ABSJYQJKBNQF AB DOBNDOJT BWJDQJT

JNÊ@OTOT NRKÏYODF

LYRSF N³34

Ontbrpf`jdoôn pfr Nbwtfn

Ontrfauddoôn

B` kïtfaf ab ontbrpf`jdoôn ab Nbwtfn bs un pfdf kês dfkp`odjaf qub b` ab @jLrjnlb, pbrf bs kês
õto` dfnstruor vjrofs pf`onfkofs jprfxokjafs, S:(x), S9(x),…,
prbdosf. Gjy fdjsofnbs bn `js qub rbsu`tj õto`

SN(x) y, abspuïs, ab
ab ontbrpf`jdoôn b`blor b` kês jabdujaf
@jLrjnlb, j `js
unf ab `fs nbdbsoajabs abbsontbrpf`jdoôn.
ondfnvbnobntbs To sb uto`ozj
qub nf sb pubabn `fs `fs
uto`ozjr pf`onfkofs
dê`du`fs
rbj`ozjafs bn `j dfnstruddoôn ab SN-:(x) pjrj `j ab SN(x)= djaj pf`onfkof abib dfnstruorsb
onaovoauj`kbntb y pjrj dj`du`jr pf`onfkofs ablrjaf b`bvjaf bs nbdbsjrof gjdbr kudgjs fpbrjdofnbs.
Sfr `f qub b` kïtfaf ab Nbwtfn bs unj kbefr j`tbrnjtovj j uto`ozjr bn b` prfdbsf ab ontbrpf`jdoôn.

Hunajkbntf tbôrodf

DJYJDQBYOTQODJT AB KBQFAF

 Kbnfr djntoaja ab dê`du`fs nbdbsjroj pjrj `j ontbrpf`jdoôn

 Bvj`ujdoôn kês sbndo``j ab` brrfr
 Subabn uto`ozjrsb `fs rbsu`tjafs ab `fs dê`du`fs prbvofs dujnaf b` nõkbrf ab ajtfs tobnb qub
ondrbkbntjrsb f abdrbkbntjrsb
 @j ontbrpf`jdoôn ab Nbwtfn bs kês jabdujaj qub `j ontbrpf`jdoôn ab @jlrjnlb pjrj fitbnbr ftrfs
kfab`fs nukïrodfs (pfr bebkp`f `js jprfxokjdofnbs ab abrovjaj pfr aohbrbndojs) f pjrj
absjrrf``jr unj ontbrpf`jdoôn pfr kbaof ab sbrobs ab pftbndojs
 @j ontbrpf`jdoôn ab Nbwtfn pubab rbj`ozjrsb gjdoj jab`jntb y gjdoj jtrês, jkijs sfn
kjtbkêtodjkbntb bquovj`bntbs pbrf rbprbsbntjn bxprbsofnbs aostontjs.
 Abpbnaobnaf ab dôkf sb jp`oqub `j hfrku`j unj ab `js ontbrpf`jdofnbs pubab sbr kês dfnvbnobntb
qub `j ftrj. Sjrj jeustjr `fs ajtfs bn unj tji`j, bs prbhbroi`b `j ontbrpf`jdoôn gjdoj jab`jntb
ABARDDOFN AB @J HFYKR@J
@fs pf`onfkofs ab ontbrpf`jdoôn sb dj`du`jn kbaojntb un bsqubkj rbdursovf5

Jhorkjdoôn Eustohodjdoôn
   
  
  
         Sf`onfkof ab
           
           Nbwtfn, jújaoaf
…                ⋦        …     tbrkonf j tbrkonf
         
5
  …   ∙
  
  ∙      B` pf`onfkof SN(x) sb
fitobnb j pjrtor ab S N-:(x)
usjnaf `j rbdurrbndoj

B` pf`onfkof SN(x) dj`du`jaf jsë bs b` pf`onfkof ab ontbrpf`jdoôn ab Nbwtfn.

J. Ku`top`odjdoôn bndjejaj
bndjejaj
Sjrj bvj`ujr b` pf`onfkof SN(x), `f kês bhodobntb (kbnfs fpbrjdofnbs) bs usjr b` bsqubkj ab
ku`top`odjdofnbs bndjejajs. Sjrj S4(x), pfr bebkp`f5
  
    
Bstj õ`tokj djntoaja T 3 bs S4(x).

I. Dê`du`f ab` pf`onfkof ab ontbrpf`jdoôn ab Nbwtfn

Sjrj ontbrpf`jr unj hundoôn ajaj h(x) sb abib bndfntrjr `fs dfbhodobntbs j m ab tfafs `fs pf`onfkofs
S:(x), S9(x),…, SN(x). Bntfndbs djaj Sm(x) bs b` pf`onfkof ab Nbwtfn qub tobnb dfkf nfafs x 3, x:,…, xm.
Sjrj b` pf`onfkof S:(x), `fs dfbhodobntbs j3 y j: tobnbn un solnohodjaf hjko`ojr5

Jhorkjdoôn Eustohodjdoôn

    
  
    Srokbr pf`onfkof ab Nbwtfn
bvj`ujaf bn b` puntf 

                Srokbr pf`onfkof ab Nbwtfn
bvj`ujaf bn b` puntf 
  ∙∙  Abspbejnaf 
Bs abdor, j: bs `j pbnaobntb ab `j rbdtj qub pjsj pfr `fs puntfs ,  (, )
y . @fs dfbhodobntbs
j3 y j: sfn `fs koskfs pjrj S :(x) y S9(x).
Jhorkjdoôn Eustohodjdoôn

     
        Jgfrj bvj`ujkfs `j bxprbsoôn bn b`
nfaf x9

  ∙∙∙∙∙  Dfbhodobntb  abspbejaf

 
 
    ∙ 
∙   Ftrj kjnbrj ab vosuj`ozjr

B` dê`du`f ab `fs dfbhodobntbs sb pubab rbj`ozjr ab hfrkj kês rêpoaj y sbndo``j uto`ozjnaf `j nftjdoôn ab
`js aohbrbndojs aovoaoajs, bstjs sb abhonbn dfkf5

Jhorkjdoôn Eustohodjdoôn

   @j aohbrbndoj aovoaoaj ab frabn dbrf

∙,   ∙∙ @j aohbrbndoj aovoaoaj ab prokbr frabn

∙, ∙,   ,∙

∙, @j aohbrbndoj aovoaoaj ab sblunaf frabn

∙, ∙, ∙,   ,,∙∙,, @j aohbrbndoj aovoaoaj ab tbrdbr frabn

]]∙ , ∙+,…,[  ],…,∙[∙,…, Jp`odjnaf b` kïtfaf ab rbdursoôn

Hol :. Sf`onfkof ontbrpf`jafr ab Nbwtfn

Bstj hôrku`j sb uto`ozj pjrj dj`du`jr `j Qji`j ab Aohbrbndojs Aovoaoajs5

 
 Srokbrj aohbrbndoj Tblunaj aohbrbndoj Qbrdbrj aohbrbndoj

  ,  ,,       ,, ,

  
            
    
  , ,,
 
  
    
, 
     
 
 
D. Srfpobajabs ab `js aohbrbndojs aovoaoajs

 @j aohbrbndoj aovoaoaj ab frabn M bs b` dfbhodobntb ab  

bn

@j aohbrbndoj aovoaoaj ab duj`quobr frabn bs onabpbnaobntb ab` frabn bn b` qub sb tfkbn `fs
nfafs
 @j aohbrbndoj aovoaoaj ab frabn M sb dj`du`j rbdursovjkbntb j pjrtor ab afs aohbrbndojs aovoaoajs
ab frabn M-:

A. B`bddoôn ab `fs puntfs ab ontbrpf`jdoôn

B` pf`onfkof ontbrpf`jafr pubab prbsbntjr dfkpfrtjkobntfs pjtf`ôlodfs bn b` sbntoaf qub dujnaf sb

jukbntj b` nõkbrf ab puntfs ab ontbrpf`jdoôn bn un ontbrvj`f, `j absvojdoôn kêxokj
kêxo kj bntrb b` pf`onfkof
y `j hundoôn bn aodgf ontbrvj`f jukbntb dfn b` lrjaf ab` pf`onfkof
Bstf sudbab hrbdubntbkbntb dfn `js hundofnbs   || y   +  bn b` ontbrvj`f ]-:= :[ qub

dfrrbspfnabn j `js hundofnbs ab Ibrnstbon y Yunlb. Dujnaf sb jukbntj b` lrjaf ab` pf`onfkof
ontbrpf`jafs ab bstjs hundofnbs dfn puntfs oluj`kbntb bspjdojafs, sudbab qub5
kjx |  |  ∞
`ok ∙≡≡
↙
Dfn un pf`onfkof  ab lrjaf
ontbrvj`f, bs abdor, dbrdj ab -: y :.

, `j ontbrpf`jdoôn rbsu`tjntb fsdo`j gjdoj `fs bxtrbkfs ab`

Sfr `f tjntf sb abibn bsdflbr `fs kbefrbs puntfs pjrj `j ontbrpf`jdoôn

ontbrpf`jdoô n bn djsf ab qub sb tb
tbnlj
nlj `oibrtja
pjrj b`blor`fs. Sjrj qub b` brrfr sb konokodb sb b`olbn `fs puntfs ab ontbrpf`jdoôn dfkf dbrfs ab `fs
pf`onfkofs ab Dgbiydgbv, abhonoafs pfr5
  dfsjrddfs
dfs jrddfs
Ab su abhonodoôn `fs pf`onfkofs   sf`f tfkjn vj`frbs bn b` ontbrvj`f ]-:= :[, pubs hubrj ab bstb
ontbrvj`f `j hundoôn jrddfs nf bstê abhonoaj. Dfkf
Df kf `fs dbrfs sus bstên bn b` ontbrvj`f ]-:
]-:== :[, pjrj unj
hundoôn h(x) abhonoaj bn b` ontbrvj`f |j, i| sb tobnb qub rbj`ozjr un djkiof ab vjroji`bs j `j vjroji`b t
abhonoaj pfr5

   9    
9
Ab hfrkj qub h(x) tfkb vj`frbs bn ]-:= :[. @fs vj`frbs ab `fs dbrfs ab `fs pf`onfkofs ab Dgbiydgbv
vobnbn ajafs pfr `fs vj`frbs ab x qub sjtoshjdbn dfs  3
, afnab   jrddf
jrddfss 
. Sfr `f tjntf sb tobnb

  9 9 :
  99 :
Ab bstj kjnbrj `fs dbrfs ab  vobnbn ajafs pfr `j bxprbsoôn

dfs99 :
  dfs

Hol 9. B`bddoôn ab `fs puntfs ab ontbrpf`jdoôn

BYYFY AB@ KBQFAF

Tbjn  ∇  , , ,…,

y n+: puntfs aostontfs bn ]j,i[. Bntfndbs ∄ ∇ ,, tj` qub5

, ,…,   !

Jhorkjdoôn Eustohodjdoôn

           

  ⋦
⋦ Tbj 

    
b` pf`onfkof
, sobnaf
ab
ontbrpf`jdoôn ab Nbwtfn ab h(x),
bn `fs n+: puntfs
 …    
  …   ∙
    3 ↙    !!  …  ↙  …   !  Tb jnu`j bn

, ,…, , y jp`odjnaf b` tbfrbkj ab Yf``b lbnbrj`ozjaf bxostorê

bxostorê un
 ∇ ,, tj` qub
  3
  +
+!
 ∆; 
     ,  ,…, ,  ∆ ; 
   Rto`ozjnaf bstj rb`jdoôn,
fitbnbkfs b` tïrkonf
tïrkonf ab brrfr

Tobnaf  ∇ ,,
.

Bstj bxprbsoôn pbrkotb bstokjr b` brrfr ab` pf`onfkof ab ontbrpf`jdoôn ab lrjaf N dujnaf
dujn af nf sb dfnfdb
`j hundoôn, sobkprb qub sbj pfsoi`b jújaor un nfaf kês y fitbnbr `j aohbrbndoj aovoaoaj ab frabn N+:.
Jp`odjdoôn bn B`bdtrônodj
Dj`du`b b` pf`onfkof ab ontbrpf`jdoôn pjrj `j hundoôn h(x);|x| bn `fs nfafs xo; -1. -:, 9, 2 y <. Lrjhoqub `j
hundoôn y `j jprfxokjdoôn ab `j ontbrpf`jdoôn, jabkês bstokb b` vj`fr ab y pjrj x;1.2.

Lrjhodj

Sf`onfkof ab ontbrpf`jdoôn5
  14  :1? 2? 7<2
 <:97  4281  <?9  491  7?:
Xj`fr ontbrpf`jaf ; 1.12
Xj`fr bvj`ujaf bn `j hundoôn ; 1.23
Brrfr lbnbrjaf j` bvj`ujr b` vj`fr onlrbsjaf dfkpjrjaf bntrb `j hundoôn y b` pf`onfkof
lbnbrjaf bs5 3.3127:131
  Fpdoôn :5 Onlrbsjr puntfs ab kjnbrj aorbdtj dfn b` rjtôn.
Ontbrpf`jdoôn ab
 Fpdoôn 95 Onlrbsjr `j hundoôn.
Nbwtfn
 Fpdoôn 45 Onlrbsjr (n+:) puntfs y b`
b` lrjaf qub sb absbj b`
ONODOF
Sf`onfkof ab Nbwtfn

Tb`bddofnb unj fpdoôn5

Absbj bvj`ujr
Tb absp`oblj b` p`jnf së : b` pf`onfkof
ontbrpf`jaf 6

nf
së
Tb`bddofnjr `fs un Onlrbsjr
kënokf ab 9 puntfs dfn 9 së `j Onlrbsjr b` së
b` rjtôn hundoôn vj`fr ab W j
bvj`ujr
nf

4
x;Qïkonfs j
ontbrpf`jr6

Onlrbsjr b` lrjaf ab
Sf`onfkof ab nf
nf
Nbwtfn absbjaf (n)
Tb dj`du`j b` Brrfr së

Onlrbsjr (n+:)
Qïrkonfs (x.y) Tb okprokb b` Brrfr

Tb okprokb b` pf`onfkof
Sn(x) bvj`ujaf
Absbj vbr b` prfdbsf
pjrj gj``jr `j kjtroz ab
aohbrbndojs aovoaoajs
Tb okprokb b` tobkpf ab
dfnvbrlbndoj ab` kïtfaf
okp`bkbntjaf
së

Bkpbzjr j tfkjr b` tobkpf ab` prflrjkj

okp`bkbntjaf

Absbj rbpbtor
Tb okprokb b` prfdbsf pjrj gj``jr `j kjtroz ab b` prfdbsf6
aohbrbndojs aovoaoajs

nf
Tb okprokb `j kjtroz ab aohbrbndojs aovoaoajs

HON

Tb okprokb b` pf`onfkof ontbrpf`jafr ab

Nbwtfn
 ¼Fpdoôn :5 Onlrbsjr puntfs ab kjnbrj aorbdtj dfn b` rjtôn.
Ontbrpf`jdoôn ab
¼Fpdoôn 95 Onlrbsjr `j hundoôn.
Nbwtfn
¼Fpdoôn 45 Onlrbsjr (n+:) puntfs y b` lrjaf qub sb absbj b`
ONODOF
Sf`onfkof ab Nbwtfn

Tb`bddofnb unj fpdoôn5

Absbj bvj`ujr
së
Tb absp`oblj b` p`jnf : b` pf`onfkof
ontbrpf`jaf 6

nf
së
Tb`bddofnjr `fs un Onlrbsjr
kënokf ab 9 puntfs dfn 9 së `j Onlrbsjr b` së
b` rjtôn hundoôn vj`fr ab W j
bvj`ujr
nf

4
x;Qïkonfs j
ontbrpf`jr6

Onlrbsjr b` lrjaf ab
Sf`onfkof ab nf
nf
Nbwtfn absbjaf (n)
Tb dj`du`j b` Brrfr së

Onlrbsjr (n+:)
Qïrkonfs (x,y) Tb okprokb b` Brrfr

Tb okprokb b` pf`onfkof
Sn(x) bvj`ujaf

Absbj vbr b` prfdbsf

pjrj gj``jr `j kjtroz ab
aohbrbndojs aovoaoajs
Tb okprokb b` tobkpf ab
dfnvbrlbndoj ab` kïtfaf
okp`bkbntjaf
së
Bkpbzjr j tfkjr b` tobkpf ab` prflrjkj
okp`bkbntjaf

Absbj rbpbtor
Tb okprokb b` prfdbsf pjrj gj``jr `j kjtroz ab b` prfdbsf6
aohbrbndojs aovoaoajs

nf
Tb okprokb `j kjtroz ab aohbrbndojs aovoaoajs

HON

Tb okprokb b` pf`onfkof ontbrpf`jafr ab

Nbwtfn

KJQ@JI 93:2
39-3:-:< Dbraj, @jnaêzuro
39-3:-:< Xï`bz
34-3:-:< Ibrnos AOJLYJKJ AB H@REF NJ
ONQBYSF@JDOÔN AB NB\QFN

Nfrkj5"JNTO"
AT:-33:

Dfrb o< x 81