Clase del 5/4

DEFINING CLAUSES

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 https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/relative-clauses-exercise-1.html

CLASE DE 6/4

REPORTING SPEECH

PRESENT ------ PAST

PAST ---- PAST PERFECT

REPORTING SPEECH WITH MODALS

CAN ---- COULD

WILL ----- WOULD

MAY ---- MIGHT

MUST --- HAD TO

SHOULD --- SHOULD

Classification: Public
 Malcom McLean) was an American businessman. He was a transport entrepreneur who
developed the modern intermodal shipping container, which revolutionized transport and
international trade in the second half of the twentieth century. 

Classification: Public
 Containerization led to a significant reduction in the cost of freight transportation by
eliminating the need for repeated handling of individual pieces of cargo, and also improved
reliability, reduced cargo theft, and cut inventory costs by shortening transit time.

McLean was born in Maxton, North Carolina in 1913. In 1935, when he finished high
school at Winston-Salem, his family did not have enough money to send him to college, but
there was enough for Malcolm to buy a used truck. McLean, and their siblings founded
McLean Trucking Co. started hauling empty tobacco barrels, with Malcolm as one of the
drivers.

The idea of using container came from transporting passengers' baggage, four containers
were used. These containers were loaded in London or Paris and carried to ports, Dover or
Calais, on flat cars in the UK and “CIWL Pullman Golden Arrow Fourgon of CIWL” in
France.
[6]

In the early 1950s, McLean decided to use the containers commercially. By 1952, he was
developing plans to carry his company's trucks on ships along the U.S. Atlantic coast, from
North Carolina to New York.[7] It soon became apparent that "trailerships", as they were
called, would be inefficient because of the large waste in potential cargo space on board
the vessel, known as broken stowage.

The original concept was modified into loading just the containers, not the chassis, onto the
ships, hence the designation container ship or "box" ship. At the time, U.S. regulations
would not allow a trucking company to own a shipping line.

McLean secured a bank loan for $22 million, and in January 1956 bought two World War
II T-2 tankers, which he converted to carry containers on and under deck.

On April 26, 1956, one of the converted tankers, the SS Ideal-X , was loaded and sailed
from the Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal, New Jersey, for the Port of Houston,
Texas, carrying 58 35-foot (11 m) Trailer Vans,[8] later called containers, along with a
regular load of liquid tank cargo.

In 1956, most cargoes were loaded and unloaded by hand by longshore workers. Hand-
loading a ship cost $5.86 a ton at that time. Using containers, it cost only 16 cents a ton to
load a ship, 36-fold savings. Containerization also greatly reduced the time to load and
unload ships. McLean knew "A ship earns money only when she's at sea", and based his
business on that efficiency.

In April 1957, the first container ship, the Gateway City, began regular service between
New York, Florida, and Texas. The name was officially changed from Pan-Atlantic
Steamship Corporation to Sea-Land Service, Inc. in April 1960. McLean's operation was
profitable by 1961 and he kept adding routes and buying bigger ships.

In August 1963, McLean opened a new 101-acre (0.41 km2) port facility in Port Newark-
Elizabeth Marine Terminal to handle even more container traffic. The development of the
container market was slow until the late 1960s. Many ports did not have the cranes to lift
containers on and off ships, and change was slow in an industry steeped in tradition.
Moreover, unions resisted an idea that threatened their livelihood.

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 In April 1966, Sea-Land commenced service between New York
and Rotterdam, Bremen and Grangemouth (Scotland).
IN 1967, Sea-Land was invited by the U.S. Government to start a container service
to South Vietnam. The service to Vietnam produced 40% of the company's revenue in
1968/69.[11]
In late 1968, commercial container ship service was inaugurated from the Far East to the
United States. This service was expanded to Hong Kong and Taiwan in 1969, and
to Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines in 1971.[citation needed]

To achieve reductions in labor and dock servicing time, McLean followed Roy Fruehauf's
lead and became vigilant about standardization. [12] His efforts to increase efficiency resulted
in standardized container designs that were awarded patent protection.[13] McLean made his
patents available by issuing a royalty-free lease to the International Organization for
Standardization.[citation needed]

Sea-Land's international services were sold to Maersk in 1999, and the combined company
was named Maersk Sealand, which, in 2006, became known simply as Maersk Line.[citation
needed]

The former Sea-Land's domestic services was operated until 2015 as Horizon Lines, which
accounted for approximately 36% of the total U.S. marine container shipments between the
continental U.S. and the markets of Alaska, Hawaii and Puerto Rico, and to Guam. The
company was headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina. In 2015 the company was
acquired by Matson Navigation Company.

Subsequent business ventures[edit]

In 1968 McLean financed a real estate project in Waveland, Mississippi that has
become Diamondhead, Mississippi.[15]
In 1971, Pinehurst was sold to Diamondhead Corporation, a land development company
headquartered in a Mountainside, New Jersey and owned by Malcolm McLean, a North
Carolinian who had developed McLean Trucking Company. The venerable old resort which
had seen virtually no noticeable changes in its 75 years before its sale became the center
of controversy. Finally, in 1982, Pinehurst became the property of Diamondhead's major
lenders, who formed a NC corporation called Resort Assets Corporation. With their
takeover, a more viable effort was then made to work in concert with Pinehurst village
officials to restore the overall community. [16]
In 1978, McLean purchased United States Lines. There, he built a fleet of 4,400-
TEU container ships that were the largest afloat at the time. The ships, operating in round-
the-world service, were designed in the aftermath of the 1970s oil shortages and were fuel-
efficient but slow, and therefore not well-adapted to compete in the subsequent period of
cheap oil. USL went bankrupt in 1986. [17] McLean took very personally the criticism directed
against him after the collapse of USL and the resulting loss of many jobs associated with
and dependent on USL.[citation needed]
In 1982, McLean made the Forbes 400 Richest Americans list with a net worth of $400
million, however, a few years later, having gambled on rising oil prices that failed to
materialize, McLean had to file for Chapter 11 bankruptcy owing debt of $1.3 billion. [citation needed]
In 1991, at 78, McLean founded Trailer Bridge, Inc., which operates between the US
mainland (Jacksonville, Florida), Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic.[18]
McLean also developed non-maritime inventions, including a means of lifting a patient from
a stretcher onto a hospital bed. [2

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 CLASE DEL 11/4

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