ZOO-3202 - Trans 5 - Fertilization

ZOO 3202: Developmental Biology (Lecture)
A.Y. 2022 - 2023 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

PROF. SARMIENTO, D. COLLEGE OF SCIENCE
BMD 3-2 Department of Biology
TRANS 5: FERTILIZATION
OUTLINE HORMONAL CONTROL IN OOGENESIS IN

MAMMALS
● It is more complicated than in male
spermatogenesis. In menstrual cycles - 28 days
HORMONAL CONTROL IN SPERMATOGENESIS IN has many phases.
MAMMALS
● Hypothalamus A. FOLLICULAR PHASE
o All hormones are controlled by ● Ovary has follicles.
hypothalamus. ● GnRH from the Hypothalamus dictate the anterior
o It releases and secretes GnRH pituitary to secrete LH and FSH; they will
(gonadotropin releasing hormone) - it stimulate cellular follicles from the ovary to grow
dictates anterior pituitary to release and once they grew, they will produce estradiol.
Gonadotropin hormones or the LS and ● Estradiol has a negative feedback in
FSH (luteinizing hormone and follicle
hypothalamus (high GnRH, limit LH and FSH?)
stimulating hormone).
and endometrium (it will constrict the blood
o When hypothalamus dictates that the
anterior to release spermatogenic vessels in the lining of the uterus, resulting in
hormone, it will stimulate menstruation).
spermatogenesis enabling cells. ○ This means that at high levels of LH
● Spermatogenesis will secrete inhibits to stop and FSH, it will trigger the follicle to
anterior for releasing because during the secretion of estradiol, thus
spermatogenesis, LH and FSH is not needed - menstruation.
they are female hormones, sperm do not have
follicles.
● Leydig cells secretes testosterone.
○ Testis has two cells - sertoli and leydig
cells.
○ When leydig cells releases
testosterone, it has a positive
feedback to spermatogenesis (
needed for the process) and a
negative feedback to testosterone in
the hypothalamus because some part
of testosterone will also inhibit the
secretion of GnRH; secretions will stop
the anterior pituitary to produce LS
and FSH because they are not
necessary for spermatogenesis, only
the testosterone produced by leydig
cells is needed.
B. OVULATION
● 7th to 14th day
● Same process, but this time, it will stimulate the
menstruation of the growing follicles.
○ High level of estradiol of the follicles
during this phase to the point that it
can stimulate production of GnRH
(positive feedback).
○ LH and FSH will increase, the follicle
will mature and once matured, it will
ALABADO, S., DAR SANTOS, M.J., JAMBALOS, Z.H., LUCIDOS, A. & POBLETE, M.J. 1
cause the endometrium lining to yellow bodies. FS and FSH will trigger
thicken. the increase in size of the corpus
○ Mature ovum from the ovary is luteum and the corpus luteum will
released; matured ovary is released. trigger the release or production of
The cells are surrounded by follicles; progesterone and estradiol ; negative
enclosed by inside the mature follicle, feedback. Once corpus luteum is
inside the ovary. matured, it will enter the follicular
○ LH and FSH will trigger the maturation stage again - it has to inhibit these
of follicles that will secrete high levels; productions to start the cycle again.
positive effect to hypothalamus to These will also will cause the
produce more LH and FSH to support endometrium to further develop and
the thickening of the lining of support the lining of the uterus to
endometrium. thicken
● Side by side, when a mature egg from the ovary is
released, ovary lining thickens.
● Estrogen and progesterone; gonadal
○ Once released (egg cells are available
hormones
in the female reproductive system) the
● LS and FSH; gonadotropin hormones
female is fertile. This means that
anytime when have a
recognition/interaction of sperm, it can
develop into zygote; at least during MEIOTIC ARRESTS
that time, the lining of the ovary and ● In oogenesis, there are meiotic arrests (no meiotic
endometrium is prepared already for arrests in spermatogenesis as it is continuously
implantation developing and dividing).
A. 1ST MEIOTIC ARREST

● During oocyte growth and before the LH level
increases.
○ In M1 - metaphase phase.
● Ovary has follicular/thecal cells that have to
communicate; it has gap junctions in between for
cell communications and interactions inside and
outside the cell. It has channels that will trigger
the entry of cAMP (cyclic adenosine
monophosphate)
● Presence of many membrane bound proteins that
will convert ATP to cAMP; high levels of cAMP
and AMP together with OMI (oocyte maturation
inhibitor) will inhibit the maturation of oocyte as
the try to arrest and stop the maturation of oocyte.
These two together, will increase the PKA (protein
kinase A) activation; kinase is responsible for
C. LUTEAL PHASE
phosphorylation or addition of phosphate -
● If there’s no development or fertilization, it will
phosphate group within the cell increases. This
undergo this phase.
(high level of PKA) will further trigger the
● Once the mature ovum from the ovary is released,
activation of pre-MPF (precursor only;
its remnants are left (they are enclosed; the egg
mitosis/maturation meiosis promoting factor), not
cell will be the only one to be released and the
the maturation factor - not matured yet.
rest is left).
● How will PKA be activated?
○ It will trigger the production of corpus
○ After the increase in LH, the gap
luteum; a steroidal hormone - lipid or
junctions will close and with the
fat based (steroids are lipids/fats).
absence of these, there will be no Ca2+ that will enter the cell upon the entry of the
communications inside and outside sperm.
the cell. This results in the low level of ○ For the sperm to enter, there must be
cAMP and low production of PKA; depolarization in between cell
different pathways so it can activate membranes that will allow the channel
the MPF (PKA should be in low levels (sodium or calcium ions channel) to
to activate the MPF). open so that the ions or charges can
● After 1st Meiotic Arrest, once it is activated, the go in and out of the cell.
process can now proceed to Anaphase, ○ Since there is a sperm, we know that
Telophase, and enter the Meiosis II. sperm raises hydrolytic enzymes, and
causes the increased number of Ca2+.
If the Ca2+ increases, then the CSF
(Cytostatic factor) will become
inactive.
○ CSF: it will arrest the blastomere
formation. It will also lower the MPF.
● After this, the zygote will undergo a series of
cleavage where the MPF levels will continue to
increase and decrease because of the Mitosis
promoting factor which will be needed for the
continuous cell cycle.
CSF and MPF

B. 2ND MEIOTIC ARREST
● occurs at M2
● Y Axis = MPF Activity
● Interphase arrest: doubling of DNA in preparation
for cell division ● CSF and MPF are 2 key molecules in oocytes or
○ The oocyte is immature at this stage. in oogenesis.
○ Maturation stimulus (progesterone or ● The upper cycle is the normal development (M2 =
MPF release, interphase arrest) matured egg with polar body attached to it).
○ MPF is low. ● The lower cycle shows us the experimentation
● Meiosis 1: MPF will reach its peak at this point, cycle.
particularly at 1st meiotic arrest. ○ You’ll get a sample from the mature
○ After anaphase, telophase, the MPF ovum then insert it into the immature
will become low again. oocyte (blue), the outcome would be
○ Then, it will get higher again once it mature and the MPF level will
reaches its 2nd meiotic arrest increase.
(Metaphase arrest). ○ If the sample is from the mature ovum
● MPF level will decrease again once the sperm and inserts it onto the embryonic
entry releases metaphase arrest due to the free cleavage, then the expression of the
CSF will come or proceed based on
function. The half will undergo ● At secretory phase, the progesterone is

blastomere formation whereas the responsible for this. If there’s no mature ovum,
other half doesn’t (it becomes a then it will undergo as menstruation
mature oocyte only). ● The blood vessels of the lining of the uterus are
constricted during the proliferative phase since
OVARIAN AND MENSTRUAL CYCLE the lining thickens. As the lining thickens, the
blood vessels also thickens since it supports the
thickening of the endometrium.
● After ovulation and if there’s sexual intercourse,
then there’s a big possibility for the egg to be
fertilized.
● The fertilized egg will wait (?) and it will roll down
to the uterine lining from the fallopian tube and will
be implanted in the uterus.
● The uterus must be ready before the egg must be
implanted in the (?) as it acts as a food for the
growing membrane. That’s why the blood vessels
thicken to support nourishment.
● Thickening of the uterine lining is done by the
progesterone
o Once the individual is pregnant, the
progesterone production will not
decline because it needs to support
the baby
o Lowering of the progesterone means
● FSH (blue) and LH (red): Gonadotropin Hormone there is no baby to support →
● FSH - initiates the development of follicles menstruation
● Peak of FSH and LH causes the release of the o Hormonal Imbalances: imbalance in
Oocyte during ovulation. the estrogen and progesterone level
● Surrounding follicles also release estrogen. may cause the zygote to not be able to
● Estrogen and Progesterone: Gonadal hormone stick or become implanted. That’s why
● On day 7, there is a secretion of FSH to initiate individuals are asked to intake
hormonal pills (birth control pills for
the development of follicles.
example) to restore balance.
● Mature Follicle with mature ovum inside.
● On day 14, ovulation day, the follicle will burst to
secrete the mature ovum where it will go to the Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
fallopian tube. Peak of LH and slight peak of FSH. ● PCOS causes androgens (male hormones)
to be high
The remnants will remain, the LH will be secreted
● Androgens combat or oppose the levels of
to allow the formation of corpus luteum (yellow estrogen and progesterone, which are
body) then it will undergo luteal phase. important in the uterine lining development
● At the luteal phase, the corpus luteum will grow ● With hormonal imbalances, PCOS
until it degrades and regresses. individuals may be subjected to difficulty in
● On day 28, the corpus luteum will go back inside. pregnancy
● Lower Diagram. Estrogen (purple) and
progesterone (yellow).
● On the 7th day, it secretes estrogen in the female
reproductive system and there are changes in the
endometrium.
● After menstruation where the blood is shed off, it
will undergo a proliferative phase, it will increase
and the lining will thicken.
o Understand them because they do not

control their hormones
LESSON 5: FERTILIZATION
● Outline
1. Recognition of sperm and egg
2. Regulation of sperm entry into the egg
3. Fusion of male and female pronuclei
4. Biochemical pathways involved in egg
activation
● Objectives
1. To know the facets of fertilization (to visualize
from gametogenesis and hormones controlled,
the union of egg and sperm)
2. To outline the biochemical and physiological
Fig no. Germ Cell Loss in the Ovary events (to visualize what enzymes and
biochemical pathways are involved).
● In females, there are only a limited number of
eggs produced. They do not have billions of FERTILIZATION OF VARIOUS ANIMALS PER
gametes produced similar to that of males with PHYLA
millions of sperm per ejaculation.
A. Sea Urchin Fertilization (Echinoderms)
● Interpretation of Diagram:
1. Preconception: Germ cells start from 2nd to
7th month (peak) where it produces 7 million
germ cells for the production of the baby
2. Birth: The number of germ cells decline as the
baby is born
3. Puberty: Germ cells further decline to 400,000
as the individual reaches puberty
4. Adult: Only 400-500 eggs out of 400,000
mature, become fertile and are released out of
the system in a female’s lifespan until
menopause. (Only 1 egg is released per cycle)
If menstruation started at 12 years old and Fig no. Structure of the sea urchin egg at fertilization. Sperm can be
menopause occurred at 40 years old; seen in the jelly coat and attached to the vitelline envelope. The
female pronucleus is apparent within the egg cytoplasm (Barresi)
12x40 = 480 eggs are produced throughout the
female’s lifetime
● Parts
5. Menopause: Production of egg and menstrual oPronucleus (innermost)
cycle ceases or stops due to the decline in oEgg Plasma Membrane
reproductive hormones. The remaining eggs in oVitelline Envelope - with sperm
the ovaries are either depleted or become less attached; zona pellucida in mammals
viable. Eventually, the ovaries no longer o Jelly Coat (outermost) - with sperm
release eggs, leading to infertility. attached; corona radiata in mammals
● Sea urchins are lower organisms compared to
● Changes occurring at the start of puberty also mammals hence, the simplicity
occurs at the end of puberty (menopausal stage) ● Mammals do not have vitelline envelope and jelly
due to peaks and fluctuations in the hormones → coat; their mammalian counterparts are zona
mood swings occur as well in people with pellucida and corona radiata respectively.
menopause
B. Hamster Fertilization (Mammals) pellucida for penetration of the sperm

head
3. Binding of the sperm to the extracellular
matrix (vitelline envelope or zona pellucida)
of the egg
4. Passage of the sperm through this
extracellular matrix
● Penetrated already
5. Fusion of the egg and sperm cell
membranes
Fig no. Mammalian eggs immediately before fertilization. (A) The
hamster egg, or ovum, is encased in the zona pellucida, which in ● Only in the vitelline membrane and zona
turn, is surrounded by the cells of the cumulus. A polar body cell,
produced during meiosis, is visible within the zona pellucida.(B) At
pellucida is digested by the acrosomal vesicles as
lower magnification, a mouse oocyte is shown, surrounded by the the sperm can readily penetrate the corona radiata
cumulus. by flagellar movement.
● Cumulus part - contains various types of cells

such as {inaudible}
● Polar body
● Ovum or egg - circular egg in the middle
● Zona pellucida - at the outermost part
FERTILIZATION PROCESS Fig no. Scanning electron micrographs of the entry of the sperm into
the eggs of sea urchin. (A) Contact of sperm head with egg
A. Recognition of the Egg and Sperm microvillus through the acrosomal process (B) Formation of
Process of Egg and Sperm Recognition fertilization cone. (C) Internalization of sperm within the egg. (D)
1. Chemoattraction of the sperm to the egg by Transmission electron micrograph of sperm internalization through
the fertilization cone (Barresi)
soluble molecules secreted by the egg.
● External fertilization occurs in sea
● Interpretation of the Micrographs
urchins (echinoderms), fishes, frogs
A) Contact of sperm head with egg microvillus
(amphibians) where eggs and sperm
through the acrosomal process
are released outside of the female and
● Acrosomal vesicle - in the tip of the
male’s body (ex. a stream for
sperm head
instance).
● Egg is not small, it has hair-like
● The eggs and sperm will be left in the
structures such as cilia (some
body of water where they will be
organisms) and microvillus (sea
moved by currents, meet and fertilize.
urchin) for their movement although
● No sexual intercourse like that of
they are immotile;
mammals and reptiles
B) Formation of fertilization cone
● Summer - reproduction season of
● Fertilization cone - arm-like that
many organisms
embraces the eggs and sperm
● Recognition is required because many
C) Internalization of sperm within the egg.
organisms perform external
● Half of the sperm head is already
fertilization. Matching of gametes
inside the egg. Flagella usually is left
(frog-frog, fish-fish etc) occurs to allow
outside.
fertilization to take place.
D) Transmission electron micrograph of sperm
● Frog sperm will not fertilize a fish egg
internalization through the fertilization cone.
● Chemoattractant chemicals are similar
● There is an invagination formed as the
to pheromones
sperm becomes more and more inside
2. Exocytosis of the sperm acrosomal vesicle
the egg.
and release of its enzyme
● Acrosomal Vesicle - contains B. Membrane Potential of Sea Urchin (Enclosing of
hydrolytic enzymes that digest the Egg from other Sperms)
egg’s vitelline membrane or zona
o Right after fast-block, if a sperm has

already penetrated, automatically,
slow block polyspermy takes place.
Slow Block Polyspermy

● Slower mechanical block to polyspermy becomes
active about a minute after the first successful
sperm-egg fusion.
Fig no. Membrane potential of sea urchin eggs before and after o Result to the removal of other sperms
fertilization. (A) Before the addition of sperm, the potential difference in the egg cell membrane.
across the egg cell membrane is about –70 mV. Within 1–3 seconds ● Sperm removal is accomplished by the cortical
after the fertilizing sperm contacts the egg, the potential shifts in a
positive direction. (B,C) Lytechinus eggs photographed during first
granule action.
cleavage. (B) Control eggs developing in 490 mM Na+. (C) o The egg will not undergo the next
Polyspermy in eggs fertilized in similarly high concentrations of stages with other sperms hanging on
sperm in 120 mM Na+ (choline was substituted for sodium). (D) its membrane.
Table showing the rise of polyspermy with decreasing Na+
concentration. Salt water is about 600 mM Na+.
o The sperm releases substances from
the cortical granule.
● Gradient - a change or a difference between two o The cortical granules surround the cell
membranes’ potential and they also contain the
● There must be a gradient in between membranes cytoskeleton.
to form an opening that will allow the channels to ▪ Cytoskeleton is responsible
open and for introduction to happen.
for the specific localization of
● There is also membrane potential in sea urchins
the cellular structure and
like what occurs in the nerve cells of humans.
organelles (kahit i-shuffle ang
● The resting potential is -70mV.
organelles sa cells, kaya
● The y-axis of the graph is in mV (negative to
silang ibalik ng cytoskeleton).
positive), while the x-axis is time in seconds
o Hence, the cortical granules disappear
(20secs intervals).
and the cell proceeds to normal cell
● The figure shows ‘before the addition of sperm’
division, becoming a cleavage then
o The potential is at rest.
produces blastomere, gastrulation,
● Within 1-3 seconds, when the sperm is recognized
and go on.
it will shift to positive potential, approximately
20-30mV. This allows the penetration of sperm C. Egg Activation Mechanism
head into the egg cell.
o Egg cells opened because of the
‘contact’.
● To ensure that no other sperm penetrates the egg
mechanisms such as polyspermy, fast block, and
slow block are employed by the egg cell.
o Fast and slow-block polyspermy only
happens to organisms aside from
mammals.
o Hence, humans are not capable of this
type of polyspermy.
Fast Block Polyspermy

● Change in the electric potential of the egg cell Fig no. Probable mechanisms of egg activation. In both cases, a
phospholipase C (PLC) is activated and makes IP3 and
membrane occurs immediately upon entry of diacylglycerol (DAG). (A) Ca2+ release and egg activation by
sperm. activated PLC directly from the sperm, or by a substance from the
o Only one sperm can penetrate. sperm that activates egg PLC. This may be the mechanism in
o Occurs within 1-3 seconds. mammals. (B) The bindin receptor (perhaps acting through a G
protein) activates tyrosine kinase (TK, an Src kinase), which
activates PLC. This is probably the mechanism
used by sea urchins. o Allows phospholipase C activation,

splitting to IP3 production and
(A) Activation After Gamete Membrane Fusion diacylglycerol production.
● After fusion, the sperm has reached the egg DAG
internally. o DAG activates protein kinase C (PKC).
● Soluble factors from the sperm activate o This results in an exchange of Na+
phospholipase C (PLC). and H+.
o Phospholipase is an enzyme for lipids o In Na+-H+ is high, it increases
with phosphate groups. intracellular pH.
o Since the first contact of the sperm in ▪ pH = power of hydrogen;
the cell is its cell membrane, the changes the base of the
phospholipid bilayer is degraded. cytoplasm.
● PLC together with tyrosine kinase (TK), will split o Upon increases of intracellular pH, it
the membrane portion into phosphatidylinositol results in a series of reactions:
4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and diacylglycerol ▪ Stimulation of protein
(DAG). synthesis, DNA replication,
o kinase = phosphorylation and cytoplasmic movements
● DAG would still be a part of the cell membrane. of morphogenetic material
● PIP2 will allow the opening of the calcium-ion IP3
channels. o The channel of Ca2+ opens, releasing
● With the opening of the calcium-ion channels, several Ca2+.
there will be a gradient in both membranes. o Ca2+ will trigger cortical granule
● The channel will open to the smooth endoplasmic exocytosis.
reticulum (sER) o This allows slow block polyspermy and
the formation of a hyaline layer.
(B) Activation Prior To Gamete Fusion ▪ This further blocks other
● The head of the sperm is surrounded by bindin. sperms.
● The sperm is recognized by the receptor. o Moreover, the release of Ca2+ could
● When the sperm and egg unite, TK together with also activate NAD+ kinase, resulting to
PLC will split to two active compounds: PIP2 and the conversion of NAD+ to NADP+
DAG, and allow the opening of the channel. (cellular respiration) which is needed
for membrane biosynthesis.
o In addition, the release of Ca2+ could
also degrade cyclin and inactivate
MAP kinase, resulting in the
restoration of the mitotic cell cycle.
▪ Since this is fertilization,
suppose all processes were
done, it needs to undergo
normal development of
cleavage, thus it needs to
Fig no. Postulated pathway of egg activation in the sea urchin. restore the mitotic cell cycle.
▪ The series of reactions occur
● To further elaborate on the role of the enzymes (in green boxes to the right)
involved in the egg activation mechanism, see the for the process of cell division
figure above. to be continuous when the
● It commences with the binding of sperms or fusion sperm binds to the egg.
to egg cell membrane which stimulates two
pathways. FERTILIZATION by NUCLEUS MEDICAL MEDIA
1. Na+ influx
o Allows membrane potential change ● Fertilization is the epic story of a single sperm
(shifts to positive membrane). facing incredible odds to unite with an egg and
o This will trigger fast block polyspermy. form a new human life. It is the story of all of us.
2. Kinase stimulation
1) During sexual intercourse, about 300 reach the outer layer of the egg, the
million sperm enter the vagina. Soon Zona pellucida. When sperm reaches
afterward, millions of them will either the Zona pellucida, they attach to
flow out of the vagina or die in its specialized sperm receptors on the
acidic environment. However, many surface, which triggers their
survive because of the protective acrosomes to release digestive
elements provided in the fluid enzymes, enabling the sperm to
surrounding them. burrow into the layer.
2) Next, the sperm must pass through 10) Inside the Zona pellucida is a narrow
the cervix and opening into the uterus. fluid-filled space just outside the egg
Usually, it remains tightly closed but cell membrane.
here the cervix is open for a few days 11) The first sperm to make contact will
while the woman ovulates. fertilize the egg. After a perilous
3) The sperm swim through the Cervical journey and against incredible odds, a
Mucus which is thinned to a more single sperm attaches to the egg cell
watery consistency for easier membrane. WIthin a few minutes, their
passage. Once inside the cervix, the outer membranes fuse and the egg
sperm continue swimming toward the pulls the sperm inside. This event
uterus although millions will die trying causes changes in the egg membrane
to make it through the mucus. that prevent other sperm from
4) Some sperm remain behind, caught in attaching to it.
the folds of the cervix, but they may 12) Next, the egg releases chemicals that
later continue the journey as a backup push other sperm away from the egg,
to the first group. and create an impenetrable
5) Inside the uterus, muscular uterine fertilization membrane.
contractions assist the sperm on their 13) As the reaction spreads outward, the
journey toward the egg. However, Zona pellucida hardens, trapping any
resident cells from the women’s sperm unlucky enough to be caught
immune system mistaking the sperm inside.
for foreign invaders, destroy 14) Outside the egg, sperm are no longer
thousands more. able to attach to the Zona pellucida.
6) Next, half the sperm head for the 15) Meanwhile, inside the egg, the tightly
empty fallopian tube, while the other packed male genetic materials spread
half swim towards the tube containing out. A new membrane forms around
the unfertilized egg. But only a few the genetic material, creating the male
thousand remain. pronucleus.
7) Inside the fallopian tube, tiny cilia 16) Inside, the genetic material reforms
pushed the egg toward the uterus. To into 23 chromosomes. The female
continue, the sperm must surge genetic material awakened by the
against this motion to reach the egg. fusion of the sperm with the egg
Some sperm get trapped in the cilia finishes dividing, resulting in the
and die. During this part of the female pronucleus which also contains
journey, chemicals in the reproductive 23 chromosomes.
tract cause the membranes covering 17) As the male and female pronuclei
the heads of the sperm to change. As form, spider web-like threads called
a result, sperm become hyperactive, microtubules pull them toward each
swimming harder and faster toward other. The two sets of chromosomes
their destination. join together, completing the process
8) At long last, the sperm reach the egg. of fertilization. At this moment, a
Only a few dozen of the original 300 unique genetic code arises instantly
million sperm remain. determining gender, hair color, eye
9) The egg is covered with a layer of color, and hundreds of other
cells called Corona radiata. The sperm characteristics.
must be pushed through this layer to
18) The new single cell, the zygote is the

beginning of a new human being. The
cilia and fallopian tube gently sweep
the zygote toward the uterus, where
he or she will implant in the richer
uterine lining, growing and maturing
for the next nine months until ready for
birth.

ZOO-3202 - Trans 5 - Fertilization

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ZOO-3202 - Trans 5 - Fertilization

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ZOO 3202: Developmental Biology (Lecture)

A.Y. 2022 - 2023 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

OUTLINE HORMONAL CONTROL IN OOGENESIS IN

A. 1ST MEIOTIC ARREST

CSF and MPF

function. The half will undergo ● At secretory phase, the progesterone is

o Understand them because they do not

B. Hamster Fertilization (Mammals) pellucida for penetration of the sperm

● Cumulus part - contains various types of cells

o Right after fast-block, if a sperm has

Slow Block Polyspermy

Fast Block Polyspermy

used by sea urchins. o Allows phospholipase C activation,

18) The new single cell, the zygote is the

You might also like