Cruise Industry
Expert Engagement – The cruise
• Phenomenal Growth
o Include several
countries/continents
o Increase in the number of cruise
ships
• Outstanding example of Globalization
o One country to another country
o Offering services to all
• Important economic, legal,
environmental, and social implications
o Maintain safetiness of the sea
o Add economic growth of one
country
o Learn new cultures
• Embrace innovation
o New developments
• Unprecedented development
o Bigger and wider ships to target
new passengers & new facilities
• Heterogeneous clientele
• Fastest-growing category in leisure
travel market
Shore Excursion – transfer additional sidetrips
Shore Manager – provide information about
excursion
Putting People First – cruise industry took
immediate response and aggressive action in
response emergence of COVID-19 public health
crisis
1. Immediate Response – CLIA (Cruise
Lines International Association)
announced the first changes to its public
health policy at the end of January
2. Suspension of Operations – By mid-
March, CLIA members voluntarily
suspended cruise passenger sailings
worldwide
3. Crew Repatriation – CLIA cruise lines
defied the odds and overcame
unprecedented challenges to repatriate
over 100,000 crew members
4.
industry sought the insights and
guidance of leading scientists and public
health experts to help plan
5. Enhanced Protocol – The
recommendations of outside experts
helped inform a mandatory set of
enhanced protocols for CLIA ocean-
going members
6. Continuous Evaluation - The cruise
industry will continue to engage with
leading experts and public health
authorities
Following the Science - CLIA members
embraced rigorous and science-backed measures
to help protect passengers, crew and destinations
1. Embarkation and Testing
a. 100% Passenger Testing
b. 100% Crew Testing
c. Additional Screenings
2. Onboard Procedure
a. Mask Requirements
b. Physical Distancing
c. Ventilation Strategies
3. Medical and Public Health
a. Enhanced Communications
b. Health Evaluations
c. Pre-arranged Response
Logistics
4. Shore Excursions
a. Strict Protocols
b. Coordination with Destinations
c. Denial of Boarding for
Violations
Evolution of the Cruise Ship
➢ 1801 – tugboat Charlotte Dundas
becomes the first practical steam- driven
vessel
➢ 1815 – ship brokering firm was
originally founded by Brodie McGhie
Willcox and Arthur Anderson for trading
between England and the Iberian
 Peninsula Countries of Spain and
Portugal
➢ 1818 – Black Bail Line introduces the
Savannah, the first ship to cross the
Atlantic from New York to Liverpool
➢ 1822 – Wilcox and Anderson eventually
became The Peninsular and Oriental
Steam Navigation Company (P&O)
➢ 1833 – Francesco I was recognized as
one of the first cruise ship sailings
➢ 1835 – First advertised cruise is around
the Shetland and Orkney Islands that
never actually took place
➢ 1837 – Peninsular Steam Navigation
company was founded
➢ 1840 – Samuel Cunard establishes the
first transatlantic steamship
➢ 1843 – Isambard Kingdom Brunel’s ship
the “Great Britain” is launched, the first
iron-hulled propeller- driven customer
vessel
➢ 1844 – P&O introduced “leisure
excursions” that allowed passengers to
travel to the Iberian Peninsula and the
Mediterranean from Southampton
➢ 1858 – customers pay to join the
Ceylon, a P&O vessel, for what is
considered the first cruise
➢ 1867 – The ship, Quaker City, was the
first cruise from New York to Europe
➢ 1880 – the P&O ship the SS Ravenna
was the first ship to be constructed as a
100 percent steel superstructure
➢ 1881 – The Ceylon is refitted to become
a purpose-built customer ship
➢ 1889 – The SS Valetta was the first ship
to use electric lights
➢ 1891 – Augusta Victoria expanded the
cruises ship to a wider market
➢ 1900 – First ship that was built
exclusively for luxury cruising was the
Prinzessin Victoria Luise of Germany
➢ 1910 – White Star introduces the
Olympic
➢ 1911 – The Victoria Louise becomes the
first vessel to be built exclusively for
cruising
➢ 1912 – The Titanic sank which
stimulated the improvement of safety on
cruise ships
➢ 1914 – all production of cruising came
to a halt at the beginning of WWI
➢ 1920-1933 – booze cruises from US
ports allow customers to drink and
gamble while visiting ports in Cuba,
Bermuda, and the Bahamas
➢ 1922 – the first world cruise was made
by Cunard’s Laconia
➢ 1927 – Ille de France completely
decorated in a modern contemporary
style and introduced the now- famous
art-deco style
➢ 1929 – P&O’S Viceroy of India featured
the first use of turbo-electric power and
the first onboard swimming pool
➢ 1930 – Union Castle offers holiday tours
to South Africa
➢ 1934 – The luxury cruise liner RMS
Queen Mary is launched with the ratio
21 (passengers crew)
➢ 1938 – SS Normandie undertakes a 21-
day cruise. New York- Rio de Janeiro-
New York. The cost per customer is
from US $395 to US $8,600
➢ 1939 – Second World War starts cruise
ships such as the Queen Mary and
Queen Elizabeth are converted as troop
carriers
➢ 1939-1945 – Queen Mary, Aquitania,
Cap Arcona, Laconia, Queen Elizabeth
and the Orontes were used to transport
troops. Many ocean liners were
destroyed during the war
➢ 1958 – the first transatlantic commercial
jet- aircraft crossing leads to the demise
of the liner market
➢ 1966 – the cruise industry recovers-
mainly centered on the UK
➢ 1970 – New cruise companies are
established, TV series, The Love Boat
airs in 1977
➢ 1979 – Onboard revenue represents 5%
of total revenue
➢ 1984 – Carnival cruisers airs first TV
commercial
➢ 1986 – Windstar, a vessel with
computerized sails is introduced
➢ 1990 – Consolidation and globalization
occur leading to mergers and
acquisitions
➢ 1999 – higher levels of sophistication
economy of scale and the concept of the
vessel as a destination
➢ 2000 – segmentation and lifestyle
cruising
➢ 2003 – Carnival Corporation becomes
the largest cruise operator when they
merge with P&O Princess Cruises
➢ 2006 – NCL (Norwegian Cruise Line)
launches the freestyle concept
➢ 2009 – Royal Caribbean’s Oasis-class
ship Oasis of the Seas becomes the
world’s largest cruise ship
➢ 2010 – total worldwide cruise market is
estimated to be US$30 billion, with
Carnival Corporation in control of a
51.6% share and Royal Caribbean
25.6%
➢ 2011 – Carnival Corporation announces
its 100th ship ‘Carnival Magic'
➢ 2015 – Increasing numbers of cruise
ships are being built using liquefied
natural gas (LNG) as a fuel source
➢ 2016 – Cruise ships embrace internet
technologies to ensure guests remain
connected
➢ 2017 – Nearly 1000 ports around the
globe and expansion in markets like
Asia and Australia
➢ 2018 – The industry made a concerted
effort to be greener, to ban single-use
plastic, and use (fish) heads "dead fish
and waste" to power ships. It was a big
year for CLIA which held its first Asia
Conference, first Luxury Showcase its
first roundtables and moved its River
Conference to Paris
➢ 2019 – Cruise lines deploy new, larger
vessels that have been purpose-built for
Asian consumers Destinations in the
continent expected to have growth
include India, Malaysia, Indonesia,
Singapore, Japan, Hong Kong, and
South Korea
➢ 2020 - The 25th ship in Royal
Caribbean's fleet, Symphony of the Seas
is currently the world's largest cruise
ship
The Language of Cruising
• Port-of-call – a place where a ship stops
on a voyage.
• SOLAS – Safety of Life at Sea
• Tender – small boats to transfer people
to an island with shallow waters.
• Bulkhead – inner walls within the hull
of a ship, used to separate it into smaller
compartments.
• Hull – watertight outer skin covering the
lower portion of the vessel, engineered
to provide sufficient protection for the
cargo, machinery, and passenger
accommodation.
• Inside Cabin – also known as interior
cabins or rooms, it lines the interior
hallways aboard cruises and are often
the smallest cabins on the ship, no
windows or balcony.
• Outside Cabin – also known as ocean
view cruise ship cabins, come with a
window
• Starboard – right side of the ship, port
is the left side. Starboard is where the
ship is steered.
• Stabilizer – fins or rotors mounted
beneath the waterline and emerging
 laterally from the hull to reduce a ship’s
roll due to wind or waves.
• Gangway – the narrow ramps or
passages used by passengers to embark
or debark from a ship.
• Buoy - an anchored float serving as a
navigation mark, to show reefs or other
hazards, or for mooring.
• Deck - a permanent covering over a
compartment or a hull of a ship, it forms
the “roof” of the hull.
• Space Ratio - take the tonnage of a ship
in relation to the number of passengers
that it can house at full occupancy we
are getting a passenger space ratio.
o the enclosed space (measured in
ft3/cubic feet) per passenger
o A ship of 45,000 GT (gross
tonnage) with capacity 1,000
passengers will have a space
ratio 45 (or 45ft3=45000/1000)
• Aboard - entry of a person or a thing
into a vehicle such as a railway,
airplane, or ship. While onboard is used
to describe the situation that the person
or a thing is already in a vehicle such as
an airplane, ship, or railway.
• Galley - a kitchen on a cruise ship (or
any vessel, for that matter)
• Bow - the part of the ship that faces
forward when the ship is underway,
usually distinguished by a sharply
angled hull that provides less resistance
making it easier for the ship to plow
through the water.
• Forward - the most forward side, at the
front of a cruise ship, facing the bow.
• Aft - The rear of a ship, at the direction
of a ship's stern.
• Roll - the tilting motion of the ship from
side to side.
• Beam - its width at its widest point.
• Deck Plan - Drawing or "map" that
shows the layout of a ship's decks,
cabins, and other areas.
• At-sea Day - a day spent in transit on
your cruise while the ship is sailing to its
next destination.
• Bridge - a dedicated control room near
the front of the ship, located towards the
front of a cruise ship in an elevated
position.
• Muster Station - he place where
passengers gather in the event of an
emergency.
• Helm - the part that is used to steer it, it
is the steering station that includes
engine controls and a wheel or joystick.
• GRT – Gross register tonnage, the total
internal volume of cargo vessels (1 GRT
= 100 cubic feet/ 2.83 cubic meters.
• Knot - a form of measurement that
equals one nautical mile.
• Cabin – they are cruise ship rooms akin
to hotel rooms.
• Keel – ship’s bottom center, the initial
step in the construction of a ship.
• Porthole - circular window used on the
hull of ships to admit light and air.
• Pitch – the up and down motion of a
vessel
• Pier - designed for docking to allow
passengers on and off the ship, and/or
for the ship to restock its provisions.
• Berth - Beds on a Cruise Ship or in a
Cruise Cabin (upper bunks: pullman
beds
Cruise Ship – passenger vessel over 100 gross
tons, carrying more than 12 passengers for hire,
making voyage lasting more than 24 hours
• Luxury vessel that is used to take
passengers on a pleasure voyage in a
journey that is as much a part of the
 experience as the various destinations on
the way
Cruise
• A vacation trip by a ship
• Transport service by sea or inland
waterway, operated exclusively for the
purpose of pleasure or recreation,
supplemented by accommodation and
other facilities, exceeding two overnight
stays on board
• To make a trip by sea in a line for
pleasure, usually calling at a number of
ports
Elements of Cruising
• C-onnectivity
• R-egional Competitiveness
• U-tilization
• I-nfrastracture
• S-ecurity
• E-nvironmental Management
• P-orts of Call
• O-cean
• R-ecreational Activities
• T-raffic
Cruising as Industry
1. Culture (at sea) – mix of maritime and
hospitality
2. Contracts (for maritime employee) –
operate vessel 24/7 subject to int’l rather
nat’l regulation
3. Community (at sea) – crew are
multinational
4. Context (of maritime setting) –
landscape/seascape changes with cruise
Organization of Cruise Ship Personnel
1. Deck Department – Oversees the
navigation (weather conditions is their
nemesis)
2. Engineering/Technical Department –
Ensuring the safety
3. Hotel/Passenger Services Department
– (Hotel Management Job) Has direct
service to passengers
Other Departments:
a. Medical Officers
b. Principal Medical Officer
c. Senior Nurse & Nurses
d. Cruise Director
e. Entertainment
f. Port Lecturers
g. Children’s Staff
Category of Cruise Personnel
1. Officers – elite group of employees who
oversee nautical and mechanical aspects
of ship; privilege of having private
stateroom; complete authority over any
crew/staff
2. Staff – consists of upper-level positions;
direct contact with passengers; work
shorter hours
3. Crew Members – have own crew
facilities; work long hours; eligible to
receive tips
WHO’S WHO IN CRUISING?
A. Captain – commander of the ship
B. Staff Captain – safety related matters
C. Passenger Service Director – all hotel
service
D. Chief Technical Officer – oversees all
engineering
E. Chief Radior/Communication Officer
– all communication onboard
F. Chief Medical Officer – health of
passengers and crew
G. Hotel Manager/Director – guest
satisfaction and comfort
H. Purser/Chief Purser – administer day-
to-day affairs
 I. Purser Staff – well versed in 2. Passenger Services
immigration 3. Administration and Personnel
J. Cruise Director – coordinates all 4. Finance
entertainment and information activities 5. Additional Areas
K. Chief De Partie – knowledgeable of
fine cuisines Recruitment Practices
L. Executive Chef – every aspect of food Manning Agency - one responsible for a
M. F&B Manager – oversees area where number of activities intended for crew
f&b served management companies
N. Cabin Steward – cleaning and fixing • sourcing, selecting, deploying,
rooms scheduling, recruiting, training, and
O. Sous Chef – prepares food upgrading programs related to seafarers
P. Maitre D’Hotel – supervises food
Q. Receptionist – in and out of passengers MARINA – Maritime Industry Authority
(issuing seaman’s book)
Shipboard Culture
• the customary beliefs, social forms, and Important Documents for Seafarers’
material traits of a racial, religious, or Employment
social group • Valid Philippine Passport
• the characteristics and knowledge of a • Seamans Book/ Seafarers Identification
particular group of people, and Record Books SIRB (MARINA)
encompassing language, religion, • Seafarers Registration Certificate
cuisine, social habits, music and arts (POEA)
o Hospitable • NBI clearance
o Friendly • Police clearance
o Tolerant • Social Security System Number
o Flexible • Local or international employment
o Skilled certificate.
o Respectful
• Pictures 1x1 & 2x2
o Service-oriented
• Medical Certificates
o Gentleness
• TESDA training certificates
o Patience
• Transit Visa
• STCW 95 - The Standards of Training,
The Human Side of Service Quality
Certification and Watch keeping for
(Mental, Physical, and Psychosocial Stressors)
Seafarers 1995
1. Loneliness
2. Long Separation from Family
Basic Training Course
3. Fatigue
1. Personal Survival
4. Limited Recreation Activity
2. Fire Fighting
5. Multinationality
3. First Aid
6. Sleep Disturbances
4. Personal Safety & Social
Responsibility (PSSR)
Management of Hotel Services on Cruise
5. Ship Security Awareness
1. Food and Drink
 6. Crowd Management
7. Passenger Safety
8. Safety Training for personnel direct
services to passengers
Filipino Workforce in the Cruise Sector
➢ “The ship's deck officers are European,
the social staff American and British,
and the hotel staff, perhaps the line's
greatest asset are Filipino." (Cruise
Industry News, 2009)
➢ "Filipinos are highly appreciated as crew
members due to their outstanding
service-oriented attitude”
➢ "Filipino culture is characterized by a
high degree of collectivism which
supports job motivation and loyalty, as
well as the willingness to co-operate
with coworkers."
➢ "Filipino seafarers in general, are the
preferred nationality of a ship's
workforce."
➢ "Filipino seafarers are hardworking',
"flexible', 'subservient”, “family-
oriented', and 'happy employees who
can well whilst travelling the world for
free on-board cruise ships
Guest Services
- High Quality of Service
- Officers, Managers, Crew, and Staff
Guest Care Practices
1. Initial Responders – immediate
assistance to guest and determine level
of assistance they need
2. Guest Assistance Considerations – no
one will be left behind
3. Post Incident Considerations –
evaluated on case-to-case basis and
dependent upon guest and family’s
wishes
International Cruise Line Passenger Bill of
Rights
1. The right to disembark a docked ship if
essential provisions such as food, water,
toilet facilities and access to medical
care cannot adequately be provided
onboard, subject only to the Master's
concern for passenger safety and
security and customs and immigration
requirements of the port.
2. The right to a full refund for a trip that is
cancelled due to mechanical failures, or
a partial refund for voyages that are
terminated early due to those failures.
3. The right to have available on board
ships operating beyond rivers or coastal
waters full-time, professional emergency
medical attention, as needed until shore
side medical care becomes available.
4. The right to timely information updates
as to any adjustments in the itinerary of
the ship in the event of a mechanical
failure or emergency, as well as timely
updates of the status of efforts to address
mechanical failures.
5. The right to a ship crew that is properly
trained in emergency and evacuation
procedures.
6. The right to an emergency power source
in the case of a main generator failure.
7. The right to transportation to the ship's
scheduled port of disembarkation or the
passenger's home city in the event a
cruise is terminated early due to
mechanical failures.
8. The right to lodging if disembarkation
and an overnight stay in an unscheduled
port are required when a cruise is
terminated early due to mechanical
failures.
9. The right to have included on each
cruise line's website a toll-free phone
line that can be used for questions or
 information concerning any aspect of IMO – International Maritime Organization
shipboard operations. (1982) – original name before “Inter-
10. The right to have this Cruise Line Governmental Maritime Consultative
Passenger Bill of Rights published on Organization” (IMCO)
each line's website. - 1948: int’l conference in Geneva
- 1958: IMO convention entered into
Cruise Segments force
a. Explorers - 1960: IMO’s first task is to adopt new
b. Admirals version of Int’l Convention (SOLAS
c. Marines Safety of Life at Sea)
d. Little mermaids - 1973: Int’l Convention for Prevention of
e. Escapers Pollution from Ships
f. Souvenirs o Modified by the protocol of
g. Adrift 1978
o Relating thereto (MARPOL
Categories of Modern Cruise Tourism 73/78)
a. Budget segment a. AFS (2001) – Anti-Fouling System
b. Contemporary segment b. BWM (2004) – Ballast Water
c. Premium segment Management to prevent the invasion of
alien species
Cruise rating system according to Belritz c. Hong Kong International Convention
Cruise Guide for the Safe and Environmentally
a. Standard - lower proportion of the price Sound Recycling of Ships (2009)
scale for cruises d. ISPS Code – International Ship and Port
b. Premium - middle band of the price Facility Security, made mandatory under
scale, featuring better amenities such as amendments to SOLAS (2002)
accommodation and restaurants e. SUA – Suppression of Unlawful Acts,
c. Luxury - upper level of the price scale IMO adopted its amendment to the
where amenities remain to be excellent Convention against the Safety of
Maritime Navigation (1988)
Shipping Industry – transporting cargo or f. IMSO (1970) – improved provision of
goods and people across seas and oceans radio and other messages to ships
internationally g. GMDSS – adopted in 1988 and began to
- Onboard Services and Facilities phased in 1992 and was fully
- Cruise Itinerary operational in 1999
h. International Safety Management
5 A’s of Cruising Code (1988) – applicable to passenger
1. Attractions ships, oil and chemical tankers, bulk
2. Activities carriers, gas carriers, and cargo high
3. Access speed craft of 500 gross tonnage
4. Accommodation i. International Convention on
5. Amenities Standards of Training, Certification,
and Watchkeeping for Seafarers (1978
 with amendments on 1995, 1997, and
2010) – improve seafarer standards
j. UNCLOS (1982) – United Nations
Convention for the Law of the Sea,
came into force 1994 “Constitution for
the Ocean”
a. EEZ (Exclusive Economic
Zone) – extends 200 nautical
miles seawards
b. 12 nautical miles – foreign
vessels are allowed “innocent
passage”
Cruise Lines International Association
(CLIA)
- World’s largest cruise industry trade
association
- Representatiom in north and south
America, Europe, Asia, and Australia
- Advocating, Educating, and Promoting
common interests of cruise community
CLIA 2023 Industry Facts and Trends
2023-clia-state-of-the-cruise-industry-
report_low-res.ashx (cruising.org)
1. Younger generations are the future of
cruise
2. There is more interest than ever before
among Millennials and Gen-X travelers
to take their first cruise
3. To attract more first-time cruisers and
meet the needs of repeat cruisers, cruise
lines are offering both shorter and longer
cruise itineraries.
4. Solo cruise travel is on the rise
5. There is an acceleration of
environmental technologies and
practices present on cruise ships
6. The commitment of cruise travelers and
potential new-to-cruise travelers to the
environment is on the rise
7. Cruise lines are increasingly offering
environmental education and sustainable
tour experiences for passengers
8. The number of accessible cabins across
the cruise line fleet is increasing
9. Younger cruise travelers—from Gen Z
to Millennials to Gen X—turn to travel
advisors to book their cruises more so
than any other generation
10. Cruise holidays appeal to those looking
for multi-generational travel options.
11. The CLIA-member cruise line fleet of
ships is projected to exceed 300 ocean-
going vessels for the first time in 2024
12. Traveler interest in booking an
expedition cruise is higher than ever
13. Cruise lines are offering more
immersive cruise travel opportunities to
passengers
14. More cruise travelers plan to book
longer cruises for their next holiday
15. Family and friends have the most
influence on traveler decisions to book a
cruise or not
➢ North America remains the largest
source market with other markets
increasing in popularity, especially
the Med
➢ The Caribbean remains the top
destination for cruise travelers
➢ The future of cruise is the
younger generation—and
getting younger. GenX and
Millennials are the most
enthusiastic about planning a
cruise holiday
 ➢ Many cruise lines are increasing
the number of single cabins as
an increasing number of cruise
travelers choose to cruise solo.
➢ A cruise holiday meets the
needs of travelers with limited
mobility more often than other
holiday travel options
➢ Younger generations are using
travel advisors to book cruises
at a higher rate than other
generations (who are more
seasoned cruisers)
Three Main Types of Itineraries
1. Perennial - the region covered by the
itinerary is serviced throughout the year
as the demand remains resilient
2. Seasonal – weather is the dominant
factor explaining seasonality
3. Repositioning - because of the
seasonality of the cruise industry the
repositioning of ships between seasons
is required
Caribbean Itineraries - the cradle of the cruise
industry
- Caribbean is the world's largest cruise
shipping market
Mediterranean Itineraries - The Mediterranean
is the world's second largest cruise shipping
market
- offers seaside resort destinations as well
as world class cultural amenities
Cruise Destinations
- cruise destinations include the
Caribbean, Alaska, Europe, Asia, South
America and even full world cruises
Ship’s Registry, Nationality and Flag
- When a ship is registered, it is recorded
officially and is indicative that the ship
possesses a certain nationality
- The flag is symbolic and flown at the
ship's stern as a mark of identification,
but otherwise the term “flag” is
shorthand for the nationality of a vessel
A cruise ship has many options for
registration with states or countries that
may be other than the owner's nationality.
The reasons and benefits for this are many,
including:
1. Creates neutrality in the event of conflict
2. Reduces the tax liability
3. Leads to reduced registration fees
4. Reduces crewing costs When registering
a vessel for international travel, one
must choose a nation under the flag of
which that vessel will sail. The term
"flag of convenience" refers to
registering a ship in a sovereign state
different from that of the ship's
owners. For workers onboard, this can
mean:
o low wages
o poor on-board conditions
o inadequate food and clean
drinking water
o long periods of work without
proper rest, leading to stress and
fatigue
Why Register a Flag of Convenience?
- By "flagging out, ship owners can take
advantage of:
o minimal/ reduced regulation
o cheap registration fees
o low or no taxes
o freedom to employ cheap labour
from the global labour market
o lower administrative fees
o greater number of friendly ports

What is a flag state?
- is the ship's registration country under
whose laws it is registered/licensed
Closed and Open Registries
1. "Open Registries" are organizations
that will register foreign-owned ships.
2. "Closed (national) Registries" require
that a cruise ship be owned and
constructed by national interests and to
be fully or partially crewed by its
citizens.
CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND
PREVENTION - CDC
- is the nation's leading, science-based,
data-driven, service organization that
protects the public's health.
VESSEL SANITATION PROGRAM - VSP
- Promotes good practice, provides
information and training, and identifies
potential hazards that could lead to the
emergence of risk for passengers and
crew.
Inspection and Enforcement
1. Port States - any country whose ports
or waters are visited by cruise ship has
full authority to make sure that it
follows international, national and local
regulations
2. Countries of Registration - the country
or flag state where a cruise ship is
registered must make certain that
registered ships meet all international
requirements
3. Classification Societies - Independent
agencies, called classification societies,
conduct inspections on behalf of Flag
States, cruise ship owners, insurers and
other members of the maritime
community to ensure that ships are in
compliance with applicable standards
and managed responsibly.
Prevention, Surveillance, and Response
Onboard plan is based on:
c. Isolation
d. Containment
e. Disinfection
f. Investigation
g. Information / Education
Environmental Stewardship - responsible
environmental practices and innovative
technologies
1. Air - build ships powered by liquefied
natural gas (LNG) - implement Ship
Energy Management Plans for route
planning and maintenance
2. Energy - high priority on energy
efficiency as part of their environmental
protection programs
3. Ocean Planning - participates in
regional ocean planning efforts with
maritime stakeholders and provides
direct input and feedback to address
ocean management challenges and the
sustainable use of oceans
4. Transparency - cruise ship receives
dozens of inspections each year from the
ports they visit, countries where they are
registered and other independent
agencies
5. Waste Management - cruise lines
carefully follow waste management and
recycling practices to prevent waste in
oceans by reducing, reusing, donating.
recycling and converting waste into
energy
A. Ensuring Safety and Security at Sea
a. Comprehensive Security
b. Highly Trained Security
Personnel
B. Ensuring Health at Sea
 a. Sanitation
b. Screening
c. Medical Facilities
d. Inspected for Health
e. Crewmember Training
C. Cruise Industry Policies
a. Operational Safety
b. Common Elements of Musters
and Emergency Instructions
c. Shipboard Security
d. Environmental Protection
e. Health
D. Crowd Management
a. STCW 1978 – Standards of
Training, Certification, and
Watchkeeping for Seafarers,
adopted to promote safety of life
and property at sea and
protection of marine
environment
b. Crowd Control Management -
training program
c. Crowd Safety – involves using
right kind of communication
and effectuating the perfect
leadership skills
d. Crowd Management –
intelligent and disciplined
application of practical skills to
control a crowd
e. Emergencies - situations which
passenger ship faces a situation
places the lives aboard in danger
E. Psychology and Actions of People in
Emergence
Basic Knowledge for Crowd Control
- Know the movements of the passengers,
where they are, and when, etc.
- Know that if the ship is listing,
passengers generally have a tendency to
move to the higher part.
- Know the plan, procedures, and
instructions lo be given when leading an
evacuation.
- Know the equipment that can be used
when leading an evacuation and the
equipment that is useful.
- Have immediate access to the passenger
list in order to check gatherings of
passengers, and to know emergency
instructions for gathering passengers.
What is PANIC?
- A feeling of extreme fear or alarm
- A loss of self-control and group
belonging
- When people become impulsive and
misled
- An irrational, potentially dangerous
behaviour, which may become very
contagious
- Panic reaction is less when crisis
competence is high
Emergency Codes
➢ CODE ALPHA - Medical emergency
➢ CODE BRAVO - Fire
➢ CODE OSCAR - Man overboard
➢ CODE PAPA - Pirate attack
➢ CODE RED - Bomb threat
➢ CODE BLACK - Oil spill
➢ BRIGHTSTAR - Life threatening
situation for guest or crewmember
➢ DACOTEAM - Structural damage
➢ 30-30 - Clean up required
➢ Charlie, Charlie, Charlie - Security
threat
➢ Code ADAM – Missing child
➢ Code BABY RUTH - Feces in the baby
pool
➢ Code DELTA - Damage to the ship and
might have detail to follow and teams
called
 ➢ Code ORANGE - Colors are used for
illness outbreak- so orange is early
stages of norovirus infection
➢ Code RED - Illness has broken out,
normally norovirus
➢ Code YELLOW - Is a lesser illness
alert
➢ Code SIERRA - Medical emergency
needing a stretcher
➢ Code WINNIE - Feces in the pool
➢ ECHO - The ship is drifting, often
caused by strong winds
➢ FALLEN STAR - death
➢ Kilo - All personnel to report to their
emergency posts
➢ Mr. Mob - Some use to indicate a
passenger or crew member has fallen
overboard
➢ Operation Rising Star - A passenger
has died onboard
➢ PVI - Public vomiting incident
➢ Red parties - Potential fire onboard
Emergency Communication
4 Modes of Behavior when Communicating
1. Passive Behavior – fails to express his
thoughts
2. Assertive Behavior – standing up for
own rights and expressing own
thoughts
3. Aggressive Behavior – expressing
thoughts and feelings and depending his
rights in a way that is usually
inappropriate
4. Responsive Behavior – sensitivity for
expressing other’s thoughts, standing
up for rights and feelings in right way
Communication Onboard the Cruise
Stages of Crowd Management
Stage 1: Gathering Information
Stage 2: What can you do?
Power - Helps you to influence the passengers
to get them to do what you want them to do.
Kinds of Power:
1. Coercion power - using fear or force to
get passengers to do something
2. Connection power - this is based on
your connection with important people,
such as the Captain
3. Expert power - this is based on your
skill and ability to do something
4. Information power - this is based on
your knowing something that other do
not know
5. Position power - this is based on the
rank or authority you have
6. Personal power - this is based on your
relationship with the passenger
7. Reward power - this is based on your
ability to get others to see things in a
positive way and can be useful even in
difficult situations
Style - choosing a way of communicating with
people you think is right for them you are in
Types of Style:
1. “X” style - this is the hard way of
communicating with people; if you think
it is right to use this style, then you will
be telling them what to do
2. "Y" style - this is the soft way of
communicating with people; when using
this style, you will be asking them to do
something
3. “X/Y” style - this is a style of
communication that is somewhere
between the X and Y styles
4. Leadership Style – autocratic,
dictatorial, and directive.
a. A ship’s leadership must
successfully exercise command
authority to overcome of contain
problems as well as generate an
atmosphere of good order and
confidence among crew
 members and passengers and 2. Preparedness - includes all preventive
facilitate problem solution. and damage minimizing actions planned
i. Tools - A uniform, for its prevention fails and the situation
brightly colored hat, develops towards a crisis.
tunic or a badge,
Placards and signs,
Megaphones, whistles,
and torches, Other ship's
staff and passengers

Stage 3 Implementation - practically applying

the resources that have been chosen
Stage 4 Verification - checking if the
implementation of the crowd management skills
had been effective

Five (5) major factors for successful handling

of an emergency situation:
1. Technology - relevant equipment must
be designed for its intended purpose
2. Procedures - fit on technology and be
routinely evaluated and verified board
3. Personal characteristics - problem
solving capabilities and former
experiences with emergency situations
have significant effect
4. Cohesion - the degree of comradeship,
loyalty and understanding between
members
5. Training - personnel and teams
evidencing the best performance in
accident analysis

Emergency Preparedness = Organization

Instructions > Human Factor + Action Plans

The safety concept of shipboard emergency

procedures is consisting of:
1. Prevention - includes all actions taken
to prevent unwanted situations to
develop including situations where there
is a risk of losing control.