BNENPA]
 

• Bneîvar: vhaka ead dntk bnaeara

shikh`bn bnar.
• Rhkòkhlos:
• -obbhso: qua vhaka ead dntk nbbhsus
qua luara vhodaknlaka.
•
 ‒ `nddabheo: vhaka ea nddara, lorhr.
 `nddabheo:
• - eh`ukto.

Qkn vaz axkiuhen dn vhen ad

buarpo alphazn n axparhlaknr
ndarnbhokas eakolhkneos
akòlakos bnenvèrhbos.
 

@AKOLAKOR BNENPA]HBOR

BOKBASUO: Rok oeos nquaddos asneos

bnlmhnkas ead buarpo
bnlmhnkas buarpo,, n bboksabuakbhn
oksabuakbhn ea dns
hkbheakbhns ead laeho.

Ra ehvheak ak:
>.- @AKÒLAKOR UALS]NKOR
Akrhnlhako
-

-Nbheh`bnbhòk
-Nbheh`bnb
- hòk sudnr
- ]hiheaz
- Dhvheaz
- Aspnslos o shiko ea Supa: rhiheaz hk
hklaehnn
laehnn
Easghernnbhòk:
-

 Rhiko ea Rakok Douhs:

 Rhiko ea Rollar o lnkbgn kairn
asbdaròbn.
 

Nbheh`bnbhòk
Nbheh`bnbhòk ea dos ajheos
• Ra eama nd basa ea oxhenbhokas oriîkhbos y nd
nbuludo ea bnnmodhos îbheos ak dìquheos y

pnrèkquhlns.
• Rhiko saiuro ea luara yn qua hlphea dn
ravhndhznbhòk sudnr.
sudnr.
•
Baramro prhlar òrinko nabneo.
 

Ak`rhnlhakto bnenvèrhbo
•   Ndior lorts , as ad akrhnlhako ead buarpo,
por ad basa ea dn nbvhene lanmòdhbn, ea

bnrîbar iakarndhzneo
iakarndhzneo , vn easea dns 3 n dns >=
gorns easpuès ead nddabhlhako bok ukn bnìen
ak dn alparnurn ea 3.7 n >.>ºB por gorn y ea

3.5 n 3.1ºB
gorns por gorn
posarhoras n dn easea dns >=ddainkeo
eaukbhòk, n dns =5
n
hiundnr n dn alparnurn
alparnurn nlmhaka.
 

@NBUO]AR
•   Nbadarnk:  asa akòlako bnenvèrhbo , ndas
bolo ndiukns bnusns ea luara o nboras

nlmhakndas, bolo khþaz, sakhdhene, easkueaz,

bnquaxhn, niokìn prodokinen, galorrnihn
savarn, hkalparha.
•

  ]anrenk: muakn sndue, akarlaeneas amrhdas,

ènkos, bòdarn, lakhkihs, hkoxhbnbhòk por
asrhbkhkn, nmrhio, nlmhaka bnduroso
 

]HIHEAZ BNENPÈ]HBN
•   ]hior Lorts
• As uk probaso dako ea bokrnburn lusbudnr, rhiheaz
ead ajheo lusbudnr,
• Dos orìiakas ea nd nbheh`bnbhòk as dn easrubbhòk ead
nbheo neakoshk-rhosorhbo "NUS“ qua pnsn n nbheo
neakoshk-ehosorhbo "NES“ dhmarnkeo ukn lodabudn
ea nbheo osòrhbo.
• Ad rhior lors , npnraba prhlaro ak dos lúsbudos ea
`mrns dhsns, ea paqu
paquaþn
aþn lnsn bolo dos ea dn bnr
bnrn,
n,
bolo ad lhobnreho y ad ehnrniln y posarhorlaka
lns nreìo ak lúsbudos asrhneos asquadèbos.
•

Hiundlaka easnpnraba ak ad lhslo oreak qua

bohkbhea bok dn puranbbhòk.
• Alphazn n dns 2 g, as bolpdan akra dns >= y >1 g, y
easnpnraba akra dns =3 y =5 g.
• Ad bndor nborn ad alpo y ad rho do prodokin.
 

Aspnslo bnenvèrhbo
• Ddnlneo shiko ea Suppa as ukn rhiheaz
hksnkîkan, hklaehnn n dn luara.
• Ad aspnslo bnenvèrhbo , sa lnkh`asn bunkeo dn
luara somravhaka ea iodpa, quaenkeo ad
ehuko ondlaka rìiheo ak dn poshbhòk ak dn
qua asnmn, as luy hkarasnka pnrn
ehnikosbnr suhbheho.
• Ra omsarvn ak bnsos ea akarlaeneas ead RKB.
O ead shsaln bhrbudnorho.
• Ra gnk eneo bnsos ea sodeneos ak ad bnlpo ea
mnnddn qua gnk sheo nmneos y gnk quaeneo
bok dn posurn qua akìnk nkas ea lorhr hkbduso
npuknkeo bok ad rha uaralaka ninrrneo por
sus lnkos.
 

Dhvheabas bnenvèrhbns
•

  Dhvor Lorts
npnrhbhòk : sa bnrnbarhzn
ea lnkbgns por dn,
bodor rojo-vhkoso
qua sok bnusnens por dn pnrndhznbhòk ea dn
bhrbudnbhòk snkiuìkan , dn nbuludnbhòk ea
dn snkira ak dos vnsos snkiuìkaos y dn
nbbhòk ea dn irnvaene.
• Ak òrinkos hkarkos sa proeubak dns
ghposnshs vhsbarnd.
• Npnrabak n dns 2 n 1 gorns easpuès ead
nddabhlhako, gnsn dns >= g. omaeabak n
bnlmhos ea posurns, ak dns shiuhakas
>=g npnrabak kuavns lnkbgns, y easpuès
ea =5g. Ko sa orlnk kh sa loeh`bnk.
• Suaeak sar dhvheabas ak pdnbns o
pukanens bolo ak ad ngorbneo.
 

Easgherntnbhòk
Easgherntnbhòk bnenvèrhbn
•

Sharea niun por avnpornbhòk, sa

omsarvnk:
• Rhiko Rollar: as ukn lnkbgn
kairn qua suada npnrabar
prhlarnlaka ak ad îkiudo
axarko ead ojo y
posarhorlaka ak ad îkiudo
hkarko.
• As bnusnen por dn easghernnbhòk
do qua gnba qua dn asbdaròbn sa
easaqua y parlhn qua sa
rnkspnraka dn boroheas.
 

• Rhiko ea Rtakok Douhs: borkan

opnbn, rarnbbhòk ead idomo
obudnr, bokshsa ak:
 Gukehlhako ead idomo obudnr.
 Sèrehen ea rnkspnrakbhn ea dn
bòrkan.
 @orlnbhòk ea nrruins ak dn
bòrkan.
 Eapòsho ea podvo ea nspabo
nrakoso.
 Npnraba n dos 51 lhk bok
pîrpneos nmharos y n dns =5g.

Sîrpneos barrneos.
 

@AKÒLAKOR UN]EÌOR
• Ra ehvheak ak:
>. Easruboras:

=. boksarvneoras
 

@AKOLAKOR EARU]QBUO]AR

•   NQUODHRHR: as dn ehsodubhòk ea dos ajheos por dns akzhlns

o dos arlakos.
 Ak dn snkira ehsodubhòk ea idòmudos rojos (galòdhshs).
 Ak ad pîkbrans ramdnkeabhlhako bok morrn lhako ea su
asruburn.
 Ak idîkeudns suprnrrakndas, dn uheh`bnbhòk ea dn lèeudn

asphknd.
 Ad akbèndo sa proeuba dn bodhbunbhòk
 Ak ad asòlnio y asònio sa proeuba ramdnkeabhlhako
ea dn lubosn.
 

• Sutra`nbbhòk:  easbolposhbhòk ea dn

lnarhn oriîkhbn ead bneîvar por mnbarhns

prasakas ak ad hkasko.
>. Nbú
Nbúnk
nk dn
dnss mnb
mnbarhn
arhnss nar
naròm
òmhb
hbns
ns (mnb
(mnbhd
hdos
os
sumdhs, proaus vudinrhs y bodh)
=. Dos naro
naromh
mhos
os nbud
nbudn
nvo
vos:
s: (mnb
(mnbhd
hdus
us pu
pur
rh`
h`bu
buss
bodh, dhquanbhaks
dhquanbhaks lnikus y vhmrhok bòdarhbo)
2. Mnb
Mnbar
arhn
hnss nkn
nknar
aròm
òmhb
hbns
ns,, pprroe
oeub
uborns
orns ea
insas ad prhkbhpnd ad bdosrhehul.
•  Ra ehvhea ak parhoeos:
 

• N.- Sarhoeo brolîtbo: dn

prhlarn lnkhasnbhòk as dn
• Lnkbgn Parea nmeolhknd
ak @HE, n dns =5 n 20 gorns
gorns
• Paaneo vakoso: npnraba n
dns 57 gorns, vhsundhznbhòk
ea rae vakosn por
hlmhmhbhòk ea dn

galoidomhkn rnksorlnen
ak bolpuasos nzurneos.
• Bodor kairuzbo o vareoso:
n dos 5 eìns.
 

-M .- Sarhoeo Ak`hsalntoso:
sa ghkbgnk dos ajheos por nbbhòk
ea dns mnbarhns proeuborns ea
insas
Ra orlnk nlpoddns ak dn phad,
Gny easprakehlhako ea
aphearlhs qua bna ak bodinjos phad
ea pndlns y pdnkns ead pha,
hkbduhen uþns.
Ra gnbak prolhkakas dns
lajhddns y dos pîrpneos,
Gny prorushòk ea dakiun y
rabo, ak almnrnznen puaea
gnmar sndhen ea ao.
ao.
Oburra ak dn prhlarn salnkn
 

b.- Sarhoeo Bodhbunthvo :

Ra Dhbunk dos ajheos,alpaznkeo
por dns pnras mnjns
 nspabo nbnrnladneo
 oburra akra = y 5 salnkns

e.-
asquadèthbn: ]aeubbhòk
 Asquadaznbhòk
oburra akra 2 y 1 nþos
 

Nktropo`nihn bnenvèrhbn
• Easrubbhòk ead bneîvar por dos
nkhlndas, sok lns rabuakas dns
losbns, eaposhnk guavos ak
shos gúlaeos, knrhz, mobn, nko.
• Dns rnns bolak pnras mdnkens
ea bnrn y lnkos6 dos parros y

domos eavornk lhalmros

hkarhoras, dos pabas pra`arak
bnrtdnio ea orajns, pîrpneos y
dnmhos.
 

  @akòlakos tnreìos boksarvneoras

•
Lolh`hbnbhòk: easabnbhòk
ead bneîvar nd avnpornrsa ad
niun ea dos ajheos.
•

Srasarvn dn `sokolìn
rnulnslos ea y dos
pnras
mdnkens.
• ]aquhara laeho sabo bok nhra
bhrbudnka, nyuen ad bndor y ad
bneîvar asè neadinzneo o
easnkirneo.
• Eakro ea uk nþo
 

•   Nehpobhrn  : ak bneîvaras

omasos, y ak duinras
gúlaeos, dos îbheos irnsos
sa easbolpokak ak irnsns
snurnens bolo ad îbheo
pndlìbo y rnzns ea
idhbarhkn enkeo uk nspabo
ea barn,
•

Srasarvn `sokolìn y
rnulnslos
• Ra prasakn n dos 0 lasas.
 

• Borh`hbnbhòk. Uhaka
nspabo ea buaro rabhèk
bureo,
• oburra ak hkgulnbhokas

ak èraros ea pdolo o
zhkb.,
• nd `knd ead > nþo.
 

Ehsposhbhokas lortuorhns

• Rok uk bokjuko ea nbvheneas nelhkhsrnvns,

snkhnrhns y lèehbns radnvns n dos bneîvaras

gulnkos, ajheos,
Bolprakeak: òrinkos y sus earhvneos,
• Hkgulnbhòk
• Axgulnbhòk
• Almndsnlnlhako
• Bralnbhòk
•

Urnspdnka ea òrinkos
 

HKGQLNBHÒK
•
Nbo ea enr sapudurn
• Ra earhvn ead dntk: hk, eakro6 gulus, arrn.
• Rhkòkhlos:
 Akarro

 Akarrnlhako
 Rapudnr
Nspabos:
>. Eobulaktndas: sa ra`ara nd bar`bneo ea eaukbhòk, bokaka dn bnusn
Eobulaktndas

ea luara, hlpornkbhn ead raihsro bhvhd bok `kas asneìsbos.

=. Brokodòihbos: aka ukenlako snkhnrho, puaso qua as uk obo
Brokodòihbos
sèpbo.
opoirîboss: sa ra`ara n dos balakarhos qua puaeak sar o`bhndas y
2. Uopoirîbo
bokbashokneos.
 

axgulnbhòk
•

Nbo ea axrnar uk bneîvar ea su sapudurn.

• Earhvn ead dnk: ax < uarn6 gulus < arrn
• Rhikh`bn easakarrnr
easakarrnr..
• Suaeak sar ea eos pos:
• >. nelhkhsrntvns : nuorhznens por nuorhene snkhnrhn, pnrn sar bnlmhneos,
bralneos, o easndojneos.
• =.  juehbhndas: oreaknens por nuorhene juehbhnd pnrn rapar o aabunr dn nuopshn
laehbo daind, varh`bnr dn heakene, rabodabnr hkehbhos ea hkarès hkvasinvo.
• Srobaehlhako ea axgulnbhòk juehbhnd:
Alhshòk ea oreak o lnkenlhako juehbhnd

Sarlhso ea nelhkhsrnbhòk ead balakarho

Heak`bnbhòk ea dn sapudurn
Axrnbbhòk ead èraro o ea rasos
Easbrhpbhòk ea dns bokehbhokas ead èraro
Luasrns ea rasos ea arrn bhrbukenka o ravaslhakos ead èraro ak
akvakaknlhakos.
Nuopshn ea dos rasos.
 

almndsnlnlhakto
• Boksarvnr ad bneîvar laehnka dn hkyabbhòk o
npdhbnbhòk ea susnkbhns quìlhbns.
•
Dn susnkbhn udhznen as ad orlndeagheo nd
>3%, susnkbhn qua ua udhznen por Mrnu
Snas ea ]ho ea Jnkahro ak >830.
•
Uèbkhbn udhznen pnrn rnsdneo hkarknbhoknd
ead bneîvar, vìn nèran y arrasra.
 

B]ALNBHÒK
• ]aeubhr n bakhzns uk bneîvar gulnko laehnka dn nbbhòk ead
uaio.
• Uhpos:
• >. voduknrhn: sodhbhnen por dn parsokn nkas ea su luara o
por nlhdhnras o raprasaknkas daindas.
• =. omdhinorhn: oreaknen por nuorhene juehbhnd o snkhnrhn ak
bnsos ea:
o Akarlaeneas hkabbhosns
o Bneîvaras ko rabdnlneos ak gosphndas o loriuas
o ]asos ea bneîvaras provakhakas ea nk`anros ea nknolìn.
 

Urnspdnkta ea òrinkos
•   Eokneor : parsokn nddabhen, qua ko gnyn
pneabheo: narosbdaroshs, GUN irnva, sapshs,

ulor lndhiko, bgoqua prodokineo.

prodokineo.
•   ]abaptor : parsokn qua pneaba akarlaene
hkburnmda, qua ko raspoken n lèoeos ea
rnnlhako.