ○ Efferent Pathway - pathway that
dioxide is being eliminated. carries the motor information away
● Nitrogen containing compounds which are from the central nervous system to the
waste materials are taken off by the urinary effector organs such as the muscles
system. and glands of the body.
○ There is urine formation and it is ○ Effectors - organs that receive the
excreted out from the body in the form information or command from the
of urine. control center, to carry out the
● The integumentary system protects the body response;
as a whole from the external environment.
5. Response - action produced by the effectors
HOMEOSTATIC MECHANISMS to reduce the effect of the stimulus and return
the body to
MNEMONICS & NOTES

SIRA CEER (sir) - Stimulus, Imbalance, Receptor,
Afferent, Control, Efferent, Effector, Response
SAME - Sensory, Afferent; Motor, Efferent
● Afferent → Sensory or Sensation (to feel

the stimulus)
● Efferent → Motor (to act upon the stimulus)
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
● Figure above shows that homeostasis is the
● The net effect is to SHUT OFF or REDUCE the
“balanced” state of the body, and any change
intensity of the original stimulus, and return the
(stimulus) may produce a homeostatic imbalance.
body to its original state.
● Opposite effect to the stimulus
o MORE COMMON: Most homeostatic 1. Stimulus: Change in the environment

control mechanisms are negative may increase in body temperature,
causing a homeostatic imbalance
● Examples of Negative Feedback Variables ● Example: The temperature at
o Temperature midday peaks at 45 degrees
o Blood Pressure Celsius
o Heart Rate 2. Receptors: Temperature sensitive
o pH of blood levels cells in the skin and the brain
o Blood levels of glucose (receptors) will detect the rise in body
o Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide level in temperature, carry the information via
the blood the afferent pathway.
3. Afferent Pathway
4. Control Center: The brain’s
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK thermoregulatory center,
● The response counteracts the stimulus, HYPOTHALAMUS, processes the
shutting off the response loop information (INPUT) and sends the
● It consists of reducing the production or message (RESPONSE = OUTPUT) to
activity of any organ or system back to its the effector organs via the efferent
normal range of functioning pathway.
● It involves an action that directly opposes a 5. Efferent Pathway
variation from the normal limit 6. Effector Organs: Sweat glands
become activated by the brain.
7. Response: Sweating of the body →
Example 1: Thermoregulation or Maintaining
Evaporation of sweat (containing heat)
Normal Body Temperature
→ body temperature falls → the
stimulus ends, bringing back balance
B. Cold Environment
1. Stimulus: Decrease in the normal
body temperature
2. Receptors: The temperature-sensitive
cells in the skin and brain detect and
receive the stimulus and send signals
to the control center.
3. Afferent Pathway
4. Control Center: Hypothalamus
(thermoregulatory center) processes
the message via the efferent pathway.
5. Efferent Pathway
6. Effector Organs: The muscles are the
target effector organs.
7. Response: Shivering → muscle
movement generates heat due to the
use of energy → body temperature
● Variable: Body Temperature rises → stimulus ends and body
o there must maintenance of optimal temperature comes back to normal
body temperature as it is a survival state
need
o Important for proper enzymatic POSITIVE FEEDBACK
functions, metabolic & cellular
● The net effect or response of the body
processes, and hypothermia
INCREASES THE EFFECT of the stimulus
● Rare because they tend to increase the original
A. Hot Environment
disturbances or stimulus
o Usually controls or happens in events
that occur INFREQUENTLY
● Tend to push the variable further than its original

● Ferguson’s Reflex
(normal) value
o Also called as Fetal Ejection Reflex
● Enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus o A positive feedback mechanism involving
● May exhibit a CASCADE or amplifying effect on oxytocin
the body’s responses o Occurs during childbirth where the
neuroendocrine reflex comprising the
● Examples self-sustaining cycle of uterine contractions
o Ferguson’s Reflex or Uterine initiated by pressure at the cervix, more
Contractions during Childbirth precisely at the vaginal wall
o Blood Coagulation or Clotting ▪ During childbirth, the pituitary secretion
of oxytocin increases to keep the
contraction of uterus as long as it’s
POSITIVE FEEDBACK needed for the childbirth
● The response reinforces the stimulus ▪ Oxytocin increases production of
● It accelerates or increases that change prostaglandins where your placenta is
responsible for prostaglandins
▪ Positive Feedback: Increase of oxytocin
Example 1: Ferguson’s Reflex and prostaglandins stimulates and
increases contraction
HORMONES INVOLVED
1. Oxytocin
Function: Triggers contractions
Organ: Produced by the hypothalamus and
released by the posterior pituitary gland
Trigger: Stimulated by pressure on the
cervix and other uterine contractions during
childbirth
2. Prostaglandins
Function: Help to soften and dilate the
cervix, stimulate uterine contractions
Organ: Produced in the uterus, especially in
the placenta
● Labor Contractions of the Uterus: Further Trigger: Increased production in response
contractions increase occurs due to more to oxytocin and other labor-inducing factors
oxytocin being secreted.
PROCESS
1. The brain stimulates the pituitary gland, which
is controlled by the hypothalamus.
2. The pituitary gland secretes oxytocin.
3. Oxytocin induces contraction in the uterus.
4. Contraction of the uterus triggers the release
of prostaglandins, that makes the contractions
painful
5. Prostaglandins stimulate further secretion of
oxytocin by the brain.
6. Continuous cycle, and the positive feedback
will only be stopped until the baby is out.
ADDITIONAL OR SUPPLEMENTARY Example 2: Blood Clotting or Coagulation

INFORMATION FOR FURTHER
UNDERSTANDING (DE GUZMAN LECTURE)
● Standard anatomical position of the body is

when it is standing upright.
o Compared to an animal, it has four
legs in contact with the ground.
● The body is facing forward.
o Each arm on either side of the boy.
o Palms are facing forward.
o Legs are parallel with one another,
with both feet flat on the floor and
facing forward.
● Refers to the body orientation used to
describe:
o Anatomical Planes or Sections
o Anatomical Directional Terms
● Provides a universal, consistent way of
discussing anatomy.
● Creates clear reference points when
discussing anatomical positions or using
anatomy.
1. Break or tear occurs in the blood vessel wall.

o Blood comes out from the blood
vessel, e.g. internal bleeding. Blood
vessel is tubular, carrying blood.
o The tear/break initiates a feedback
cycle.
2. Platelets adhere to the site and release
chemicals.
o Platelets are released from the blood
(made up of RBCs, WBCs, and
platelets)..
o The platelets will move towards the
site of damage in the blood vessel and
release chemicals.
3. Released chemicals attract more platelets.
4. Platelet plug formed ● Anterior/ventral side: front side
o Feedback cycle ends when plug is ● Posterior/dorsal side: back side
formed. ● The body is divided into five regions
o Fibrin forms the platelet plug, sealing o head
off the damage in the blood vessel. o neck
o torso: trunk of the body that is further
LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY subdivided into
▪ thoracic region: upper torso
HUMAN BODY IN STANDARD ANATOMICAL
POSITION ▪ abdominal region: lower torso
● The scientifically agreed upon scientific o upper extremities: arms
reference position for the use of anatomical o lower extremities: legs
location terms.
● Different anatomical terms in anterior/ventral
● Used to standardize the position of
o cephalic: head
appendages of an animal with respect to the
o frontal: forehead
position of the main body of the organism.
o orbital: eye and eye socket
o nasal: nose o closer or very near to the main axis or

o oral: mouth main mass of the body (trunk)
o mental: chin ● Distal: farther to a point of attachment or to
o cervical: neck the trunk
o umbilical: navel o proximal and distal refers to the
o pubic: contains genitalia insertion of extremities.
● Different anatomical terms in posterior/dorsal o distal means farther away from the
o lumbar: lower back main mass
o sacral: bone of the sacrum ● Cephalic: superior; towards the head of the
body.
o gluteal: buttock
● Caudal: inferior; towards the end of the body.
o perineal: “singit”
o inguinal: region between the pelvic Trunk
and the upper extremity - the main mass
- the heaviest part of the body because it
DIRECTIONAL TERMS consists of the internal organs
- where the extremities or limbs are attached
to
o Examples of Division of Extremities

from Most Proximal to Most Distal
1. Bones of Upper Arm:
a. Humerus - most
proximal bone of the
body
b. Radioulna (Radius
and Ulna) - distally
located
2. Carpals - wrist
3. Metacarpals - hand bones
● Anterior (Ventral): front side of the body 4. Phalanges - most distal bone
● Posterior (Dorsal): back side of the body of the body; the fingers or
o In animals, their anterior is while they
digits
are looking or facing on the ground.
● Superior (Cephalic/Cranial): upper side of
the body
● Inferior (Caudal): lower side of the body
o In animals, near or towards the tail
(caudal), while in humans, near the
coccyx or sacrum (lowest part of the
spinal column).
o Superior and inferior are usually used
in referring to body cavities.
● Medial: towards the middle part of the body
o Median is the center part (gitna).
o Medial is a directional term or cardinal ● Superficial (External): towards or found in the
direction. skin or on the surface of the body
o The nose is medial ● Deep (Internal): deeper into the skin
● Lateral: away from the middle part of the body o Example of body parts from most
o The extremities are lateral superficial to deep
o The ears are lateral 1. Epidermis - most superficial (“epi”
above the “dermis” or skin)
o The two eyes are lateral
2. Dermis - middle layer; intermediate to
● Proximal: closer to a point of attachment or to
epidermis & hypodermis; “skin”
the trunk
3. Hypodermis or Subcutaneous ● Transverse (Horizontal): a horizontal plane

Tissue Layer - deeper into the skin; dividing the body into upper and lower regions
“hypo” below the “dermis” or skin o Similar to manananggal
● Sagittal: a vertical plane that divides the body
in the median plane, dividing the body into half
left and right side
o Midsagittal or Median: equal or
perfect left and right halves
o Sagittal Cut (in book, called as
Parasagittal): All other sagittal planes,
offset from the midline; left and right
are not equal
● Frontal (Coronal): divide the body in the
sides, cutting the body into anterior (front) and
posterior (back) parts
● Oblique Section: cuts made diagonally
between the horizontal and vertical planes
Exam Instructions for Quiz 1 and Other Notes

1. Organs cut into sections (pictures, black
and white) will be given, and students must
REGIONAL TERMS determine the type of cut (transverse,
● Used for the position of the bones and sagittal or frontal cut)
muscles. 2. Analogous to Laboratory Sectioning of
● Axial: Makes up all the organs and parts Specimens: Longitudinal, Transverse, Cross
including in the main/center axis (middle) of Section
the body 3. Review in imaging techniques (Chapter 1 of
o Consists of the head, neck and trunk reference books) and atlas (Mader,
● Appendicular: Consists of the appendages or Junquiera)
limbs, attached to the body’s axis
o Lateral/sides
o Extremities / appendages SEROUS MEMBRANES
o Upper limbs (arms) and lower limbs ● All cavities are lined by a serous membrane.
(legs) ● There are 4 membranes in the body, but this
time, we will only talk about the serous
membrane.
o Parietal membrane; lined/encloses
the entire cavity.
o Visceral membrane; encloses an
organ. (viscera means internal
organ/laman loob)
o Both ends with letter L; directional
o Heart is enclosed with the pericardial
cavity (peri is above, cardio is heart);
parietal pericardium and visceral
pericardium.
o Lungs are found in the pleural cavity
(pleura is lungs); parietal pleura and
visceral pleura.
BODY PLANES AND SECTIONS o Abdominal cavity is peritoneum;
Body Planes & Sections - imaginary lines that divide parietal peritoneum and visceral
the body into several sections; no real lines found on peritoneum (additional layer - serosa,
the body (hypothetical) similar to visceral peritoneum).
o Pleura - serous membrane of the

pleural cavity
i. Parietal pleura - parietal serous
Science majors should take an elective language
membrane lining the pleural cavities.
- Latin; etymology of terms in science
ii. Visceral pleura - serous membrane
covering the lungs.
BODY CAVITIES and SEROUS MEMBRANES
● The body has many spaces and they are the b. Mediastinum
cavities. i. Pericardial cavity
o Encloses the heart, and surrounds the

remaining thoracic organs.
o Pericardium - serous membrane of
DORSAL BODY CAVITY the pericardial cavity.
1. Cranial Cavity i. Parietal pericardium - parietal
● The head consists of the skull, and encases serous membrane lining the
the brain. pericardial cavity
ii. Visceral pericardium - serous
2. Vertebral/Spinal Cavity membrane covering the heart.
● Continuation of the brain; spinal cord.
● Runs within the bony vertebral column, ● Diaphragm
encloses the delicate spinal cord. ○ Organ separates the thorax (above)
from the abdomen (below) or thoracic
VENTRAL BODY CAVITY cavity and abdominopelvic cavity.
● Houses internal organs collectively called the ○ Dome shaped flat muscle.
viscera or visceral organs. ○ Present only in mammals.
1. Thoracic Cavity 2. Abdominopelvic Cavity

a. Pleural cavities; heart and lungs a. Peritoneal cavity
o Each enveloping a lung.
(4) Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
● Planes dividing the quadrants:

o Median plane (vertical)
o Transumbilical (horizontal)
ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
● Right Hypochondriac Region

o “hypochondriac” - hypo = below;
chondros = cartilage
o Smooth sternal rib and
● Left Hypochondriac Region
o “hypochondriac” - hypo = below;
o Houses many internal organs, such as chondros = cartilage
the liver, the digestive organs, and the - hypochondriac is below the
reproductive organs. chondro or cartilage in the
o Peritoneum - serous membrane of lower part of the ribcage.
the peritoneal cavity. ● Epigastric Region
o i. Parietal peritoneum - parietal o Epi means above and gastric is
serous membrane lining the peritoneal stomach.
cavity ● Right Lateral/Lumbar Region
o ii. Visceral peritoneum - serous ● Left Lateral/Lumbar Region
o lumbar - lower back
membrane covering the organs of the
peritoneal cavity. ● Umbilical Region
o Navel/umbilicus
●Pelvic Cavity o Stomach
○ No membrane separates abdomen ● Right Inguinal/Iliac Region
(intestinal organs) and pelvic ● Hypogastric Region
(urogenital organs); Abdominopelvic o Hypo means below and gastric means
cavity. stomach
ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS ● Left Inguinal/Iliac Region
o iliac crest - thick curve bony border on
the edge of the ilium
● Hypogastric Region
● Planes and lines dividing the regions:

o Midclavicular lines (vertical - right and
left)
o Subcostal plane (horizontal - upper)
o Transtubercular plane (horizontal -
lower)
(1) Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) ● All lines here are just imaginary lines.
(2) Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) ● Referred Pain
(3) Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)
o When you feel pain in one area of your

body but feel pain somewhere else.
● The abdominopelvic regions are used by
medical professionals to determine which
organs in the body are having issues.
● They used it to check if there’s internal
bleeding, wound, tissue damage or
inflammation.
● This is the initial physical examination. The
knowledge of the abdomino tells us what
organ and the regions will give the doctors
knowledge on the initial examination,
diagnosis, or even a possible treatment of a
particular organ being injured or damaged
inside.
● NOTE: Memorize all the organs in each
specific region.
● Imaging Techniques
o They are non invasive - don’t have to
cut open the skin of the human body
o Have to identify the specific cuts of the
body organs (transverse, frontal,
sagittal)

BMD-3201 - Trans 1 - Introduction To Anatomy and Physiology

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BMD 3201: Anatomy and Physiology (Lecture)

A.Y. 2022 - 2023 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

TRANS 1: THE HUMAN BODY: AN ORIENTATION

● Define homeostasis and explain its significance Regional Anatomy

5. ORGAN SYSTEM LEVEL

LIST OF ORGAN SYSTEMS OF THE HUMAN BODY

1. CHEMICAL LEVEL Organ System Organs

● bronchial tubes is the pituitary

Female Reproductive System movement of external activities which are

REPRODUCE/ REPRODUCTION LOVE AND BELONGING

receives the input from the receptors

MECHANISM OF HOMEOSTASIS / CONTROL

MNEMONICS & NOTES

● Afferent → Sensory or Sensation (to feel

o MORE COMMON: Most homeostatic 1. Stimulus: Change in the environment

● Tend to push the variable further than its original

ADDITIONAL OR SUPPLEMENTARY Example 2: Blood Clotting or Coagulation

● Standard anatomical position of the body is

1. Break or tear occurs in the blood vessel wall.

o nasal: nose o closer or very near to the main axis or

o Examples of Division of Extremities

3. Hypodermis or Subcutaneous ● Transverse (Horizontal): a horizontal plane

Exam Instructions for Quiz 1 and Other Notes

o Pleura - serous membrane of the

o Encloses the heart, and surrounds the

1. Thoracic Cavity 2. Abdominopelvic Cavity

o Each enveloping a lung.

(4) Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

● Planes dividing the quadrants:

● Right Hypochondriac Region

● Planes and lines dividing the regions:

o When you feel pain in one area of your

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