Professional Documents
Culture Documents
What it Bleaching?
Why Bleach?
• Improve brightness.
• Improve brightness stability.
• Clean up pulp (impurities).
» Wood based (bark, resins, sand, shives).
» Process based (carbon specs, rust, rubber).
» External sources based (plastics, grease, ash).
• Increase capacity of paper to accept printing.
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The purpose of bleaching
Bleach plant
Brightness
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Brightness Cont’d
Brightness Cont’d
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General Principles: Chemistry
• Pulping
» Pulping typically involves cleavage of ether linkages and some
substitution (sulfonation).
• Bleaching
» Bleaching involves attacks on aromatic rings, olefinic structures,
and carbonyl groups.
» Substitution reactions play a big role.
» Multiple stages of bleaching required to achieve target brightness
• Pulping vs Bleaching(Discuss in class)
Unbleached
Pulp EO D EO D Bleached
Pulp
Washing
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General Principles: Defining a Bleaching stage
• Discuss in class
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General Principles: Chemicals
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Groups of bleaching chemicals
Bleaching Chemistry
Bleaching Generalities
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Bleaching Mechanisms
Cationic Reactions
C - -
Cl Cl + Cl
C C Cl
substitutions.
» Substitution at #1 ring Cl
Cl
position can later cause side Cl
Cl
formation of an ortho
quinone.
» There is no ring cleavage.
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Radical Reactions
CO2H
CO2H O
O
R=Aryl
.
( )
R=H
O
OCH3
O
OCH3
OCH3
O
O
R
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Anionic Reactions
Anionic Reactions:
HC O -
HC O HC O HC O
CH CH CH
O XO CH
CH XO CH CH - CHO
O CH
X = OH, Cl
(-)
+ OX (-)
O (-)
O CO2
O X
CO2H
O O
Bleaching Sequences
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Differences in Chlorine Dioxide Stages
Condition D0 D1 D2
Traditional Sequences
Sequence Comments
CEH Classical sequence for semi-bleached
pulp
(C+D)EODED Market pulp sequence of 1980’s
DEODED ECF for kraft pulp
OZEOD First sequence using ozone in North
America
YP Two stage for mechanical pulp
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Some Current Sequences
Sequence Comments
OD0EOPD1E(p)D2 Don't know why (p)????
OD0EOPD1D2
OD0EOPD1P
Oq(OP)(ZE)DD Z-ECF Bleaching
(Z(EO))DnD Dn designates the addition of
NaOH to bring up the pH
Oq(OP)(ZQ)(PO) TCF Bleaching
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Bleaching Sequence exercise
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