Qudbs _nsukn Klhddubh

Wnrfnkobhdbh
Wnrfnkobhdbh Wnsnrtb Alalaf

KFAF 177?

KEA^@ 2

Wnhdnhb`bh Qnerl abh Wrlhslp Absbr Wnrfnkobhdbh

Alsusuh e`nc =

AB_KBTLQB

(3>:?94711)

WNHALALFBH D^_^ YNFE@BC ABYB_ (WDYA)

^HLZN_YLQBY QN_O^FB
^HLQ W_ED_BK ON@BMB_ MB_BF MB^C ( ^WOMM)
WBABHD
WEFMB_ @LKBFB^K
QBC^H ?7??
 WNHDNHB@BH QNE_L ABH W_LHYLW ABYB_ WN_FNKOBHDBH

Fndlbtbh On`bmbr 2
Wnrfnkobhdbh abh Bspnf-Bspnfhyb

2. Anjnhlsl
Anjnhlsl abh Fbrbftnr
Fbrbftnrlstlf
lstlf Wnrf
Wnrfnkob
nkobhdbhhdbh
Wnrfnkobhdbh ab`bk fehtnfs pslfe`edl albrtlfbh snobdbl presns ybhd tnrmbal
snibrb tnru-knhnrus btbu onrfnslhbkouhdbh abh mudb pnruobcbh ybhd tnrmbal ab`bk
lhavlau snibrb slstnkbtls.
Fbrbftnrlstlf pnrfnkobhdbh bhtbrb `blh snobdbl onrlfut =
2) Wnrfnk
Wnrfnkobh
obhdbh
dbh lltu
tu Yn
Ynpbh
pbhmbh
mbhdd Cby
Cbybtbt
Wnrfnkobhdbh kbhuslb knrupbfbh presns ybhd tnrmbal pbab lhalvlau snmbf ab`bk
fbhauhdbh sbkpbl anhdbh lhalvlau tnrsnout knhlhddb` auhlb. Qlabf bab rnhtbhd
uslb ybhd knhaeklhbsl pnrfnkobhdbh.
?) Wnrfnk
Wnrfnkobh
obhdbh
dbh lt
ltu
u Ku`tlal
Ku`tlalknh
knhsle
slehb`
hb`
Wnrfnkobhdbh kn`lputl onrobdbl bspnf (ku`tlalknhsl) ybhd ab`lhd onrfbltbh sbtu
sbkb `blh. Knhurut
Knhurut Ybhtr
Ybhtreif
eif (?72
(?72?),
?), pnrfnkobh
pnrfnkobhdbh
dbh tnralrl btbs alknhsl
alknhsl ole`edl,
ole`edl,
fedhltlj abh seslenkeslehb`.
9) Wnrfnk
Wnrfnkobh
obhdbh
dbh ltu Ku`tlb
Ku`tlbrbc
rbc
Ynpbhmbhd claup snsnerbhd, snobdlbh alknhsl btbu fekpehnh pnrfnkobhdbh bab
ybhd onrfnkobhd abh knhlhdfbt, tntbpl bab mudb ybhd knuabr abh fnkualbh
knhdcl`bhd.
1) Wnrfnk
Wnrfnkobh
obhdbh
dbh lltu
tu sn
snpnr
pnrtl
tl W`bstl
W`bstlslh
slh
Alknhs
Alk nhsll btbu eke
ekehnh
hnh pnr
pnrfnk
fnkobh
obhdbh
dbh abh alo
alonht
nhtuf
uf abh aluobc
aluobc onh
onhtuf
tufhyb
hyb..
Wnrfnkobhdbh tnrmbal fbrnhb bab bspnf-bspnf ab`bk alrl kbhuslb ybhd abpbt
aluobc.
>) Wnrfnk
Wnrfnkobh
obhdbh
dbh ltu Fehtnf
Fehtnfstu
stub`
b`
Yn`uruc pnrfnkobhdbh ybhd tnrmbal ab`bk alrl sntlbp kbhuslb tnrmbal ab`bk subtu
fehtnfs btbu fehalsl. Fehalsl tnrtnhtu ab`bk subtu fehtnfs abpbt knkpnhdbrucl
pnrfnkobhdbh kbhuslb.

?. Wrlhsl
Wrlhslp
pA Absb
bsbrr Wn
Wnrfn
rfnkob
kobhdb
hdbhh
Wrlhslp absbr pnrfnkobhdbh knhurut pbfbr pslfe`edl Nddnh abh Fbuicbif (?72:)
 Wnrfnkobhdbh onrdbhtuhd pbab dnhntli abh `lhdfuhdbh
Onrtbkobchyb ukur knhynobofbh babhyb pnruobcbh-pnruobcbh slslf abh dnhntli
ab`bk alrl kbhuslb. Jbiter dnhntli lhl onrlhtnrbfsl anhdbh `lhdfuhdbh snclhddb
fnkbtbhdbh ibpbbh pnrfnkobhdbh tlabf olbs al`npbsfbh abrl `lhdfuhdbh claup
snsnerbhd.
 Wresns ybhd tnrbtur abh knhdlfutl pe`b ybhd abpbt alprnalfsl
Wnrfnkobhdb
Wnrfnk obhdbh
h tnrmbal snibrb slstnk
slstnkbtls,
btls, oufbh
oufbh fnontu
fnontubhbh abh oufbh snknhtbrb
snknhtbrb
sbmb.. Wnr
sbmb Wnrfnk
fnkobh
obhdbh
dbh bab`bc
bab`bc pre
presns
sns ybh
ybhd d tnrbtur
tnrbtur,, tnro
tnrobhd
bhduh
uh snib
snibrb
rb onrbhd
onrbhdsur
sur--
bhdsur abh bab pe`bhyb.
 Erbhd onrfnkobhd anhdbh fninpbtbh onronab-onab
 Knsflp
Knsf lpuh
uh snibr
snibrbb uk
ukuk
uk pe`b
pe`b pn
pnrf
rfnk
nkob
obhd
hdbh
bh abpb
abpbtt al
alpr
prna
nalf
lfsl
sl btbu
btbu al
altn
tnob
obf
f
onrabsbrfbh uslb, fninpbtbh snsnerbhd uhtuf knhibpbl tbcbp enrfnkobhdbh
tnrtnhtu tlabf sn`b`u sbkb.

9. Alknhs
Alknhsll btbu
btbu Bspnf
Bspnf Wnr
Wnrfnk
fnkobh
obhdbh
dbh
Wnrfnkobhdbh kbhuslb tnralrl btbs tldb presns ybltu =
 Wresns Ole`edls knhynobofbh pnruobcbh jlslf kbhuslb. Iehtechyb bab`bc jbiter
dnhntli abh fnturuhbh ybhd alwbrlsfbh erbhd tub, pnrfnkobhdbh etbf,onrbt abh
tlhddl obabh ybhd onrtbkobc, pnruobcbh fnkbkpubh keterli, a``.
 Wresns fedhltlj knrupbfbh pnruobcbh pnklflrbh btbu ibrb onrplflr snsnerbhd,
fninrabsbh abh pnrfnkobhdbh Obcbsb.
 Wre
Wresns
sns seslen
seslenkes
kesleh
lehb`
b` kn`
kn`lob
lobtfb
tfbh
h pnruob
pnruobcbh
cbh-pn
-pnruo
ruobcb
bcbh
h cuouhd
cuouhdbh
bh lhalvl
lhalvlau
au
anhdbh erbhd `blh, pnruobcbh nkesl abh pnruobcbh fnprlobalbh.

1. Qbcb
Qbcbpb
pbhhWWnr
nrfn
fnko
kobh
bhdb
dbh
h
Qbcb
Qb cbp
p pnrf
pnrfnk
nkob
obhd
hdbh
bh bab`
bab`bc
bc pnrl
pnrlea
eann wb
wbft
ftu
u ab`b
ab`bk
k cl
clau
aup
p kbkbhuhusl
slbb anhd
anhdbh
bh
fbrbftnrlstlf pnrfnkobhdbh ol`edls, fedhltlj abh seslenkeslehb` tnrtnhtu. Qbcbpbh-
tbcbpbh pnrfnkobhdbh bab an`bpbh tbcbpbh ybd altuhmuffbh ab`bk onrlfut lhl =

Kbsb
(snmbf prnhbtb`
ab`bk fbhauhdbh) Wnrlean pb`lhd bwb`,alku`bl
ab`bk fbhauhdbh sbkpbl bhbfsnmbf presns`bclr.
tnrsnout fehsnpsl, bhbf
Kbsb Obyl Wnrlean lhl bab`bc kbsb snmbf `bclr sbkpb anhdbh obyl
(23 ’ ?1 Ou`bh) snf
snflt
ltbr
br ? tb tbcu
cuh.
h. Kbsb
Kbsb oby byll bab`
bab`bc
bc kbsb
kbsb fntlf ntlfbb
snsne
snsnerbh
rbhd
d sbhdb
sbhdbtt onrd
onrdbh
bhtu
tuhd
hd pbab
pbab erbh
erbhd
d tu tubb btb
btbu
u
pnhdbsuchyb.
Kbsb fbhbf-fbhbf bwb` Kbsb lhl snlhd alsnout kbsb uslb alhl. Wbab tbcbpbh lhl
(9 s/a > tbcuh) bhbf-bhbf ku`bl on`bmbr kbhalrl abh knhdnkobhdfbh
fnkbkpubh pnrslbpbh kbsuf snfe`bc
Kbsb fbhbf-fbhbf Wbab pnrlean lhl olbsbhyb bhbf-bhbf auauf al snfe`bc
(: s/a 27/22 tbcuh) ab
absb
sbr.r. Knrn
Knrnffb ku` u`bl
bl knh
knhdudubs
bsbl
bl fnt ntnr
nrbk
bkplpl`b
`bh
h-
fn
fntn
tnrbk
rbkpl
pl`b
`bh
h bf
bfba
bank
nklf
lf ab
absbr
sbr (knk
(knkob obib
ib,, knknhu
hu`l
`ls,
s,
onrcltuhd) abh mudb ku`bl knkbsufl `lhdfuhdbh seilb`
ybhd
ybhd `no
`nolc
lc onsbr
onsbr snrtb
snrtb ou
ouaby
abybb ybh
ybhd
d onr
onrona
onabb anhdbh
anhdbh
ouabyb fn`ubrdb knrnfb.
Kbsb rnkbmb Kbsb lhl knrupbfbh kbsb trbhslsl abrl uslb bhbf-bhbf
(27-2? s/a 23-?2) knhu
kn humu
mu an
anwb
wbsb.
sb. Kb
Kbsb sb rnk
rnkbm
bmbb lh
lhll al
alku
ku`bl
`bl an
anhd
hdbh
bh
pnruobcbh jlslf ybhd inpbt abh hybtb. Wbab tbcbp lhl
fnoutuch uhtuf knhmbal lhalvlau ybhd lhanpnhanht abh
pnkonhtufbh lanhtltbs bab`bc obdlbh pnhtlhd ab`bk
pnrfnkobhdbh lhalvlau.
Wnrlean anwbsb bwb` Wnrlean lhl bab`bc kbsb fntlfb lhalvlau ku`bl kbhalarl
(ukur ?7bh-97bh) snibrb
snibrb jlh
jlhbh
bhsl
slb`
b` ku`bl
ku`blknknhd
hdnk
nkob
obhd
hdfb
fbhh fbrln
fbrlnrh
rhyb
yb,,
knhibrl pbsbhdbh claup abh knku`bl fn`ubrdb.
Wn
Wnrle
rlean
an anwb
anwbsb
sb kb
kbay
aybb Wn
Wnrf
rfnk
nkobobhd
hdbh
bh tnrf
tnrfbl
bltt anhdb
anhdbh
h fnkb
fnkbkpkpububhh onr
onrtbh
tbhdd
dduh
uhdd
 (^kur 17bh ’ >7bh) mbwbo abh fntnrtlobh seilb` knhibpbl fnkbtbhdbhhyb.
Wn
Wnrle
rlean
an `bh
`bhslb
slb (anw
(anwbsb
bsb Wbab
Wbab pnr
pnrlea
leann lhl snsnerb
snsnerbhd
hd ku`bl
ku`bl knhn`b
knhn`bbc
bc fnkob`
fnkob`ll
bfclr) mb`bh clauphyb, knhynsublfbh alrl anhdbh fehalsl abh
(ukur :7bh-47bh) pnrbh seslb`hyb snrtb knhdb`bkl fnkuhaurbhfnfubtbh
jlslf ybhd hybtb.

^kur frehe`edls bab`bc muk`bc tbcuh claup snsnerbhd snmbf `bclr. ^kur pslfe`edls
bab`bc pnrsnpsl tnhtbhd snonrbpb tub/kuab alrlhyb onrabsbrfbh pnrbsbbh snsnerbhd,
onrabsbrfbh prl`bfuhybbtbu onrabsbrfbh ibrb pbhabhd alrlhyb tnhtbhd fnclaupbh.
fnclaupbh.
 Fndlbtbh On`bmbr ?
Qnerl-Qnerl Wnrfnkobhdbh Kbhuslb

B. Wnrbh
Wnrbh L`k
L`kuu Wslf
Wslfe`edl
e`edl ab`bk Wnha
Wnhalalfb
lalfbhh
Fntlfb duru knrbhibhd fndlbtbh on`bmbr snrtb fntlfb onrlhtnrbfsl anhdbh
bhbf ab`bk presns on`bmbr cbrus knkpnrcbtlfbh tldb cb` onrlfut
2. Wnrf
Wnrfnk
nkob
obhb
hbdh
dh bhbf
bhbf abh
abh fnkb
fnkbkpkpub
ubh
h bhbf
bhbf uhtu
uhtuf
f on`b
on`bmb
mbrr kb
kbtntnrl
rl ybhd
ybhd
alslbpfbh.
?. Bhb
Bhbf f snobdbl
snobdbl lha
lhalvl
lvlau
au ybhd uhlf
uhlf abh ybhd
ybhd knk
knkl`l
l`lfl
fl tbcbp pnrfnko
pnrfnkobhdbhdbh
bh
ybhd onronab anhdbh tnkbh-tnkbh snuslbhyb.
9. Fncl
Fncla aup
upbh
bh bh
bhbf
bf al `u`ubr
br snfe
snfe`b
`bc
c bt
btbu
bu `l
`lh
hdf
dfuh
uhdb
dbh h tnkp
tnkpbtbt tl
tlhd
hddb
db`` abh
pnhdbsucbh erbhd tub knrnfb.

Fntldb prlhslp pnkon`bmbrbh ybhd snsubl anhdbh pnrfnkobhdbh al btbs

knhuhmuffb
knhuhmuffbhh obcwb duru cbrus knhdnhb` pnsnrtb alalf knrnfb
knrnfb snrtb knkobhtu
knrnfb on`bmbr uhtuf knhibpbl tumubh pnkon`bmbrbh.

Duru
fekltknh,
fekltk njnftlj
nh, ketlv
ke bsl knkl`lfl
tlvbsl knkl`l
snrtb fl nau`lb
pnhdntbcub
pnhdn
snrtb fnpnau
fnp tbcubh
`lbh ybhhd abh
h ybhd tlh fntnrbkplb`bh
fntnrbkplb
tlhddl
ddl tnrc
tnrcbabp`bhfno
babp prejn
prejnslhb`,
fnonrc slhb`,
nrcbsl`bh snrtb
bsl`bh bhbf
bhbf
alalf knrnfb. Duru njnftlj mudb pnr`u knkbcbkl pnsnrtb alalfhyb.

O. _bd
_bdbk
bk Qner
Qnerll Wnrfnk
Wnrfnkobh
obhdbh
dbh
Qnerl
Qnerl bab`bc
bab`bc pnr
pnrhyb
hybtbbh
tbbh ybhd
ybhd ald
alduh
uhbfb
bfbh
h uh
uhtuf
tuf knkbcb
knkbcbkl
kl auhlb
auhlb al
sn
snf
fltbr
ltbr fl
fltb
tb,, snc
snclh
lhdd
ddbb knkbc
nkbcbk
bkll tn
tner
erll yb
ybh
hd on
onrf
rfnk
nkob
obh
hd ab`bk
b`bk cb`
pnrfnkobhdbh bab`bc cb` ybhd pnhtlhd obdl
obdl duru

Qnerl-tnerl absbr pnrfnkobhdbh ybhd bfbh alpn`bmbrl bab`bc =

2. Qnerl
Qnerl Wslfes
Wslfesesl
eslb`
b` Nr
Nrlfs
lfseh
eh
Nr
Nrlf
lfse
seh
h knknhdhdnk
nkob
obhd
hdfb
fbh
h tn
tner
erll pslf
pslfe`
e`ed
edll seseil
ilb`
b`,, kn
knhu
huru
ruth
thyb
yb tb
tbcb
cbp
p

pnrfnkobhdbh bhbf alobdl knhmbal 3 tbcbpbh ybltu ybltu =

2) ^slb 2 tbcuh = fnp
fnpnribyb
nribybbh bh absb
absbrr vs fntlab
fntlabfpnrib
fpnribybbh
ybbh absbr
absbr
?) ^slb ? tbcuh = ete
etehekl
hekl/kbha
/kbhalrllrl vs kb`u abh rbdu-rbd
rbdu-rbduu
9) ^slb
^slb 9-: tbcu
tbcuhh = lhl
lhlslbt
slbtlj
lj vs rbsb
rbsb ononrsb`
rsb`bc
bc
1) ^slb 4 tbcuh clhd
clhddb db puonrtbs
puonrtbs = tnfuh
tnfuh vs
vs rnhabc
rnhabc al
alrl
rl
>) _nkbmb
_nkbmb = lanhtltbs
lanhtltbs vsvs fnolhd
fnolhduhdbh
uhdbh lanht
lanhtltbs
ltbs
:) Anwbsb
Anwbsb bwb`
bwb` = fn
fnlht
lhtlkb
lkbh h vs fntnrf
fntnrfuil`
uil`bh
bh
4) Anwbsb
Anwbsb kbay
kbaybb = obobhdf
hdflhlh vs
vs stbdhb
stbdhbh h
3) @bhslb
@bhslb = lhtndr
lhtndrltb
ltbss vs putus
putus bsb
bsb

?. Qnerl Fehstruftlvlskn Wlbdnt

Knhurut Wlbdnt, pnrfnkobhdbh fedhltlj alpnhdbrucl e`nc lhtnrbfsl `lhdfuhdbh
tn
tnrk
rkbsu
bsuf
f pn
pnhd
hdbsu
bsucb
cbh
h ababh
h mumudb
db jbi
jbite
terr lh
lhtn
tnrh
rhb`
b` kb
kbhu
huslb
slb.. Qbcb
Qbcbp-
p-tbc
tbcbp
bp
pnrfnkobhdbh fedhltlj bhbf babbc =
 ^kur Qbcbp Ansfrlpsl
pnrfnkobhdbh
@bclr Ynhserlketer Obyl onrfnkobhd fnkbkpubh
sbkpbl ? fedhltljhyb knk`bul presns
tbcuh knhd
kn hdfe
feer
eral
alhb
hbsl
slfb
fbh
h sndb`
sndb`bb cb cb`` yb
ybhd
hd
al
al`c
`cbt
bt,, alslsnh
nhtu
tuc
c abh al alk kbsuf
bsuff fbh
fnab`bk ku`uthyb.
?-:
?-: tb
tbcu
cuh
h Wrbe
Wrbepn
pnrb
rbsl
sleh
ehb`
b` Bhbf
hbf ku` u`bl
bl knkbc
nkbcbkbkll `l
`lhd
hdfufuhd
hdbh
bh abh
cb
cb`` ybhd
ybhd `b `blh
lh kn
kn`b
`b`u
`ull syko
sykoe` e` cucuru
ru,,
bhdfb abh dnrbf-dnrlfybhd
knhuhmuffbh pnrbsbbh tnrtnhtu.
:-2? tbcuh Epnrbslehb` Bhbf ku`bl kbkpu kn`bfufbh presns
fehfrnt pnhb`brbh snibrb `edls
2?-2
2?-2<
< tbcu
tbcuh
h Ep
Epnr
nrbs
bsle
lehb
hb`` jer
jerkb
kb`` Bh
Bhbfbf kbk
kbkpupu uhtuf
uhtuf onr
onrjl
jlfl
flrr sl
slst
stnk
nkbtbtls
ls
tnhtbhd cuouhdbh snobo bflobt ab`bk
subtu kbsb`bc ybhd `nolc fekp`nfs.

9. Qnerl
Qnerl Y
Yesl
eslef
efu`t
u`turb
urb`` Zydet
Zydetsfy
sfy

Zldetsfy knhdnkobhdfbh tnerl Yeslefu`turb`, lb onrpbabhdbh obcwb jbiter

ole`edl abh jbiter seilb` onrpnhdbruc pbab pnrfnkobhdbh kbhuslb. Lb
onrpnhabpbt obcwb jbiter ouabyb sbhdbt knkpnhdbrucl
knkpnhdbrucl pnrfnkobhdbh.

1. Qnerl On`bmbr Yeslb` Obhaurb

Qnerl
Qne rl on`
on`bmb
bmbrr seilb`
seilb` Obhau
Obhaurb
rb knhmn`
knhmn`bsfb
bsfbh
h obc
obcwb
wb bhb
bhbf-b
f-bhbf
hbf on`
on`bmb
bmbrr uotuf
uotuf
onrprl`bfu tnrtnhtu fbrnhb knrnfb knkbcbkl fehsnfunhsl abrl pnroubtbh
tnrsnout.

Bab aub fehsnp pnhtlhd ab`bk tnerl on`bmbr seilb` ybltu =

b. Kean``l
Kean``lhd
hd ybltu
ybltu presn
presnss alkbh
alkbhbb bhbf knhd
knhdbkbt
bkbtll abh knhlr
knhlru
u pnrl`
pnrl`bfu
bfu erbd
erbd
`blh ybhd albhddbphyb snobdbl kean` btbu iehtec ybhd pbhtbs altlru.
o. Yn`j-njjlibiy ybltu pnrsnpsl snsnerbhd tnhtbhd alrlhyb snhalrl.

>. Qnerl
Qnerl Yls
Ylstnk
tnk NfNfe`e
e`edl
dl Orehjn
Orehjnhor
hornhh
nhhnr
nr
Knhrut tnerl lhl jbfte ab`bk alrl bhbf abh mudb `lhdfuhdbhhyb knkpnhdbrucl
pnrfnkobhdbh bhbf. Bspnf-bspnf `lhdfuhdbh ybhd knknhdbrucl
pnrfnkobhdbh tnrsnout bab`bc =
b. Klfres
Klfreslstn
lstnk
k = `lh
`lhdfu
dfuhdb
hdbh
h tnr
tnrfni
fnil`
l` ybhd
ybhd onr
onrslh
slhddu
dduhdb
hdbh
h `bh
`bhsuh
suhd
d anhdbh
anhdbh
bhbf. Iehtec erbhd tub, snfe`bc btbu `lhdfuhdbh tnkpbt onrkblh.
o. Knsesystnk = `lhdfuhdbh fntlfb erbhd-erbhd onrbab ab`bk klfreslstnk
onrlhtnrbfsl sbtu sbkb `blh. Iehtec cuouhdbh erbhd tub anhdbh duru.
i. Nfesl
Nfeslstnk
stnk = sltubsl
sltubsl btbu tnkpbt
tnkpbt ybhd tlabf
tlabf snibrb
snibrb `bhdsuhd
`bhdsuhd knk
knkhdb
hdbruc
rucll
bhbf klsb`hyb tnkpbt fnrmb erbhd tub.
a. Kb
Kbfr
fres
eslst
lstnk
nk = ou
ouab
abyb
yb,, hl
hl`bl
`bl,, bd
bdbk
bkb,
b, fnol
fnolbsb
bsbbh
bh abh
abh on
onro
robd
bdbl
bl cb`
cb` ybhd
ybhd
knkn
knknhdhdbr
bruc
ucll `l
`lhd
hdfu
fuhd
hdbh
bh nfesnfesls
lstn
tnk,
k, knknse
sesy
syst
stnk
nk,, abh
abh bfcl
bfclrh
rhyb
yb
knknhdbrucl klfreslstnk.