OBDB: OEQQL \U@LBOB YLQUDCWBOH

 OLD: 7;;52292;9

MBNLNBQ NB@LDBQ

2. Aefl
Aeflols
olsll nb`ldbt
nb`ldbt abrl
abrl ger
gergbh
gbhbl
bl peo
peoabp
abpbt
bt Bm`
Bm`ll

 Y`bdetdu`jbob (2<6<) deoje`bsnbo gbmwb nb`ldbt segbhbl nese`urumbo pedbnblbo

nbtb yboh ger`bhu, alsusuo deourut slsted g
gbmbsb
bmbsb yboh gersbohnutbo> duohnlo
duohnlo yboh
alpbnbl mboyb sbtu nbtb, duohnlo `eglm.

 Nrlab`bnsbob (7;;2:<7) deohuohnbpnbo gbmwb nb`ldbt segbhbl sbtubo gbmbsb yboh

seibrb re`btlf geralrl seoalrl, dedpuoybl pc`b lotcobsl flob`, abo seibrb bntub` dbupuo
 pcteoslb` teralrl abrl n`busb> n`busb gegbs yboh deojbal gbhlbo ncholtlf peribnbpbo>
sbtubo prcpcslsl yboh derupbnbo hbguohbo n`busb btbu derupbnbo sbtu n`busb, yboh
dedgeotun sbtubo gegbs> jbwbgbo dloldb`, serubo, sb`bd, abo segbhbloyb.

 Deourut Abrajcwlacjc (2<==:751) nb`ldbt lb`bm gbhlbo terneil` abrl subtu ujbrbo btbu
tens (wbibob) yboh deohuohnbpnbo plnlrbo yboh utum seibrb netbtbgbmbsbbo.
 Nerbf ( 2<=1:256) deoybtbnbo gbmwb nb`ldbt segbhbl sbtu gbhlbo abrl ujbrbo yboh
alabmu`ul abo allnutl c`em neseoybpbo, seaboh lotcobsloyb deouojunnbo gbhlbo
ujbrbo ltu suabm `eohnbp


Nb`ldbt deourut B`wl ann, ybltu ab`bd wujua tu`lsbo, pbab nb`ldbt ab`bd geotun
uibpbo glbsboyb terabpbt obln-turuo abo nerbs `edgut al se`b pu`b aeohbo jeab, sertb
albnmlrl aeohbo lotcobsl c`em neseoybpbo yboh deoiehbm terjbaloyb perpbaubo, gbln
ab`bd bsldl`bsl guoyl btbupuo prcses fcoc`chls `blooyb.
 Deourut Abrajcwlacjc (2<==:
(2<==: 751), nb`ldbt
nb`ldbt derupbnbo gbhlbo terneil` abrl subtu
subtu
ujbrbo btbu tens (wbibob) yboh deohuohnbpnbo plnlrbo yboh utum seibrb
netbtbgbmbsbbo.

7. [erg
[ergeab
eabbo
bo nb`
nb`ldb
ldbtt aeohb
aeohbo
onn`bu
`busb
sb
 

2) Nb`ldb
Nb`ldbtt bab`
bab`bm
bm n
ncostr
costrunsl
unsl slotbn
slotbnsls
sls tergesbr,
tergesbr, derup
derupbnbo
bnbo hbguo
hbguohbo
hbo abrl
 gegerbpb nbtb yboh teralrl btbs uosur sugjen abo prealnbt yboh abpbt
abpbt allnutl
c`em cgjen, pe`eohnbp, abo/btbu neterbohbo.
Yeabohnbo n`busb derupbnbo ilnb` gbnb` tergeotunoyb segubm nb`ldbt yboh
derupbnbo uosur yboh prealnbtlf. Brtloyb uosur pcncn abo wbjlg pbab segubm

n`busb bab`bm prealnbt, abo abpbt alguguml uosur tbdgbmbo .

7) Ab`bd ppeou`l
eou`lsbo
sbo nb`ldbt
nb`ldbt wbj
wbjlg
lg albwb`l
albwb`l aeohbo
aeohbo muruf
muruf n
nbpltb`
bpltb`,,
seabohnbo ab`bd peou`lsbo n`busb tlabn glsb aldu`bl aeohbo muruf nbpltb`.
9) Ab`bd p
peou`l
eou`lsbo
sbo nb`ldbt
nb`ldbt al
albnmlrl
bnmlrl aeohb
aeohbo
o tboa
tboabb gbib fflob`,
lob`,
seabohnbo ab`bd peou`lsbo n`busb tlabn glsb albnmlrl aeohbo tboab gbib flob`.

9. [e
[eoh
ohn`
n`bs
bslfl
lflnb
nbslb
slbo
o Nb`l
Nb`ldb
dbtt
2. Nb`
Nb`ldb
ldbtt Gerabsbr
Gerabsbrnbo
nbo [
[eoh
eohuoh
uohnbp
nbpboo
booyb
yb

b.Nb`ldbt @bohsuoh

Nb`ldbt `bohsuoh bab`bm nb`ldbt yboh derupbnbo mbsl` nutlpbo `bohsuoh abrl
 pedglibrbbo sesecrboh. Lsl abrl nb`ldbt lol sbdb persls aeohbo yboh alnbtbnbo
crboh tersegut. Lsl abrl nb`ldbt `bohsuoh allrlohl c`em tboab petln. Yeabohnbo
 peohlrlohoyb tlabn allrlohl c`em tboab
tboab petln, lsl nb`ldbt aeohbo peohlrloh
alplsbmnbo c`em tboab ncdb. Qboab gbib peohbnmlr nb`ldbt altu`ls sege`ud
 peou`lsbo tboab petln. Icotcmoyb
Icotcmoyb : ‐Qc`coh bdgl`nbo sepbtu sbyb,— plotb Boal
Ytruntur abrl nb`ldbt `bohsuoh gesertb peohlrlohoyb abpbt altu`ls segbhbl gerlnut :
[eohlrloh, ‐Nutlpbo.—

‐Nutlpbo,— peohlrloh.
‐Nutlpbo,— [eohlrloh, ‐nutlpbo.—

 g. Nb`ldbt Qbn @bohsuoh

Nb`ldbt tbn `bohsuoh derupbnbo nb`ldbt yboh algeotun aeohbo ibrb de`bpcrnbo
btbu dedgerltbmunbo pernbtbbo crboh `blo ab`bd geotun gerltb. Nb`ldbt tlabn
`bohsuoh tlabn per`u deohhuobnbo tboab petln ab`bd peou`lsbooyb. Icotcmoyb >
Lgu sbyb gernbtb gbmwb nltb mbrus `eglm gboybn ge`bjbr bhbr glsb `u`us ujlbo
obslcob`.
 

7. Nb`
Nb`ldb
ldbtt gerabsbr
gerabsbrnbo
nbo Ju
Jud`b
d`bm
m Frbsb (Ytru
(Ytruntu
ntur)
r)

b. Nb`ldbt Quohhb`

Nb`ldbt tuohhb` derupbnbo nb`ldbt yboh mboyb dedl`lnl sbtu sugjen, sbtu
 prealnbt abo al`eohnbpl aeohbo sbtu cgjen
cgjen abo neterbohbo. Icotcmoyb
Icotcmoyb Lgu

dedbsbn al abpur.

 g. Nb`ldbt Dbjedun 

Nb`ldbt dbjedun derupbnbo segubm nb`ldbt yboh dedl`lnl `eglm abrl sbtu
sugjen, abo `eglm abrl sbtu prealnbt semlohhb glsb alplsbmnbo deojbal nb`ldbt
yboh gergeab-geab. Dbsloh-dbsloh peoyusuo nb`ldbt dbjedun abpbt geralrl
seoalrl nbreob dedpuoybl Yugjen (Y) abo Cgjen (C oyb terseoalrl.

9. Nb`
Nb`ldb
ldbtt gera
gerabsbr
bsbrnbo
nbo Yug
Yugjen
jenoy
oybb

b. Nb`ldbt Bntlf 

Nb`ldbt bntlf derupbnbo nb`ldbt yboh sugjenoyb seibrb bntlf de`bnunbo

sesubtu de`b`ul prealnbt termbabp cgjenoyb. Glbsboyb nbtb nerjb pbab nb`ldbt
bntlf dedl`lnl bwb`bo de-. Icotcm nb`ldbt bntlf : Bol dedbsbn obsl al abpur.

 g. Nb`ldbt [bslf 

Nb`ldbt pbslf derupbnbo nb`ldbt yboh sugjenoyb alneobl subtu tloabnbo

de`b`ul prealnbt, c`em cgjenoyb. Glbsboyb nbtb nerjb pbab nb`ldbt pbslf
dedl`lnl bwb` al- btbu ter-. Icotcm nb`ldbt pbslf : Obsl

1. Nb
Nb`l
`ldb
dbtt ger
gerab
absb
sbrn
rnbo
bo Ls
Lslo
loyb
yb

b. Nb`ldbt Gerltb

Nb`ldbt gerltb derupbnbo nb`ldbt yboh gertujubo uotun deohlofcrdbslnbo

sesubtu. Nb`ldbt gerltb aldu`bl aeohbo muruf nbpltb` abo albnmlrl aeohbo
tboab tltln (.). Icotcm nb`ldbt gerltb : Ne`bs nltb sbohbt gerslm mbrl lol.
 

 g. Nb`ldbt Qboyb

Nb`ldbt tboyb derupbnbo nb`ldbt yboh gertujubo uotun deoboybnbo teotboh

subtu mb`. Nb`ldbt tboyb aldu`bl aeohbo muruf nbpltb` abo albnmlrl c`em tboab
tboyb (3). Icotcm Nb`ldbt tboyb : Bpbnbm nbdu suabm deoye`esblnbo
tuhbsdu 3

i. Nb`ldbt [erlotbm

Nb`ldbt perlotbm derupbnbo nb`ldbt yboh gertujubo uotun dederlotbmnbo

teotboh subtu mb`. Nb`ldbt perlotbm aldu`bl aeohbo muruf nbpltb` abo albnmlrl
c`em tboab seru (!). Icotcm nb`ldbt perlotbm : Bdgl`nbo sepbtu sbyb!

a. Nb`ldbt Bjbnbo

Nb`ldbt bjbnbo derupbnbo nb`ldbt yboh gertujubo uotun deohbjbn btbu

dedboiloh dlobt `bwbo glibrb btbu pedgbib. Nb`ldbt bjbnbo glbsboyb
albwb`bl aeohbo nbtb bjbnbo sepertl ‐byc— btbu ‐dbrl—. Icotcm nb`ldbt
bjbnbo : byc perhl ne glcsncp gersbdb.

e. Nb`ldbt [eohboablbo

Nb`ldbt peohboablbo derupbnbo nb`ldbt yboh deohhbdgbrnbo tujubo btbu

nelohlobo abrl peou`ls btbu pedglibrb yboh ge`ud deojbal neoybtbbo.
Nb`ldbt peohboablbo glbsboyb aldu`bl aeohbo nbtb ‐seboabloyb— btbu
‐boablnbo—. Icotcm nb`ldbt peohboablbo : Boablnbo sbyb glsb jbal secrboh
acnter, pbstl lgu sbyb bnbo sbohbt seoboh.

1. [c
[c`b
`b-p
-pc`
c`bb absbr
absbr ab`b
ab`bd
d nb`
nb`ld
ldbt
bt

  Y-[

[c`b lol termltuoh pc`b nb`ldbt yboh pb`loh absbr abo seaermbob. Yegbg, pc`b
lol mboyb gerupb sugjen (Y) abo prealnbt ([) sbjb. Babpuo gegerbpb icotcm
nb`ldbt yboh deohhuobnbo pc`b lol bab`bm segbhbl gerlnut.

 Bybm Generjb. (Y4 Bybm, [4 generjb)

 

 [etbol gericicn tbobd. (Y4 [etbol, [4 gericicn tbobd )

 Lgu Huru seaboh deohbjbr. (Y4 Lgu Huru (sugjen gergeotun frbsb ocdlob),
[4 seaboh deohbjbr).
   Y-[-C

[c`b yboh teralrl abrl

abrl sugjen
 sugjen (Y), prealnbt ([), abo cgjen (C) lol glbsboyb
alpbnbl pbab icotcm nb`ldbt aen`brbtlf bntlf trbosltlf  abo
 abo nb`ldbt bntlf trbosltlf .
Babpuo gegrbpb icotcm nb`ldbt aeohbo pc`b lol bab`bm segbhbl gerlnut:

  Lgu deobobn obsl. (Y4 Lgu, [4 deobobn, C4 obsl)

  Baln seaboh dedblonbo plboc. (Y4 baln, [4 seaboh dedblonbo, C4

 plboc)
  Bobn-bobn seaboh deoherjbnbo scb`-scb` ujlbo. (Y4 bobn-bobn, [4 seaboh
deoherjbnbo, C4 scb`4scb` ujlbo)
  Y-[-[e`

[c`b lol teralrl btbs sugjen (Y), prealnbt ([), abo pe`eohnbp ([e`). Glbsboyb,
 pc`b lol alhuobnbo ab`bd icotcm nb`ldbt aen`brbtlf bntlf lotrbosltlf , icotcm
nb`ldbt aen`brbtlf sedltrbosltlf , nb`ldbt bntlf lotrbosltlf , abo icotcm nb`ldbt
bntlf sedltrbosltlf . Icotcm:

 Qugumoyb ger`udurbo nerlohbt. (Y4 tugumoyb, [4 ger`udurbo, [e`4

nerlohbt)
 @bohlt db`bd lol gertbgurbo glotboh-glotboh. (Y4 `bohlt db`bd lol, [4

 gertbgurbo, [e`4 glotboh-glotboh)

 Bobn-bobn seaboh gerdblo `byboh-`byboh. (Y4 bobn-bobn, [4 seaboh
 gerdblo, [e`4 `byboh-`byboh)
   Y-[-N 

Derupbnbo pc`b yboh teralrl btbs sugjen (Y), prealnbt ([), abo Neterbohbo (N).
[c`b lol glbsboyb abpbt aljudpbl pbab nb`ldbt aen`brbtlf bntllf lotrbosltlf abo
nb`ldbt bntlf lotrbosltlf. Babpuo icotcm pc`b lol bab`bm segbhbl gerlnut:

 Bobn-bobn gerdblo al `bpbohbo. (Y4 bobn-bobn, [4 gerdblo, N4 al

`bpbohbo)
 

 Guruoh-guruoh gersbmutbo al pbhl mbrl. (Y4 guruoh-guruoh, [4

 gersbmutbo, N4 al pbhl mbrl)
 [bdbo seaboh geriunur aeohbo deohhuobnbo plsbu iunur. (Y4 [bdbo, [4
seaboh geriunur, N4 aeohbo deohhuobnbo plsbu iunur)
   Y-[-C-N 

[c`b lol derupbnbo pc`b yboh pb`loh udud abo pb`loh alneob` al dbsybrbnbt.
Yegbhbldbob yboh te`bm alnetbmul, gbmwb pc`b lol teralrl btbs sugjen (Y),
 prealnbt ([), cgjen (C), abo neterbohbo (N). Babpuo
Babpuo icotcmoyb bab`bm segbhbl
 gerlnut:

 Lgu dedge`l sbyur-sbyurbo al pbsbr trbalslcob`

trbalslcob`.. (Y4 Lgu, [4 dedge`l, C4
sbyur-sbyurbo, N4 al pbsbr trbalslcob`)
 Aldbs deoherjbnbo tuhbs senc`bm aeohbo suohhum-suohhum
suohhum-suohhum.. (Y4 Aldbs,
[4 deoherjbnbo, C4 tuhbs, N4 aeohbo suohhum-suohhum)
 [brb petbol deobobd pbal al pbhl mbrl. (Y4 pbrb petbol, [4 deobobd, C4
 pbal, N4 al pbhl mbrl)
   Y-[-C-[e`

[c`b lol teralrl btbs sugjen (Y), prealnbt ([), cgjen (C), abo pe`eohnbp ([e`).
Babpuo icotcmoyb bab`bm segbhbl gerlnut:

 Lgu dedge`lnbo baln pbnblbo gbru. (Y4 Lgu, [4 dedge`lnbo, C4 baln,

[e`4 pbnblbo gbru)


Baln dedge`lnbo nuilohoyb dbnbobo nuiloh. (Y4 Baln, [4 dedge`lnbo,

C4 nuilohoyb, [e`4 dbnbobo nuiloh)
   Y-[-[e`-N 

Bab`bm pc`b yboh teralrl btbs sugjen (Y), prealnbt ([), pe`eohnbp ([e`), abo
neterbohbo (N). Icotcm:

 Qugumoyb ger`udurbo nerlohbt nbreob generjb nerbs sembrlbo. (Y4

tugumoyb, [4 ger`udurbo, [e`4 nerlohbt, N4 nbreob generjb nerbs
sembrlbo)
 

 Bobn-bobn gerdblo gc`b al tbobm `bpboh. (Y4 bobn-bobn, [4 gerdblo, [e`4

 gc`b, N4 al tbobm `bpboh)
   Y-[-C-[e`-N 

Derupbnbo pc`b nb`ldbt yboh pb`loh ncdp`ens abo `eohnbp nbreob sedub
uosur nb`ldbt
nb`ldbt ternboauoh
 ternboauoh al ab`bdoyb. Icotcm:

 Lgu dedge`lnbo baln sepbtu gbru pbab mbrl Dlohhu nedbrlo. (Y4 Lgu, [4
dedge`lnbo, C4 baln, [e`4 sepbtu gbru, N4 pbab mbrl Dlohhu nedbrlo)
 Baln dedge`lnbo nuilohoyb dbnbobo nuiloh aeohbo uboh sbnuoyb
seoalrl. (Y4 baln, [4 dedge`lnbo, C4 nuilohoyb, [e`4 dbnbobo nuiloh,
N4 aeohbo uboh sbnuoyb seoalrl).