Slide 1 The Standard Forms of the Equation of the Ellipse

The standard form of an ellipse centred at the origin with the major
axis of length 2a along the x-axis and a minor axis of length 2b along
the y-axis, is:
x2 y 2
 1
a2 b 2

Slide 4

The Standard Forms of the Equation of the Ellipse [cont’d]

Slide 2
The standard form of an ellipse centred at the origin with
the major axis of length 2a along the y-axis and a minor axis
An ellipse is the set of all points in a plane of length 2b along the x-axis, is:
such that
the sum of the distances from two given
points in the plane, the foci, is constant.
x2 y 2
 1
b2 a 2
Minor Axis

Major Axis

Focus 1 Focus 2

Point
PF1 + PF2 = constant

Slide 3 Slide 5
 The Pythagorean Property The Standard Forms of the Equation of the Ellipse [cont’d]
The standard form of an ellipse centred at any point (h, k)
with the major axis of length 2a parallel to the y-axis and
a minor axis of length 2b parallel to the x-axis, is:

(x  h)2 (y  k)2
b a  1
a2 = b2 + c2 b2 a2
F1(-c, 0)
c F (c, 0) b2 = a2 - c2
2
c2 = a2 - b2
(h, k)
Length of major axis: 2a
Length of minor axis: 2b
Vertices: (a, 0) and (-a, 0)
Foci: (c, 0) and (-c, 0)
Covertices: (0, b) and (0, -b)

Slide 6 Slide 8

The Standard Forms of the Equation of the Ellipse [cont’d] Finding the General Form of the Ellipse
The standard form of an ellipse centred at any point (h, k) The general form of the ellipse is:
with the major axis of length 2a parallel to the x-axis and Ax2 + Cy2 + Dx + Ey + F = 0
a minor axis of length 2b parallel to the y-axis, is:
(x  h) 2 (y  k)2 A x C > 0 and A ≠ C
 1
a2 b2 The general form may be found by expanding the
standard form and then simplifying:
(h, k) (x  4)2 (y  2)2
2  2 1
3 5

[ ]
x  8x  16 y  4y  4
2 2 225
 1
9 25
25(x 2  8x  16)  9(y 2  4 y  4)  225
25x 2  200x  400 9 y2  36y  36  225
25x2 + 9y2 - 200x + 36y + 211 = 0

Slide 7 Slide 9
 Finding the Centre, Axes, and Foci Finding the Equation of the Ellipse With Centre at (0, 0)
State the coordinates of the vertices, the coordinates of the foci,
and the lengths of the major and minor axes of the ellipse,
defined by each equation.
x2
y 2

a)  1 The centre of the ellipse is (0, 0). Since the foci are on the x-axis, the major axis is the x-axis.
16 9
Since the larger number occurs under the x2,
x2 y 2 The length of the major axis is 16 so a = 8.
2  2  1
the major axis lies on the x-axis.
The length of the minor axis is 8 so b = 4.
b a The length of the major axis is 8. a b
The length of the minor axis is 6. 2
c x y2
2  2  1
The coordinates of the vertices are (4, 0) and (-4, 0).
8 4
To find the coordinates of the foci, use the Pythagorean property: x2 y 2
 1 Standard form
c2 = a2 - b2 64 16
= 4 2 - 32 The coordinates of the foci are: 64
x2 y 2  64
= 16 - 9
(  7 ,0 ) and ( 7,0 )     1 x2 + 4y2 = 64
=7 64
 16  x2 + 4y2 - 64 = 0 General form
c 7

Slide 10 Slide 12

Finding the Centre, Axes, and Foci Finding the Equation of the Ellipse With Centre at (0, 0)
b)
b) 4x2 + 9y2 = 36 The length of the major axis is 12 so a = 6.
The length of the minor axis is 6 so b = 3.
x y 2 2

 1 The centre of the ellipse is (0, 0).

9 4 Since the larger number occurs under the x2,
the major axis lies on the x-axis.

b a The length of the major axis is 6.

The length of the minor axis is 4.
c The coordinates of the vertices are (3, 0) and (-3, 0).
x2 y 2 36
 1 x2 y 2 
b2 a 2  9  36   1
36

To find the coordinates of the foci, use the Pythagorean property.

x2 y 2  
c2 = a2 - b2  1 4x2 + y2 = 36
32 62 General
= 3 2 - 22 The coordinates of the foci are: 4x2 + y2 - 36 = 0
=9-4 x2 y 2 form
=5 (  5 ,0 ) and ( 5 ,0 )  1 Standard form
9 36
c 5

Slide 11 Slide 13
 Finding the Equation of the Ellipse With Centre at (h, k) Analysis of the Ellipse
a) Find the equation for the ellipse with the centre at (3, 2),
Find the coordinates of the centre, the length of the major and
passing through the points (8, 2), (-2, 2), (3, -5), and (3, 9).
minor axes, and the coordinates of the foci of each ellipse:
The major axis is parallel to the y-axis and has a length of 14 units, so a = 7.
The minor axis is parallel to the x-axis and has a length of 10 units, so b = 5. Recall: PF1 + PF2 = 2a a2 = b2 + c2
The centre is at (3, 2), so h = 3 and k = 2.
b2 = a2 - c2
(x  h) 2 (y  k)2 c2 = a2 - b2
2  2 1
b a P
(x  3) (y  2)
2 2
(3, 2)  1
52 72 a b a
(x  3)2 (y  2)2
 1 Standard form
25 49 c
F1(-c, 0)
c F (c, 0)
2

49(x - 3)2 + 25(y - 2)2 = 1225

49(x2 - 6x + 9) + 25(y2 - 4y + 4) = 1225 Length of major axis: 2a
49x2 - 294x + 441 + 25y2 - 100y + 100 = 1225 Length of minor axis: 2b
49x2 + 25y2 -294x - 100y + 541 = 1225 Vertices: (a, 0) and (-a, 0)
49x2 + 25y2 -294x - 100y - 684 = 0 General form Foci: (-c, 0) and (c, 0)

Slide 14 Slide 16

Finding the Equation of the Ellipse With Centre at (h, k) a) Given x2 + 4y2 - 2x + 8y - 11 = 0, find the center, length of the
b) The major axis is parallel to the x-axis and Major and minor axes and coordinates of the foci.
has a length of 12 units, so a = 6. x2 + 4y2 - 2x + 8y - 11 = 0
(-3, 2)
The minor axis is parallel to the y-axis and (x2 - 2x ) + (4y2 + 8y) - 11 = 0
has a length of 6 units, so b = 3. 1
(x2 - 2x + _____) + 4(y2 + 2y + 1_____) = 11 +1 _____ +4 _____
The centre is at (-3, 2), so h = -3 and k = 2.
(x - 1)2 + 4(y + 1)2 = 16
(x  h) 2 (y  k)2 Since the larger number
( x  1) ( y  1)
 1
2 2
h= 1
a
2
b
2 occurs under the x2, the  1
major axis is parallel to 16 4 k = -1
(x  (3)) 2 (y  2)2 the x-axis. a= 4
 1 b= 2
62 32 c2 = - a2 b2
(x  3) (y  2)
2 2
Standard form = 42 - 22 The centre is at (1, -1).
 1
36 9 = 16 - 4 The major axis, parallel to the x-axis,
(x + 3)2 + 4(y - 2)2 = 36 = 12 has a length of 8 units.
(x2+ 6x + 9) + 4(y2 - 4y + 4) = 36 c  12 The minor axis, parallel to the y-axis,
x2 + 6x + 9 + 4y2 - 16y + 16 = 36 has a length of 4 units.
c2 3 The foci are at
x2 + 4y2 + 6x - 16y + 25 = 36
x2 + 4y2 + 6x - 16y - 11 = 0General form (1  2 3, 1) and ( 1  2 3, 1).

Slide 15 Slide 17
Sketching the Graph of the Ellipse [cont’d] Sketching the Graph of the Ellipse [cont’d]
(x  1) ( y 1)
2 2
(x  1)2 ( y  5)2
x2 + 4y2 - 2x + 8y - 11 = 0  1 9x2 + 4y2 - 18x + 40y - 35 = 0  1
16 4 16 36
Centre (1, -1)
F1 (1,  5  2 5 )

c 2 5

(1- 2 3, - 1) (1, -1) (1  2 3,  1)

F1 F
c 2 5
2
c 2 3 c 2 3

F (1, -5 - 2 5)
2

Slide 18

Analysis of the Ellipse

b) 9x2 + 4y2 - 18x + 40y - 35 = 0
9x2 + 4y2 - 18x + 40y - 35 = 0
(9x2 - 18x ) + (4y2 + 40y) - 35 = 0
1
9(x2 - 2x + _____) + 4(y2 + 10y +25
_____) = 35 +9 _____100
+ _____
9(x - 1)2 + 4(y + 5)2 = 144
Since the larger number
occurs under the y2, the ( x  1) ( y  5 )
2 2
h= 1
 1 k= -5
major axis is parallel to 16 36
the y-axis. a= 6
b= 4
c2 = a2 - b2
= 62 - 42 The centre is at (1, -5).
= 36 - 16 The major axis, parallel to the y-axis,
= 20 has a length of 12 units.
The minor axis, parallel to the x-axis,
c  20
has a length of 8 units.
c2 5 The foci are at:
(1, 5  2 5 ) and (1, 5  2 5 )

Slide 19