Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy.

, India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae

Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India

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Read, Revise & Retain (R R R – Concept)
Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
Hyperbola
A hyperbola is the locus of a point in a plane which moves in the plane in such a way that the ratio of its
distance from a fixed point in the same plane to its distance from a fixed line is always constant, which is
always greater than unity. The fixed point is called the focus and the fixed line is directrix and the ratio
is the eccentricity
Transverse and Conjugate Axes
(i) The line through the foci of the hyperbola is called its transverse axis.
(ii) The line through the centre and perpendicular to the transverse axis of the hyperbola is called its conjugate
axis.
x2 y2
Hyperbola of the Form  1
a2 b2

(i) Centre : O  0,0 

(ii) Foci : S  ae,0  , S2  ae,0 
(iii) Vertices : A  a,0   a,0 
1
a a
(iv) Equation of directrices : l : x  ,l ' : x  
e e
2b 2
(v) Length of latusrectum : LL1  L ' L '1 
a
(vi) Length of transverse axis : 2a
(vii) Length of conjugate axis : 2b
2
b
(viii) Eccentricity e  1  
a
or 
b2  a 2 e 2  1 
(ix) Distance between foci 2ae
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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
2a
(x) Distance between directrices 
e
 b2 
(xi) Coordinates of ends of latusrectum   ae,  
 a 
 
(xii) Focal radii SP  ex1  a and S1P  ex1  a

x2 y2
Conjugate Hyperbola   1
a2 b2
(i) Centre : O  0,0 
(ii) Foci : S  0, be  , S1  0, be 
(iii) Vertices : A  0, b  , A1  0, b 
b b
(iv) Equation of directrices : l : y  , and y 
e e
2a 2
(v) Length of latusrectum : LL1  L ' L1 ' 
b
(vi) Length of transverse axis : 2b
(vii) Length of conjugate axis : 2a
2
a
(viii) Eccentricity : e  1   
b
(ix) Distance between foci : 2be
2b
(x) Distance between directrices : 
e
 a2 
(xi) Coordinates of ends of latusrectum :    , be 
 b 
 
(xii) Focal radii : SP  ey  b and S1P  ey1  b
Focal Distance of a Point
The distance of a point on the hyperbola from the focus is called its focal distance.
The difference of the focal distances of any point on a hyperbola is constant and is equal to the length of
transverse axis of the hyperbola
i.e. S1P  SP  2a
x2 y2
Where S and S1 are the foci and P is any point on the hyperbola  1
a 2 b2
Equation of Hyperbola in Different Forms
(i) If the centre of the hyperbola is  h, k  and the directions of the axes are parallel to the coordinate axes, then
the equation of the hyperbola, whose transverse and conjugate axes are 2a and 2b is
2 2
 x  h 
 y  k 1
a2 b2

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
(ii) If a point P  x, y  moves in the plane of two perpendicular straight lines a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 and
2 2
   
 a1x  b1 y  c1   b1x  a1 y  c2 
 a12  b12   a12  b12 
b1 x  a1 y  c2  0 in such a way that    1
a2 b2
Then, the locus of P hyperbola whose transverse axis lies along b1 x  a1 y  c2  0 and conjugate axis
along the line a1 x  b1 y  c1  0 The length of transverse and conjugate axes are 2a and 2b ,
respectively.
Parametric Equations
x2 y2
(i) Parametric equations of the hyperbola   1 are
2 2
a b
x  a sec  , y  b tan 
or x  a cos h  , y  b sin h 
 e  e    e  e  
(ii) The equations x  a  , y  b   are also the
 2   2 
   
(iii) parametric equations of the hyperbola. Hyperbola

Tangent Equation of Hyperbola

x2 y2 xx1 yy1
(i) Point Form The equation of the tangent to the hyperbola   1 at  x1, y1  is   1 or
a2 b2 a2 b2
T 0
x2 y2
(ii) Parametric Form The equation of the tangent to the hyperbola   1 at  a sec  , b tan   is
2 2
a b
x y
sec  tan   1 .
a b
x2 y2
(iii) Slope Form The equation of the tangents of slope m to the hyperbola   1 are given by
a2 b2
y  mx  a 2 m2  b 2 The coordinates of the point of contact are
 a2m b2 
 , 
 2 2 2 2 2 2 
 a m b a m b 
(iv) The tangent at the points P  a sec1, b tan 1  and Q  a sec  2 , b tan  2  intersect at the point

  1   2   1   2  
 a cos  2  b sin  2 
  ,  
  1   2   1   2  
 cos  2  cos  2  
    

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
(v) Two tangents drawn from P are real and distinct, coincident or imaginary according as the roots of the
equation  
m2 h2  a 2  2khm  k 2  b2  0 are real and distinct, coincident or imaginary.

(vi) The line y  mx  c touches the hyperbola, if c 2  a 2 m2  b2 and the point of contacts
 a 2 m b2 
 ,   , where c  a 2 m 2  b 2 .
 c c 

(vii) Maximum two tangents can be drawn from a point to a hyperbola.
(viii) The combined equation of the pairs of tangent drawn from a point P  x1, y1  lying outside the hyperbola

x2 y2
S   1 is SS1  T 2
2 2
a b
 x2 y 2   x12 y12   xx 2
yy 
i.e.    1    1   1  1  1
 a 2 b2  a 2 b2   a 2 b2 
  
Equation of Chord
(i) Equations of chord joining two points P  a sec 1, b tan 1  and Q  a sec 2 , b tan 2  on the

x2 y2
hyperbola   1 is
2 2
b a
b tan  2  b tan 1
y  b tan 1  . x  a sec 1 
a sec  2  a sec 1
x    2  y  1   2   1   2 
or cos  1   sin    cos  
a  2  b  2   2 
x2 y2
(ii) Equations of chord of contact of tangents drawn from a point  x1, y1  to the hyperbola 2

2
 1 is
a b
xx1 yy1
  1 or T  0 .
2 2
a b
x2 y2
(iii) The equation of the chord of the hyperbola   1 bisected at point  x1, y1  is given by
2 2
a b
xx1 yy1 x12 y12
 1  1
2 2 2 2
a b a b
or T  S1

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
Director Circle
x2 y2
The locus of the point of intersection of perpendicular tangents to the hyperbola   1 is called a director
2 2
a b
circle. The equation of director circle is x  y  a  b2
2 2 2

x2 y2
Note Director circle of hyperbola   1 is exist only when a 2  b2
a2 b2
Normal Equation of Hyperbola
x2 y2 a 2 x b2 y
(i) Point Form The equation of the normal to the hyperbola   1 is   a 2  b2
a2 b2 x1 y1
x2 y2
(ii) Parametric Form The equation of the normal at  a sec  , b tan   to the hyperbola 2

2
1
a b
2 2
is ax cos   by cot   a  b
x2 y2
(iii) Slope Form The equation of the normal of slope m to the hyperbola   1 are given by
2 2
a b

y

mx  m a 2  b 2  The coordinates of the point of contact are
2 2 2
a b m
 a2 b2 m 
 , 
 2 2 2 
 a b m a 2  b 2 m2 
2

(iv) The line y  mx  c will be normal to the hyperbola

x 2

y 2
 1 , if c 2 

m2 a 2  b2 
a2 b2 a 2  b2 m2
x2 y2
(v) Maximum four normals can be drawn from a point  x1, y1  to the hyperbola
2

2
1
a b
Conormal Points
Points on the hyperbola, the normals at which passes through a given point are called conormal points.
(i) The sum of the eccentric angles of conormal points is an odd multiple of 
x2 y2
(ii) If 1 , 2 , 3 and  4 are eccentric angles of four points on the hyperbola   1 , then the normal
2 2
a b
at which they are concurrent, then

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
 a   cos 1  2   0  b   sin 1  2   0
x2 y2
(iii) If 1 , 2 and  3 are the eccentric angles of three points on the hyperbola   1 , such that
a 2 b2
sin 1  2   sin 2  3   sin 3  1   0 Then, the normals at these points are concurrent.
(iv) If the normals at four points P  x1, y1  , Q  x2 , y2  , R  x3 , y3  and S  x4 , y4  on the hyperbola

x2 y2 1 1 1 1 
  1 are concurrent, then  x1  x2  x3  x4      4
a 2 b2  x1 x2 x3 x4 
 1 1 1 1 
and  y1  y2  y3  y4      4
 1y y 2 y3 y 4
Conjugate Points and Conjugate Lines
(i) Two points are said to be conjugate points with respect to a hyperbola, if each lies on the polar of the other.
x2 y2
(ii) Two lines are said to be conjugate lines with respect to a hyperbola   1 each passes through the
2 2
a b
pole of the other.
Diameter and Conjugate Diameter
(i) Diameter The locus of the mid-points of a system of parallel chords of a hyperbola is called a diameter. The
x2 y2
equation of the diameter bisecting a system of parallel chords of slope m to the hyperbola   1 is
2 2
a b
b2
y x
2
a
(ii) Conjugate Diameter The diameters of a hyperbola are said to be conjugate diameter, if each bisect the chords
parallel to the other.
b2
The diameters y  m1 x and y  m2 x are conjugate, if m1m2  .
a2
Note If a pair of diameters is conjugate with respect to a hyperbola, they are
conjugate with respect to its conjugate hyperbola also.

Asymptote
An asymptote to a curve is a straight line, at a finite distance from the origin, to which the tangent to a curve
tends as the point of contact goes to infinity.

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
2 2 x y
x y
(i) The equation of two asymptotes of the hyperbola   1 are y   x or  0
a2 b2 a b
x2 y2 x2 y2
(ii) The combined equation of the asymptotes of the hyperbola   1 is  0
a 2 b2 a2 b2
(iii) When b  a , i.e. the asymptotes of rectangular hyperbola x 2  y 2  a 2 are y   x
(iv) A hyperbola and its conjugate hyperbola have the same asymptotes.
(v) The equation of the pair of asymptotes differ the hyperbola and the conjugate hyperbola by the same constant
only i.e. Hyperbola – Asymptotes = Asymptotes – Conjugate hyperbola
(vi) The asymptotes pass through the centre of the hyperbola.
x2 y2
(vii) he bisectors of angle between the asymptotes of hyperbola   1 are the coordinate axes.
2 2
a b
x2 y2 b
(viii) The angle between the asymptotes of   1 is 2 tan 1  or 2sec1  e 
a2 b2 a
Rectangular Hyperbola
A hyperbola whose asymptotes include a right angle is said to be rectangular hyperbola or we can say that, if
the lengths of transverse and conjugate axes of any hyperbola be equal, then it is said to be a rectangular
hyperbola.

x2 y2
i.e. In a hyperbola   1 , if b  a then it said to be rectangular hyperbola. The eccentricity of a
2 2
a b
rectangular hyperbola is always 2

Rectangular Hyperbola of the Form x2  y2  a2

(i) Asymptotes are perpendicular lines i.e. x  y  0

(ii) Eccentricitye 2
(iii) Centre  0,0 

(iv) Foci c 2, c 2  and  c 2, c 2 

(v) Vertices A a,0  and A1  a,0 

(vi) Equation of directrices x  y   2c

(vii) Length of latusrectum  2 2c
c
(viii) Parametric form x  ct , y 
t

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
(ix) Equation of tangent, x sec  y tan   0
x y
(x) Equation of normal,   2a
sec  tan 
Rectangular Hyperbola of the Form xy  c 2
(i) Asymptotes are perpendicular lines i.e. x  0 and y  0

(ii) Eccentricitye 2
(iii) Centre  0,0 

(iv) Foci S   
2c , 2c , S1  2c ,  2c 
(v) Vertices A  c, c  , A1  c, c 

(vi) Equations of directrices x y 2 c

(vii) Length of latusrectum  2 2c
c
(viii) Parametric form x  xt , y 
t
Equation of Tangent of Rectangular Hyperbola xy  c 2
(i) Point Form The equation of tangent at  x1, y1  to the rectangular hyperbola is
x y
xy1  yx1  2c 2 or  2
x1 y1
 c x
(ii) Parametric Form The equation of tangent at  ct ,  to the hyperbola is  yt  2c .
 t t
 c  c  2ct1t2 2c 
(iii) Tangent at P  ct1,  and  ct2 ,  to the rectangular hyperbola intersect at  , 
 t1  t 2  1 2 t1  t2 
t  t
(iv) The equation of the chord of contact of tangents drawn from a point  x1, y1  to the rectangular hyperbola is

xy1  yx1  2c 2
Normal Equation of Rectangular Hyperbola xy  c 2
(i) Point Form The equation of the normal at  x1, y1  o the rectangular hyperbola is xx1  yy1  x12  y12

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 Sri Chaitanya IIT Academy., India Mathematics Concepts and Formulae
 c 2
(ii) Parametric Form The equation of the normal at  ct ,  to the rectangular hyperbola xy  c is
 t
xt 3  yt  ct 4  c  0
 c
(iii) The equation of the normal at  ct ,  is a fourth degree equation in t . So, in general maximum four normals
 t
can be drawn from a point to the hyperbola xy  c 2
Important Results about Hyperbola
x2 y2
(i) The point  x1, y1  lies outside, on or inside the hyperbola   1 according as
a2 b2
x12 y12
  1 ,  or  0
a2 b2
(ii) The equation of the chord of the hyperbola xy  c 2 whose mid-point is  x1 y1  is
xy1  yx1  2 x1 y1 or T  S1
2
(iii) Equation of the chord joining t1 , t2 on xy  t is x  yt1t2  c  t1  t2 
(iv) If a triangle is inscribed in a rectangular hyperbola, then its orthocentre
lies on the hyperbola.
(v) Any straight line parallel to an asymptotes of a hyperbola intersects the hyperbola at only one point.

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