Introduction To Criminology by VANZNIEL ROVER A. NILLAMA RCRIM.
INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY
Etymology
Criminology
Latin word Crimen means “accusation”
Greek word logos means “study”
it is the body of knowledge which focus on crimes,
criminals and the effort of the society to prevent and
repress it.
Coined the term Criminology
During 1885
Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo as
Criminologia.
During 1889
French anthropologist Paul Topinard used the
analogous French term Criminologie.
CRIMINOLOGY
- the scientific study of crime
(Sue Titus Reid, Larry Seigel)
- body of knowledge that deals with
the study of crime as a social phenomenon
(Edwin Sutherland & Donald Cressey)
Criminology
is the scientific study of criminals, criminal behavior and
its causes.
Criminologists
They attempt to build theories that explain why crimes
occur and test those theories by observing behavior.
Criminological theories
help shape society’s response to crime both in terms of
preventing criminal behavior and responding to it after
it occurs.
Who is a criminologist?
 Person who studied crime scientifically
 Any person who is a graduate of a degree in
Criminology, who has passed the examination
for criminologists and is registered as such by
the board(RA 6506 sec.22)
Practice of profession
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A person is deemed to be engage in the practice of
criminology if he holds himself out to the public in any
of the following capabilities:
As a professor, instructor or teacher in crim.
As law enforcement administrator, executive
As a technician in dactyloscopy, ballistics
As correctional administrator, supervisor
As counselor, expert, adviser, researcher in any
government.
Objective of Criminology
the goal of criminology is to identify the causes of crime
and criminality in order to eliminate these causes and
thus prevent crime.
DISTINCTION BETWEEN
CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINALISTICS
 CRIMINOLOGY
1. Social behavioral science
2. Deals with criminal people
3. Purpose is to identify causes of crimes
 CRIMINALISTICS
1. Applied Science
2. Deals with criminal things
3. Purpose is to identify the criminal perpetrator
SCOPE OF CRIMINOLOGY
The process of making laws – legislative, policy
direction
The process of breaking of laws – criminogenic
factors which induce high probability of criminal
tendency among individuals and or victims in a given
situation which may be environmental, sociological or
both.
The process of reacting towards the breaking of
the laws – law enforcement, investigations, criminal
justice system, penology (after the fact of criminal
occurrence).
Science dominated in the study of criminology
Sociology – The study of crime focused on the group
of people and society as a whole.
Psychology – The science that studies behavior and
the mental processes of the criminal.
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Psychiatry – The science that deals with the study of
crime through forensic psychiatry, the study of criminal
behavior in terms of motives and drives.
Principal Divisions of Criminology
Criminal Etiology – The scientific analysis of the
causes of crimes
Sociology of Law – The study of law and its
application.
Penology or Correction – The study that deals with
the punishment and the treatment of criminals.
Criminalistics – The study of criminal things.
Nature of criminology
An Applied Science - It is useful. There are different
activities that makes criminology applicable e.g. autopsy
and chemical treatment of physical evidence
A Social science – In as much as crime is a societal
creation and it exists in a society, its study must be
considered a part of social science.
Dynamic – The progress of criminology is concordant
with the advancement of other sciences that have been
applied to it.
Nationalistic – The study of crime must always be in
relation with the existing criminal law with in the
territory.
Primary concern in the study of criminology
Crime – an act or omission punishable by law.
Offense – An act or omission that is punishable by
special laws.
Felony – An act or omission that is punishable by the
Revised Penal Code
Delinquency /Misdemeanor / Infraction – Acts
that are in violation of simple rules and regulations
(local ordinance).
Anatomy of Crime
Criminal
A person who committed a crime and has been given
final judgment of convicted by a competent court.
A person who violated a social norm or one who did an
anti social act.
Criminological classification of crimes
Acquisitive Crimes – is one which when committed
the offender acquires something as a consequence of
his criminal act.
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Extinctive Crimes – when it results to destruction.
Seasonal Crimes – those that are committed only at a
certain period of the year.
Situational Crimes – those that are committed only
when given the situation conducive to its commission.
Episodic Crimes – crimes that are committed by a
series of acts in a lengthy space of time.
Instant Crimes – those that are committed in the
shortest possible time.
Static Crimes – crimes that are committed only in one
place.
Continuing Crimes – crimes that are committed in
several places.
Rational Crimes – those that are committed with
intent.
Irrational Crimes – those that are committed by
offenders who does not know the nature of their acts.
White Collar Crimes – those that are committed by
persons of responsibility and of upper socio economic
class in the course of their occupational activities.
Blue Collar Crimes – crimes committed by ordinary
professionals to maintain their livelihood.
Upper World Crimes – those committed by
individuals belonging to the upper class of the society.
Under World Crimes – those committed by lower or
under privilege class of society.
Crimes by Imitation - crimes committed by merely
duplicating those done by others.
Crimes by Passion – crimes committed because of
the fit of great emotion.
Service Crimes – crimes committed by rendering
service to satisfy the desire of another.
The customary way of doing everyday things are called
“norms”.
Conduct or behaviors which do not conform to norms
and social standards are called “deviancy”.
In biblical times, deviant behavior is associated not only
with violations of law of men (crime) but also violations
of laws of God (sin).
Dualistic fallacy:
refers to the error in the presumption that the
process that produces criminal or antisocial behavior is
DIFFERENT from the processes that produces law
abiding or conventional behavior.
Introduction To Criminology by VANZNIEL ROVER A. NILLAMA RCRIM.,
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Enlightenment Philosophers
Montesquieu (branches of government)
Helvetius (learning theories)
Voltaire (justice theories)
Bacon (Naturalism, anti-spiritualism)
Rousseau (social contract)
Diderot (encyclopedic knowledge)
Hume (epistemology)
Demonology
It maintains that criminal behavior was believed to be
the results of evil spirits and demons something of
natural force and controls behavior.
The study of the role that “evil spirits” play in the
development of sins and crimes.
Classical School (Choice Theory)
people choose to commit crime after weighting
the benefits and costs of their actions. Crime can be
deterred by certain, sever and swift punishment.
Cesare Bonesana Marchese di Becarria (1738 – 1794)
Italy
-Italian criminologist, economist, and jurist born in
Milan, whose opinions were formed by studying the
writers of the 18th century French Enlightenment, the
Encyclopedistes, especially Baron de Montesquieu. His
chief work “Tratto del Pene de Delitti” Essay on
Crimes and Punishments (1764-trans. 1880)
Cesare Bonesana Marchese di Becarria (1738 – 1794)
Italy
argues against the severities and abuses of criminal
law, especially capital punishment and torture. Becarria
espoused the theory of Hedonism – “man
essentially seeks pleasure and avoids pain”.
Punishment should be calculated to exceed the pleasure
derived from the commission of an illegal act in order to
deter its commission.
Jeremy Bentham (1748 - 1832) England
-British philosopher, economist, and jurist, who
founded the Doctrine of Utilitarianism (Latin: utilis,
meaning “useful), in ethics, the doctrine that what is
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useful is good and consequently, that the ethical value
of conduct is determined by the utility of its results.
Jeremy Bentham (1748 - 1832) England
The supreme objective of moral action and the
foundation on which all morality should be grounded is
the achievement of the “greatest happiness or
satisfaction for the greatest number”.
Some of the defining features of the Classical School
are:
 All people are guided by free will
 All behavior is guided by hedonism
(pleasure/pain calculation)
 All crime is the result of free will and hedonism
 All punishment should fit the offense (equal
treatment under law)
 Bad people are nothing more that the result of
bad laws
Neo-Classical School
A group of intellectuals headed by Sir William
Blackstone recognized the existence of free will but
argues that certain individuals cannot exercise free will
intelligently by reason of age, mental condition of
circumstances such as minority, insanity, duress.
They criticized the harsh legalism of classical school
because it fails to attempt these kinds of offenders.
They sought the exemption of certain individuals
from the application of penal laws.
Positivist (Determinism theory)
Believes that criminal behavior are learned and such
internal or external factors contributes to their criminal
acts.
Believes that criminal behavior is a product of biological,
sociological and psychological factors beyond their
control.
Biological Positivism
– some people have biological and mental traits
that make them, crime prone. These traits are inherited
and present at birth. Mental and physical degeneracies
are the causes of crime.
Giambattista della Porta
(1535 – 1615) Italy
-Founded the school of human
PHYSIOGNOMY – the study of facial features their
relation to human behavior. Physiognomy is known as
the first positivist approach in the study of crime.
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Franz Joseph Gall (1758 – 1828) and Johann Kaspar
Spurzheim (1776 – 1828), Germany
-Founded the science of PHRENOLOGY –
bumps in the heads are indications of psychological
propensities
Auguste Compte
(18th Century) France
-French sociologist who applied the modern
methods of the physical science to the social sciences in
his book “ Cours de Philosophie Positive”. He
argued that there could be no real knowledge of social
phenomena unless it was based on positive scientific
approach
Cesare Lombroso (1836 – 1909) Italy
-Italian criminologist who wrote “L’oumo
Delinquente” The Criminal Man and advance the
theory that - “crimes can be attributed to a hereditary
predisposition in certain individuals”. He argued that
offenders are BORN CRIMINALS.
Cesare Lombroso (1836 – 1909) Italy
The opposite of Charles Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
though natural selection, Lombroso posited that certain
individuals digresses back to their animalistic origin in a
phenomenon called ATAVISM.
Enrico Ferri
-one of Lombroso’s student, he accepted the
existence of a criminal type but also focuses on factors
other than inherited physical characteristics as
predictors of crime.
He considered social factors such as
Population trends
Religion and
The nature of the family
Ferri also proposed a more elaborated classification of
criminal types:
 The born of instinctive criminal,
 The insane criminal,
 The passionate criminal
 The involuntary criminal,
 The occasional criminal, and
 The habitual criminal.
Enrico Ferri
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According to Ferri, the last two types were not innate
criminals but rather the products of unfortunate family
or environmental circumstances by explaining criminal
behavior on the basis of social factors as well as
inherited traits, Ferri expanded the scope of
criminology.
Raffaele Garofalo
-Italian lawyer, major contribution to modern
criminology is the concept of natural crime, which he
argued the principal concern of criminologists.
According to Garofalo, natural or true crime is conduct
when evaluated against the average moral sense of the
community, offends the basic altruistic (unselfish)
sense of humankind.
Raffaele Garofalo
The true criminal is one who lacks the basic altruistic
sentiments of pity and honesty.
Garofalo believed that a true criminal is a distinct
biological or psychic type and that the altruistic
deficiencies were organic or inherited. Still, Garofalo
acknowledged that certain forms of criminal behavior
might be encouraged by social and environmental
circumstances.
Charles Buckman Goring
( 1870 – 1919 )
Medical officer of Parkhurst prison in England who
collected data on 96 traits of more than 3,000 convicts
and a large control group of oxford students, hospital
patients and soldiers assisted by KARL PEARSON, a
famous statistician. He refuted Lombrosian theory of
anthropological criminal type.
Charles Buckham Goring
( 1870 – 1919 )
His evaluation stands as the most cogent critical
analysis of the theory of Born Criminals. He rejected the
claim that a specific stigmata identity the potential
criminal but is more convinced that poor physical
condition plus defective states of mind were
DETERMINING FACTORS IN CRIMINAL
RESPONSIBILITY
Ernst Kretchmer (1888 – 1964) Germany
Distinguished three principal types of Physiques
(European SOMATOTYPE SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGY)
Asthenic (lean, slightly built, narrow
shoulders)
Athletic (medium to tall, strong,
muscular, coarse bones)
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Pyknic (medium height, rounded figure,
massive neck, broad face)
William Sheldon (1898 – 1977) US
Identified another three body types (American
Somatotype School of Criminology)
Mesomorphic (Somatotonic) – physically powerful,
aggressive, athletic physique
Endomorphic (Viscerotonic) – predominance of the
soft roundness throughout the body.
Ectomorphic (Cerebrotonic) – fragile, thin and delicate
People with predominantly, Mesomorphic traits has
higher criminal tendencies than other body types.
Ernest Hooton
Believes that everyone with different types of body
physique have also equivalent presumption of crimes
that they could commit.
XYY Syndrome
Chromosomes are the basic structure of our genes –
the biological materials that make all of us unique. Each
human being has 23 pairs of inherited chromosomes.
One pair determines gender.
Normally a female receives an X chromosome from both
mother and father. A male receives an X chromosome
from his mother and Y chromosomes from his father.
XYY Syndrome
Sometimes, a defect in the production of the sperm or
egg results in genetic abnormality. One type of which is
the chromosomal abnormality of the XYY syndrome in
which the male receives an extra Y chromosome. This is
called the SUPER MAN GENE. Studies done in 1960
found that high frequency of this condition among
inmates of maximum security prisons.
 
Studies of Twins
There are two types of twins, namely:
Monozygotic – (identical twins) develop from a single
fertilized egg that divides into two embryos. These
twins share all their genes and has identical DNA’s.
Dizygotic – (fraternal) develops from two separate
eggs fertilized at the same time. They share 50% of
their genes.
Studies of Twins
The chance for both twins to be criminal is 50% for
identical, and 20% for fraternal according to the studies
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conducted by Karl Christiansen and Sarnoff A.
Mednick of Denmark in studies of 3586 pairs of twins
born between 1881 – 1910.
Sociological Positivism
– A person place in the social structure
determines his or her behavior. Disorganized urban
areas are the breeding ground of crime. A lack of
legitimate opportunities produces criminal subcultures.
Socialization within the family, the school, and the peer
groups control behavior.
Travis Hirschi, US
Social control theory – developed in 1960’s by
American Criminologists Travis Hirschi emphasizes the
acquisition of values. While most theories attempt to
explain why certain people or classes of people become
criminals, social-control theory asked why most people
do not commit crimes.
Social-control theory assumes that everyone has a
predisposition toward criminal behavior. Whether or not
a person acts on those predispositions depends on
whether he or she has ties to groups that impart values
opposing crime. These groups are:
Family
School
Community
Church, and
Volunteer organizations.
People with attachment – initially hold certain values
because they fear sanction from these groups.
Gradually however, the values are internalized and
followed because of the belief that to do otherwise
would be normally wrong.
People without this attachment are not deterred by
threat of group sanction nor do they ultimately
internalize legitimate norms, and thus they are more
likely to engage in criminal activity.
Numerous studies have shown that known delinquents
and non-delinquents differ with respect to their
attachments to legitimate groups as well as their
commitment to legitimate values.
Frank Tennenbaum
Labeling theory
behavior becomes criminal if label as
such.
Introduction To Criminology by VANZNIEL ROVER A. NILLAMA RCRIM.,
This theory views that youths may violate the law for a
variety of reasons, including poor family relations, peer
pressure, psychological abnormality, and pro-delinquent
learning experiences. Regardless of the cause of
individuals’ delinquent behaviors are detected, the
offenders will be given a negative label that can follow
them throughout life. These label include
“troublemaker”, “juvenile delinquent”, “mentally
ill”, “junkie” and more.
Walter Reckless
Containment Theory
the crime is a form of control which
suggested that series of acts of internal and external
factors contributes criminal behavior.
Gabriel Tarde
French sociologist. He asserted that the causes
of crime are chiefly social. His basic theory on the
causes of crime was founded on laws of imitation.
Tarde believe that persons predisposed to crime are
attracted to criminal activity by the example of other
criminals. He also felt that the particular crimes
committed and the methods of committing those crimes
are the products of imitation.
Emile Durkheim, (1858-1917), France
According to his anomie theory crime is a normal part
of society as birth and death. Anomie is the breakdown
of social order as a result of a loss of standards and
values.
Crime is therefore a necessary expression of the
prevailing social condition.
Robert Merton (1910), US
Borrowed Durkheim’s Anomie Theory but argued that
the real problem is created not by sudden social change
but by a SOCIAL STRUCTURE THAT HOLDS OUT THE
SAME GOALS TO ALL IT MEMBERS without giving them
equal means to achieve it thereby creating social
pressure (Strain Theory). People who aspire to the
cultural norm of economic achievement but are denied
the education, capital, or other means to realize those
ends will experience strain.
According to Merton, there are three possible responses
to strain.
Innovation, although the individual continues to accept
the cultural value of success, he or she will employ
illegitimate means, such as theft or robbery, to obtain
money because legitimate means to achieve this end
are not available.
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Retreatism, the person gives up the pursuit of economic
success and engages in self-destructive behavior, such
as drug abuse.
Rebellion, wherein the person abandons the culturally
dictated goal of economic achievement and engages in
revolutionary activities or in attempts to reform the
system.
Cultural Deviance
Links delinquent acts to the formation of independent
subcultures with a unique set of values that clash with
the main stream culture.
This theory argue that children learn deviant behavior
socially through exposure to others and modeling of
others action.
Albert Cohen
Subculture theory
explains that the lower class cannot
effectively socialized with the middle class, which would
incites the to gather as a group to form subculture.
Thereby prompting them to used any means to get
their goal even if it is illegitimate or illegal means.
Robert king Merton
Criminal Ecology Theory
believes that crime is a function of
social change which would occur during there is
environmental change.
Adolphe Quetelet and Andre Michel Guerry (1802-1866)
France
Cartographic or chicago School – the first to
independently repudiate the Classicists free will
doctrine, Factors such as poverty, age, sex, race and
climate not the decisions of individuals, determine
criminal behavior.
Clifford Shaw and Henry Mckay
According to social disorganization theory, disorganized
areas cannot exert social control over acting-out youth;
these areas can be identified by their relatively high
level of change, fear, instability, incivility, poverty,
deterioration, and these factors have a direct influence
on the area’s delinquency rate. It is not, then, some
individual property or trait that is the cause of
delinquency, but the quality an ambiance of the
community in which adolescents are forced to reside.
In the areas where there is no sense of collective
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efficacy, delinquency rates will be controlled no matter
what the immediate economic situation.
Edwin Sutherland and Donald Cressey
Differential Association theory
it asserts that a person becomes
delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable
to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to
violation of law. In other words, criminal behavior
emerges when one is exposed to more social messages
favoring criminal conduct than pro social messages.
Criminal behavior is learned from association
with criminal people in the same way that non-criminal
behaviors are learned from association with law abiding
individuals in a learning process called Differential
Association. To become a criminal, a person must not
only be inclined toward illegal activity, he or she must
also learn how to commit criminal acts.
Sutherland’s differential association theory
contends that people whose environment provides the
opportunity to associate with criminals will learn these
skills and will become criminals in response to strain. If
the necessary learning structures are absent, they will
not.
Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin
Differential opportunity theory
flourish in the lower-classes and take
particular forms so that the means for illegitimate
success are no more equally distributed than the means
for legitimate success.
They argue that the types of criminal
subcultures depend on the area in which they develop.
Ohlin and Cloward stated that the varying form of
delinquent subcultures depended upon the degree of
integration that was present in the community.
Three types of delinquent gangs by Cloward and Ohlin
1. The Criminal Gang. Emerge in areas where
conventional as well as non-conventional values of
behavior are integrated by a close connection of
illegitimate and legitimate businesses. This type of gang
is stable than the ones to follow. Older criminals serve
as role models and they teach necessary criminal skills
to the youngsters.
2. The conflict/violent gang. Non-stable and non-
integrated, where there is an absence of criminal
organization resulting in instability. This gang aims to
find reputation for toughness and destructive violence.
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3. The Retreatist Gang. Is equally unsuccessful in
legitimate as well as illegitimate means. They are
known as double failures, thus retreating into a world of
sex, drugs, and alcohol.
Marcus Felson, Lawrence Cohen
In the mid-1970’s American Sociologists. Marcus Felson,
Lawrence Cohen, and other change the focus of
criminological theory force explaining criminal
motivation to explaining the occurrence of criminal
events. They argued that criminal motivation alone was
not sufficient to cause crime. In addition to motivation,
the offender requires the opportunity to pursue his
action his or her inclinations.
Marcus Felson, Lawrence Cohen
According to these opportunity theorists, the physical
and environment of the offender and the victim (or
target) encourage or limit criminal opportunity.
They sought to identify environmental factors that
provide opportunity to commit crimes.
According to opportunity theory, the dangerousness of
a particular environment relates to four factors.
The accessibility of the victim or target
The perceived attractiveness of the target.
The proximity to numerous potential offenders, and
The absence of capable guardians.
The chance of a crime occurring is greatest in
environments where accessibility, attractiveness, and
proximity are high and where guardianship is low. The
major purpose of most of the work in opportunity
theory has been elaboration of this basic framework
and the classification of the specific environments
according to accessibility, guardianship, proximity, and
attractiveness.
Radical Perspective
(Communist/Socialist Criminology, Social Conflict
Theory, Radical Feminist Criminology)
Benjamin Mendelson and Hans Von Hentig
Victimology
the study of the role and contribution of the
victim in criminal processes.
(i.e. wearing of skimpy clothes by sexual assault
victims; public display of wealth of robbery victims)
Victimology
A branch of the study of criminology which deals with
the study of an individual who somehow, one way or
the other, has contributed to the commission of a crime
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or offense making himself a party in crime and at the
same time a crime victim of his own volition.
Victimology
The victim of the crime is often becomes the forgotten
member of the CJS while the suspect is the celebrity.  learn to think about and understand objects using
Typologies of Victims
Primary victim – direct of the one who suffer the
consequence of crime.
Secondary victim – the family member or the
relatives of the victim.
Remote victim – the society
Karl Marx (1848)
Communist/Capitalist
society has always been organized in such a
hierarchical fashion, with the State representing not the
common interest but the interest of those who own the
means of production. Capitalism breeds greed and
predatory behavior which exploits the working class.
Revolution is the only means of change and for that
reason it is normally justifiable. Crime is the most
primitive form of rebellion.
Fredrich Engels (1820-1895)
Socialist
Crime is a function of competition or class
struggle. The capitalists system’s emphasis on
competition and wealth produces an economic and
social environment in which crime is inevitable.
Freda Adler
Feminist Criminology
In 1950s several feminist argued against the
inequality among the sexes with respect to certain civil
and political rights. The male dominated society shape
laws and public policies in such a way as to alienate
women and limit the acceptance choice they can make.
Crimes that under the law can only be committed by
women are as result of this oppression.
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY
– Certain Psychological /Mental dysfunctions
produces abnormal behavior which may be directly
associated with criminality. To account for criminal
motivation in people, criminologists have used various
psychological theories that attempt to explain human
intellectual and emotional development.
Jean Piaget
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Cognitive development
From birth to age two – children experience the
world only through their senses and motor abilities and
have a very immediate, experience-based knowledge of
the world.
Between two and seven years of age – children
thoughts that are independent of immediate
experience. During this stage children are egocentric
that is they believe that others experience the same
reality that they do.
Cognitive development
From age seven to adolescence – the child learns to
think logically and to organize and classify objects.
Adolescence – the child develops the ability to think
logically about the future and to understand theoretical
concepts.
Social learning theory
Social learning theories propose that people internalized
moral codes more through the process of socialization-
learning behaviors through interaction with other rather
than through a stage by stage development process.
Social learning theory
A young person learns how to behave based on how
elders primarily parent figures respond to the person’s
violations of and compliance with rules. Rewards for
acceptable behavior and sanctions penalties for
transgressions indicate what appropriate behavior is.
Moral Development theory
describe a sequence of developmental stages that
people pass through when acquiring the capacity to
make moral judgment. According to these theories, this
development process may or may not be completed,
and people who remain unable to recognized right and
wrong will be more likely to engage in inappropriate,
deviant, or even criminal behavior.
Theorists relate these stages of cognitive development
to stages of moral development.
 
o At first – rules are given by powerful others.
o Later – children perceive that they can invent
and modify rules.
o Finally – humans perceive the ultimate
importance of abstract rules
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Personality Theories
Personality theories attempt to explain how people
acquire predispositions toward certain behavior. These
predispositions are sometimes discussed in terms of
personality traits, such as impulsiveness and
stubbornness, or personality types, such as introvert
and extrovert. All other things being equal, people will
consistently display behaviors that they are predisposed
toward.
Personality Theories
Accordingly, some social scientists believe that certain
predispositions or personality types may be associated
with criminal tendencies or activities.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Austria
Founder of the PSYCHOANALYSIS which attributes
delinquent behavior to at least three causes, namely:
A Conscience so overbearing that it arouses feeling of
guilt
A conscience so weak that it cannot control the
individual impulse
The need for immediate ratification
The three basic component of the HUMAN PSYCHE:
Id – consists of powerful urges and drives for
gratification and satisfaction.
Ego – the executive of the personality, acting as the
moderator between super-ego and id.
Superego – acts as a moral code (conscience)
Introversion and Extroversion
Introversion – behavior that is covert, shy
Extroversion – a behavior concern more with external
reality, showy.
Manic and Phobic Personality Disorder
Manic – mental disorder characterized by great
excitement and often violent behavior.
Phobic – morbid fear of a particular thing or situation
which is not necessary harmful.
Manic Personality Disorder
Kleptomania – pathological stealing
Pyromania – desire to sit up-fire
Nymphomania – female individual uncontrollable desire
for sex
Satyriasis – male individual uncontrollable desire for sex
Vanzniel Rover A. Nillama, RCrim.
Masochism – sexual gratification by enduring pain
Sadism – sexual gratification by inflicting pain
Manic Personality Disorder
Exhibitionism – exposing private parts or even entire
body
Voyeurism – erotic gratification by seeing nude women
(peeping tom)
Pedophilia – child molester
Lesbianism – relationship with women
Homosexuality – gratification with same sex
Transvestitism – loves to acting the role of opposite sex
by wearing clothes
Manic Personality Disorder
Transsexual – completely acts or assumed the role of
the opposite sex
Fetishism – gratification by substituting inanimate
objects such as bra or panty
Frottage/Frottishism - loves to rub his private organs to
others
Bestiality/zoophilia – desire to have sex with animals
Necrophilia – desire to have sex with dead
Incest - relationship with close relatives
Manic Personality Disorder
Auto sexual – self gratification
Cunnilingus – using tongue to excite the clitoris
Fellatio – sucking the organ of the male partner
Sodomy – anal penetration of the male partner
Annilism – anal penetration of the female partner
Phobic Personality Disorder
Acrophobia – fear of heights
Necrophobia – fear of the dead
Claustrophobia – fear of enclosure
Hydrophobia – fear of water
Nyctophobia – fear of the dark
Pyrophobia – fear of fire
Psycho-somatic Personality Disorder
Introduction To Criminology by VANZNIEL ROVER A. NILLAMA RCRIM.,

This term has often been employed to physical

disorders caused by psychological factors. However, no
physical disorder is caused exclusively by psychologic
factors, because a physical disorder has always a
necessary biologic components. For example, to acquire
spinal tuberculosis, one has to be infected with
Mycobacterial tuberculosis.

Neurotic Personality Disorder

is a psychological disorder that is exhibited through an

unhealthy response to one’s environment.

People who suffer from neurotic disorder have problems

interacting appropriately in social situations. These
individuals also tend to have a higher risk of depression
or anxiety that interferes with their daily lives.

Thank you
………………………………………………
be honest if others cannot,
be honest if others could not,
be honest if others will not

Vanzniel Rover A. Nillama, RCrim.