OAEA \A[HZ

HYBFXB[A ZBEJB JBE GHMBFB, NHOBOTXBE TB[AHE TBJB

JABGEC[B NHTH\BWBZBE @BFX[AEB[A JA \XBEG

@XJCWC
\[MJ Jr. BOAEC GCEJC@XZCOC [HOB\BEG 

Jisusue cfh` nhfcopcn 2 =

2. 

T\CG\BO THEJAJANBE T\CIH[A EH\[

IBNXFZB[ AFOX NHTH\BWBZBE JBE
NH[H@BZBE
XEAYH\[AZB[ OX@BOOBJAQB@ [HOB\BEG
<421
 NBZB THEGBEZB\

Bssbfbou-bfbinuo Wr. Wl 

Tuji syunur nboi pbejbtnbe nh`bjirbe Bffb` [WZ ybeg thfb` ohfiopb`nbe
rb`obt jbe `ijbyb`eyb, sh`ieggb nboi jbpbt oheyhfhsbinbe oiei risht jhegbe
 jujuf ‖ Hvbfubsi Zbejb jbe Ghjbfb, Nhobopube Tbsihe pbjb Jibgecsb
 Nhphrbwbtbe @bfusiebsi ji \[M Boiec Gcejc`utcoc [hobrbeg‟  .
Qbeg jithopu` shlbgbi sbfb` sbtu tugbs prbntin nfiein ji \[MJ. Jr.
Boiec Gcejc`utcoc [tbsh Nhphrbwbtbe Miwb pbjb Trcgrbo Thejijinbe
Trcihsi Ehrs Ibnuftbs Afou Nhphrbwbtbe jbe Nhsh`btbe Xeivhrsitbs
Ou`boobjiyb` [hobrbeg. 
Jhegbe thrshfhsbieyb obnbfb` iei, obnb nboi ohegukbpnbe lbeybn thriob

nbsi` ybeg shlhsbr-lhsbreyb nhpbjb shoub pi`bn ybeg sujb` oholbetu sh`ieggb
tugbs thfbb` jurebf iei thrshfhsbinbe, thrutbob pbjb pholiolieg [tbsh Miwb.  
Nboi oheybjbri lb`wb jbfbo pheyusuebe thfbb` jurebf iei obsi` lbeybn
nhnurbegbe. Obnb jbri itu, jhoi nhshopurebb oieirisht ieinboi
oheg`brbpnbe sbrbe jbe nritin ybeg siibteyb oholbegue jbri lhrlbgbi pi`bn.
[hocgb oieirisht iei lhrobeibbt lbgi nitb shoub. Boiie
Wbssbfbou-bfbinuo Wr. Wl 

[hobrbeg, 28 [hptholhr <421

Theufis

(Nhfcopcn 2)
 LBL A
THEJB@XFXBE

B.  FBZB\ LHFBNBEG

Nhsh`btbe jiwb ohrupbnbe ncejisi nhtinb shcrbeg iejiviju jbpbt
 lhrnholbeg shkbrb iisin, ohetbf, spiritubf, jbe scsibf sh`ieggb
iejiviju thrshlut oheybjbri nhobopube shejiri, jbpbt ohegbtbsi
thnbebe, jbpbt
 lhnhrjb shkbrb prcjuntii, jbe obopu oholhrinbe ncetrilusi uetun
ncoueitbseyb. Nhsh`btbe jiwb ohoifini rhetbeg rhspce bjbptii
ybeg ohrupbnbe sh`bt jiwb, obsbfb` psincscsibf, jbe rhspce
obfbjbptii ybitu gbeggube jiwb (XX Ec. 20 Zb`ue <42:).
Gbeggube jiwb ohrupbnbe gbeggube jbfbo lhrpinir (kcgeitivh),

nhobube (vcfitice), hocsi (biihktivh), tiejbnbe ( psyk`coctcr)  (Qcshp,

<447). Oheurut Obfio (<44<) Gbeggube jiwb ohrupbnbe jhsnripsi
siejrco jhegbe vbribsi pheyhlbl. Xouoeyb jitbejbi bjbeyb
 pheyiopbegbe ybeg iuejbohetbf, nbrbnthristin jbri pinirbe jbe phrshpsi,
bjbeyb bihn ybeg tijbn wbjbr btbu tuopuf (Qusui, jnn, <428).
Oheurut Wcrfj @hbft` Crgbeizbtice (<427) oheyhlutnbe obsbfb`
utbob gbeggube jiwb ji jueib bjbfb` snizcirheib. @bsif bebfisis jbri W@C
oheybtbnbe lb`wb shnitbr :84 jutb crbeg jijueib ohegbfboi [nizcirheib.
Trhvbfhesi snizcirheib ji Aejcehsib ohekbpbi <2.7%, shjbegnbe prhvbfhesi

gbeggube jiwb ji Trcviesi Mbwb Zhegb` 29.<%. [nizcirheib ohejbji

gbeggube jiwb pbfieg jcoiebe jilbejieg gbeggube jiwb fbieeyb.
Thejhritb gbeggube jiwb shphrtigb tieggbf ji ehgbrb lhrnholbeg, 0 jbri 24
crbeg ybeg ohejhritb snizcirheib tijbn ohejbpbtnbe phebegbebe ohjis.
(Bs`turnbr & Jixit, <42;).
Lhrjbsbrnbe `bsif \isht Nhsh`btbe Jbsbr (\isnhsjbs) pbjb tb`ue
<42; prhvbfhesi gbeggube jiwb lhrbt (psincsis/snizcirheib) pbjb phejujun
Aejcehsib 2,7 phr oif. Trhvbfhesi gbeggube jiwb thrtieggi ji Aejcehsib nh
< thrjbpbt ji Jbhrb` Astiohwb Qcgybnbrtb (<7,0%), jiinuti Bkh`
(<7,9%)

(\isnhsjbs, <42;). Lhrjbsbrnbe jbtb thrshlut thrfi`bt jhfbs juofb`

 phejujun Aejcehsib ohegbfboi pheiegnbtbe gbeggube ohetbf hocsicebf
shrtb gbeggube jiwb lhrbt, sbfb` sbtueyb bjbfb` snizcirheib.
[nizcirheib ohrupbnbe sbfb` sbtu gbeggube jiwb ybeg shrieg

jituejunbe cfh` bjbeyb ghjbfb pcsitii, jibetbrbeyb bjbfb` `bfusiebsi.

Gbeggube phrshpsi shescri (`bfusiebsi) ohrupbnbe sbfb` sbtu obsbfb`
nhphrbwbtbe ybeg jbpbt jithounbe pbjb pbsihe gbeggube jiwb. Tbsihe
ohrbsbnbe shesbsi lhrupb subrb, phegfi`btbe, pheghkbpbe, phrblbbe btbu
 pheg`ijube tbepb stioufus ybeg eybtb (Nhfibt, <42<).
@bfusiebsi bjbfb` sbfb` sbtu gbeggube jiwb jiobeb pbsihe
ohegbfboi phrulb`be phrshpsi shescri, ohrbsbnbe shesbsi pbfsu
lhrupb subrb, phegfi`btbe, pheghkbpbe, phrblbbe btbu pheg`ijube
(Jbobiybeti,
<42<). @bfusiebsi bjbfb` phrshpsi nfihe thr`bjbp fiegnuegbe tbepb

stioufus ybeg eybtb brtieyb pbsihe ohegiethrprhtbsinbe shsubtu ybeg eybtb

tbepb stioufus btbu rbegsbegbe jbri fubr (Zriohfib, <422). Jbpbt
jisiopufnbe lb`wb `bfusiebsi ohrupbnbe rhspce phrshpsi pbekb iejhrb
ybeg jibfboi cfh` shshcrbeg tbepb rbegsbegbe btbu stioufus jbri fubr jbe
tijbn jibfboi cfh` crbeg fbie. Nbsus ybeg pbfieg lbeybn ji \uob` [bnit
Miwb bjbfb` pbsihe jhegbe snizcirheib, 74% ohegbfboi `bfusiebsi jbe
;4% ohegbfboi wb`bo. [hjbegnbe pbsihe ybeg ohegbfboi wb`bo, ;8% 
ohegbfboi `bfusiebsi (@bwbri, <42:).
Nhtinb ohegbfboi `bfusiebsi libsbeyb nfihe bnbe ohegbfboi

obrb` tbepb shlbl, likbrb btbu thrtbwb shejiri, nhtbnutbe nhpbjb shsubtu
ybeg tijbn jhfbs. Jbopbn ybeg jbpbt jitiolufnbe cfh` pbsihe
ybeg
ohegbfboi `bfusiebsi bjbfb` nh`ifbegbe ncetrcf jirieyb. Jiobeb
pbsihe ohegbfboi pbein jbe phrifbnueyb jinhejbfinbe cfh` `bfusiebsieyb.
Jbfbo situbsi iei pbsihe jbpbt ohfbnunbe lueu` jiri (suikijh),
oholueu` crbeg fbie (`coikijh), lb`nbe ohrusbn fiegnuegbe. Xetun
ohophrnhkif jbopbn ybeg jitiolufnbe, jilutu`nbe phebegbebe
`bfusiebsi ybeg thpbt (@bwbri
<441, jinutip jbri K`bhry <441).
Thrbe phrbwbt jbfbo ohebegbei `bfusiebsi betbrb fbie ohfbnunbe

 phehrbpbe stbejbr bsu`be nhphrbwbtbe, thrbpi bntivitbs nhfcopcn, jbe

 ohfbti` nhfubrgb uetun ohrbwbt nfihe jhegbe `bfusiebsi. Oheurut Nhfibt
(<447) [trbthgi phfbnsbebbe pbjb nfihe `bfusiebsi ohekbnup nhgibtbe
oheghebf `bfusiebsi, ohegbjbrnbe nfihe oheg`brjin `bfusiebsi, oieuo

clbt jhegbe thrbtur, lhrkbnbp-kbnbp jhegbe crbeg fbie sbbt `bfusiebsi

ouekuf, shrtb ohfbnunbe bntivitbs thrjbjwbf uetun ohekhgb`
`bfusiebsi
(Bieu`bzi, <428).
Lhrjbsbrnbe fbtbr lhfbnbeg ji btbs obnb nhfcopcn thrtbrin uetun
oholb`bs thetbeg‖Hvbfubsi Zbejb jbe Ghjbfb, Nhobopube Tbsihe pbjb
Jibgecsb Nhphrbwbtbe @bfusiebsi ji \ubeg @ujcwc \[M Boiec
Gcejc`utcoc Trcviesi Mbwb Zhegb`‟ pbjb pbsihe `bfusiebsi.

L.  \XOX[BE OB[BFB@

Lhrjbsbrnbe fbtbr lhfbnbeg ji btbs, ruousbe obsbfb` jbfbo phehfitibe iei

bjbfb`, ‖ Lbgbiobeb Hvbfubsi Zbejb jbe Ghjbfb, Nhobopube Tbsihe pbjb
Jibgecsb Nhphrbwbtbe @bfusiebsi ji \ubeg @ujcwc \[M Boiec
Gcejc`utcoc Trcviesi Mbwb Zhegb`3‟ 

K.  ZXMXBE
2.  Zujube Xouo
Ohegijhetiiinbsi Hvbfubsi Zbejb jbe Ghjbfb, Nhobopube Tbsihe pbjb
Jibgecsb Nhphrbwbtbe @bfusiebsi ji \[M Boiec Gcejc`utcoc

[hobrbeg.

<.  Zujube N`usus

b.  Ohejhsnripsinbe nbrbnthristin pbsihe `bfusiebsi ji rubeg @ujcwc
 l.  Ohegijhetiiinbsi tbejb jbe ghjbfb, nhobopube pbsihe pbjb
jibgecsb nhphrbwbtbe `bfusiebsi ji @ujcwc
k.  Ohegijhetiiinbsi nhobopube pbsihe `bfusiebsi
j.  Ohejhsnripsinbe hvbfubsi tbejb jbe ghjbfb, nhobopube pbsihe
 pbjb jibgecsb nhphrbwbtbe `bfusiebsi ji rubeg @ujcwc
J.  Obeibbt
2.  Lbgi Thehfiti
Oheghtb`ui Hvbfubsi tbejb jbe ghjbfb, nhobopube pbsihe @bfusiebsi

<.  Lbgi Aestitusi

@bsif phehfitibe jbpbt oholhrinbe ieicrobsi oheghebi Hvbfubsi tbejb
jbe ghjbfb, nhobopube pbsihe pbjb jibgecsh nhphrbwbtbe @bfusiebsi 
 LBL AA
ZAEMBXBE ZHC\A

B.  Theghrtibe @bfusiebsi

@bfusiebsi bjbfb` sbfb` sbtu ghjbfb gbeggube jiwb jiobeb nfihe
ohegbfboi phrulb`be shescri phrshpsi, ohrbsbnbe shesbsi pbfsu lhrupb subrb,
 phegfi`btbe, pheghkbpbe, pbrblbbe btbu pheg`ijube. Nfihe ohrbsbnbe
stioufus ybeg shlhtuf-lhtufeyb tijbn bjb (Jbobiybeti, <42<). 
@bfusiebsi bjbfb` `ifbegeyb nhobopube obeusib jbfbo oholhjbnbe
rbegsbegbe iethrebf (pinirbe) jbe rbegsbegbe hnsthrebf (jueib fubr).
Nfihe oholhri phrshpsi btbu phejbpbt thetbeg fiegnuegbe tbepb bjb
cljhn btbu rbegsbegbe ybeg eybtb. [hlbgbi kcetc` nfihe ohegbtbnbe
ohejhegbr subrb

 pbjb`bf tijbn bjb crbeg ybeg lhrlikbrb (Jirhjb, <422).

@bfusiebsi bjbfb` phekhrbpbe tbepb bjbeyb rbegsbeg bpbpue pbjb
 pbekb iejhrb shcrbeg pbsihe, ybeg thrjbji jbfbo nhbjbbe sbjbr/lbegue,
jbsbreyb ouegnie crgbein, iuegsicebf, psinctin btbupue `isthrin (Zriohfib,
<422).

L.  Mheis  ‛  Mheis @bfusiebsi

Bjb lhlhrbpb jheis `bfusiebsi, Qcshp (<447) oholbgi `bfusiebsi
ohejbji 0 jheis ybitu =

2.  @bfusiebsi Thejhegbrbe (Bujitii, Bnustin)

Tbfieg shrieg jijuopbi jbpbt lhrupb lueyi ohejhrieg btbu subrb
 lisieg ybeg tijbn ohopueybi brti, thtbpi fhli` shrieg thrjhegbr
shlbgbi shlub` nbtb btbu nbfiobt ybeg lhrobneb. Libsbeyb subrb
thrshlut jitujunbe nhpbjb phejhritb sh`ieggb tijbn jbrbeg phejhritb
lhrthegnbr btbu
 lhrjhlbt jhegbe subrb-subrb thrshlut.
<.  @bfusiebsi Thegfi`btbe (Yisubf, Cptin)
Fhli` shrieg thrjbji pbjb nhbjbbe jhfiriuo (pheybnit crgbein).
Libsbeyb shrieg ouekuf lhrsbobbe jhegbe pheuruebe nhsbjbrbe,

oheiolufnbe rbsb tbnut bnilbt gbolbrbe-gbolbrbe ybeg oheghrinbe

  
;.  @bfusiebsi Thegkiuobe (Cfibntcrin)
@bfusiebsi iei libsbeyb lhrupb ohekiuo shsubtu lbu thrthetu jbe

jirbsbnbe tijbn hebn, ohfbolbegnbe rbsb lhrsbfb` pbjb phejhritb. Lbu

jifbolbegnbe shlbgbi phegbfbobe ybeg jibeggbp phejhritb shlbgbi
ncoliebsi ocrbf.
:.  @bfusiebsi Theghkbpbe (Gustbtcrin)
Wbfbupue jbrbeg thrjbji, libsbeyb lhrsbobbe jhegbe `bfusiebsi
 phekiuobe. Thejhritb ohrbsb oheghkbp shsubtu.
8.   @bfusiebsi Thrblbbe (Zbntif)

Ohrbsb jirblb, jishetu`, jitiup btbu shphrti bjb ufbt ybeg lhrghrbn ji
 lbwb` nufit.

9.   @bfusiebsi [hnsubf, iei throbsun `bfusiebsi rblb

Thejhritb ohrbsb jirblb jbe jiphrncsb shrieg pbjb snizcirheib
jhegbe wb`bo nhlhsbrbe thrutbob oheghebi crgbe-crgbe.
7.  @bfusiebsi niehst`htin
Thejhritb ohrbsb lbjbeeyb lhrghrbn-ghrbn jbfbo subtu rubeg
btbu beggctb lbjbeeyb lhrghrbn-ghrbn. Oisbfeb ‖p`betco p`hecoheco‟
btbu tuegnbi ybeg jiboputbsi shfbfu lhrghrbn-ghrbn (p`betco fiol).
0.  @bfusiebsi viskhrbf
Ziolufeyb phrbsbbe thrthetu ji jbfbo tulu`eyb

b.  Jhphrscebfisbsi bjbfb` phrbsbbe beh` pbjb jirieyb lb`wb prilbjieyb

sujb` tijbn shphrti libsbeyb fbgi shrtb tijbn shsubi jhegbe nheyb-tbbe
ybeg bjb.
 l.  Jirhbfisbsi bjbfb` subtu phrbsbbe beh` thetbeg fiegnuegbeeyb
ybeg tijbn shsubi jhegbe nheybtbbe. Oisbfeyb phrbsbbe shgbfb shsubtu
ybeg jibfboieyb shphrti iopibe.
K.  Theyhlbl
Ibntcr-ibntcr pheyhlbl `bfusiebsi jilbgi jub (Qcshp, <424) ybitu
=  2.  Ibntcr prhjispcsisi

b.  Ibntcr phrnholbegbe

Zugbs phrnholbegbe nfihe ybeg thrgbeggu oisbfeyb
rhejb`eyb ncetrcf jbe nh`begbtbe nhfubrgb oheyhlblnbe nfihe
tijbn obopu obejiri shjbn nhkif, oujb` irustbsi, `ifbegeyb
nhphrkbybbe jiri jbe fhli` rhetbe thr`bjbp strhss.
 l.  Ibntcr scsicnufturbf
[hshcrbeg ybeg tijbn jithriob cfh` fiegnuegbeeyb shjbn lbyi bnbe
ohrbsb jisiegnirnbe, nhshpibe jbe tijbn phrkbyb
pbjb fiegnuegbeeyb.

k.  Ibntcr licnioib

[trhss ybeg lhrfhli`be jibfboi shshcrbeg obnb ji jbfbo tulu` bnbe
ji`bsifnbe subtu zbt ybeg jbpbt lhrsiibt `bfusiecghein
ehurcnioib shphrti Luiicihece jbe Jiohtytrbeihrsh (JOT).
Bnilbt strhss
 lhrnhpbejbegbe oheyhlblnbe thrbnitvbsieyb ehurctrbsoitthr ctbn.
Oisbfeyb thjbji nhtijbnshiolbegbe bkhtyfk`cfie jbe jcpboie.
j.  Ibntcr psincfcgis
Ziph nhprilbjibe fhob` jbe tijbn lhrtbeggueg jbwbl oujb`
thrjhruous pbjb pheybfb`guebbe zbt bjintii. @bf iei lhrphegbru`

 pbjb nhtijbnobopube nfihe jbfbo ohegbolif nhputusbe ybeg thpbt

jhoi obsb jhpbeeyb. Nfihe fhli` ohoifi` nhshebegbe shsbbt jbe
fbri jbri bfbo eybtb oheuju bfbo `bybf.
h.  Ibntcr ghehtin jbe pcfb bsu`
Bebn sh`bt ybeg ji bsu` cfh` crbeg tub ybeg ohegbfboi gbeggube
 jiwb khejhrueg obegbfboi gbeggube jiwb jbe ibntcr nhfubrgb
oheuejunbe `uluegbe ybeg sbegbt lhrphegbru` pbjb pheybnit iei.
;. Ibntcr prhsipitbsi
b)  Jiohesi iisin
@bfusiebsi jbpbt jitiolufnbe cfh` lhlhrbpb ncejisi iisin shphrti

nhfhfb`be ybeg fubr libsb, phegguebbe clbt-clbtbe, jhobo

`ieggb jhfiriuo, ietcnsinbsi bfnc`cf jbe nhsufitbe jbfbo wbntu
fbob.
 l)  Jiohesi hocsicebf
Thrbsbbe khobs ybeg lhrfhli`be btbs jbsbr prclfho ybeg tijbn
jbpbt jibtbsi ohrupbnbe pheyhlbl `bfusiebsi thrjbji. Asi jbri
`bfusiebi jbpbt lhrupb phrietb` ohobnsb jbe ohebnutnbe.
k)  Jiohesi iethfhntubf
Jbfbo jiohesi iethfhntubf iei ohehrbegnbe lb`wb iejiviju

jhegbe `bfusiebsi bnbe ohophrfi`btnbe pheuruebe iuegsi hgc

shshcrbeg ybeg pbjb bwbfeyb `bfusiebsi ohrupbnbe usb`b
jbri
hgc itu shejiri uetun ohfbwbe iopufs ybeg ohehnbe, eboue
ohrupbnbe subtu `bf ybeg oheiolufnbe nhwbspbjbbe ybeg jbpbt
ohegbolif shfuru` phr`btibe nfihe jbe tbn jbrbeg bnbe
ohegcetrcf shoub phrifbnu nfihe
j)  Jiohesi scsibf
Jbfbo jiohesi scsibf iei nfihe ohegbfboi gbeggube iethrbnsi
scsibf jbe ohegbeggbp lb`wb `ijup lhrscsibfisbsi ji bfbo eybtb

sbegbt oholb`bybnbe.
h)  Jiohesi spiritubf
[hkbrb spiritubf nfihe jhegbe `bfusiebsi jioufbi jhegbe
nh`bopbbe `ijup, rutieitbs tijbn lhrobneb, `ifbegeyb nhiegiebe
uetun lhrilbjb` jbe jbrbeg lhrupbyb shkbrb spiritubf
uetun oheyukinbe jiri. Nfihe shrieg ohobni tbnjir thtbpi fhob`
jbfbo upbyb ohejhoput rhjhni, oheybfb`nbe fiegnuegbe jbe
crbeg fbie ybeg oheyhlblnbe oholurun.
J.  Zbejb jbe Ghjbfb 
Bjbpue Zbejb jbe ghjbfb `bfusiebsi oheurt Jirhjb, <422 shlbgbi lhrinut
= 2.  @bfusiebsi Thejhegbrbe

Jbtb Cljhntii = Likbrb btbu nhtbwb shejiri, obrb`-obrb` tbepb

shlbl, ohegbrb`nbe thfiegb nh brb` thrthetu, oheutup thfiegb.
Jbtb [uljhntii = ohejhegbr subrb btbu nhgbju`be, ohejhegbrnbe subrb
ybeg ohegbjbn lhrkbnbp-kbnbp, ohejhegbrnbe subrb ybeg oheyuru`
ohfbnunbe shsubtu ybeg lhrlb`byb.
<.  @bfusiebsi Thegfi`btbe
Jbtb Cljhntii = oheuejun-euejun nhbrb` thrthetu, nhtbnutbe pbjb shsubtu
ybeg tijbn jhfbs.
Jbtb [uljhntii = ohfi`bt lbybegbe, siebr lhetun ghcohtris, lhetun

ncrtcce, ohfi`bt `betu btbu ocesthr.

;.  @bfusiebsi Theg`ijuegbe
Jbtb Cljhntii = oheg`iju shphrti shjbeg oholbui lbu-lbube thrthetu,
oheutup `ijueg.
Jbtb [uljhntii = oholbui lbu-lbube shphrti lbu jbrb`, urieh, ihshs,
nbjbeg-nbjbeg lbu itu oheyhebegnbe.
:.  @bfusiebsi Theghkbpbe
Jbtb Cljhntii = [hrieg ohfujb`, ouetb`.
Jbtb [uljhntii = ohrbsbnbe rbsb shphrti jbrb`, urieh btbu ihshs.

8.  @bfusiebsi Thrblbbe

Jbtb Cljhntii =Oheggbrun- gbrun phrounbbe nufit.
Jbtb [uljhntii = oheybtbnbe bjb shrbeggb ji phrounbbe nufit, ohrbsb
thrshegbt fistrin.

H.  \hetbeg \hspce Ehurclcfcgin

\hspce phrifbnu nfihe jbpbt jiijhetiiinbsi shpbejbeg rhetbeg rhspce ybeg
 lhr`uluegbe jhegbe iuegsi ehurclicfcgis. Thrifbnu ybeg jbpbt jibobti jbe
ouegnie oheuejunnbe bjbeyb `bfusiebsi jisbjinbe jbfbo tblfh lhrinut =
  

Jbri lbgbe jibtbs lisb jifi`bt rhetbeg rhspce ehurclicfcgis lb`wb rhspce
bjbptii sbopbi obfbjbptii ybitu=
b.  \hspce bjbptii
2)  Tinirbe fcgis
Thejbpbt btbu phrtiolbegbe ybeg jbpbt jithriob bnbf.

<)  Thrshpsi bnurbt

Tbejbegbe jbri shshcrbeg thetbeg subtu phristiwb shkbrb khrobt.
;)  Hocsi ncesisthe jhegbe phegbfbobe
Nhobetbpbe phrbsbbe jiwb shsubi jhegbe phristiwb ybeg phreb` jibfboi.
:)  Thrifbnu shsubi
Nhgibtbe iejiviju btbu shsubtu ybeg lhrnbitbe jhegbe iejiviju thrshlut
jiwujujnbe jbfbo lhetun ghrbn btbu ukbpbe ybeg tijbn lhrthetbegbe
jhegbe ocrbf.
 8)  @uluegbe scsibf
@uluegbe shshcrbeg jhegbe crbeg fbie jbfbo phrgbufbe ji thegb`-
thegb` obsybrbnbt.

 l.  \hspce trbesisi

2)  Tinirbe nbjbeg oheyiopbeg
Nhgbgbfbe jbfbo ohegblstrbnnbe jbe ohegbolif nhsiopufbe.
<)  Afusi
Thrshpsi btbu rhspce ybeg sbfb` thr`bjbp stioufus shescri.
;)  \hbnsi hocsi lhrfhli`be btbu lhrnurbeg
Hocsi ybeg jihnsprhsinbe jhegbe sinbp ybeg tijbn shsubi.
:)  Thrifbnu beh` btbu tbn fbzio
Thrifbnu beh` ybeg tijbn hebn jipbejbeg, oholieguegnbe, nhsunbrbe

ohegcfb` jbe tijbn nhebf crbeg fbie.

8)  Ohebrin jiri
Thrifbnu oheg`iejbr jbri crbeg fbie.
k.  \hspce obfbjbptii
2)  Gbeggube pinirbe btbu wb`bo
Nhybniebe ybeg sbfb` ybeg shkbrb ncnc` jiphrtb`benbe wbfbu tijbn
jiybniei cfh` crbeg fbie jbe lhrthetbegbe jhegbe rhbfitb scsibf.
<)  @bfusiebsi
Thrshpsi ybeg sbfb` thr`bjbp rbegsbeg.

;)  Nhtijbnobopube uetun ncetrcf hocsi

Nhtijbnobopube btbu oheurueeyb nhobopube uetun
ohegbfboinhshebegbe, nhlb`bgibbe, nhbnrblbe jbe nhjhnbtbe.
:)  Nhtijbnthrbturbe phrifbnu
Nhtijbnshfbrbsbe betbrb phrifbnu jbe ghrbnbe ybeg jitiolufnbe.
8)  Ascfbsi scsibf
[ubtu nhbjbbe nhshpibe ybeg jibfboi shshcrbeg nbrheb crbeg
fbieoheybtbnbe sinbp ybeg ehgbtii jbe ohegbekbo ([tubrt, <447).
I.  Ibsh @bfusiebsi
@bfusiebsi ybeg jibfboi cfh` nfihe, lisb lhrlhjb iethesitbseyb jbe
nhpbrb`beeyb. [tubrt jbe Fbrbib (<442) oholbgi ibsh `bfusiebsi jbfbo : ibsh

 lhrjbsbrnbe tiegnbt besihtbseyb ybeg jibfboi jbe nhobopube nfihe

oheghejbfinbe jirieyb. [hobnie lhrbt ibsh `bfusiebsieyb, nfihe shobnie
 lhrbt ohegbfboi besihtbs jbe obnie jinhejbfinbe cfh` `bfusiebsieyb. 
2.  Ibsh 2 = Kcoicrtieg = Besihtbs [hjbeg = `bfusiebsi oheyhebegnbe.
Nbrbnthristin = Nfihe ohegbfboi phrbsbbe ohejbfbo shphrti
besihtbs, nhshpibe, rbsb` lhrsbfb`, tbnut, jbe ohekclb uetun
lhricnus
 pbjb pinirbe oheyhebegnbe uetun ohrhjbnbe besihtbs.
Aejiviju oheghebfi lb`wb pinirbe-pinirbe jbe phegbfbobe shescri
lhrbjb jbfbo nhejbfi nhsbjbrbe jinb besihtbs jbpbt jitbegbei.

Thrifbnu nfihe =
b.  Zhrsheyuo btbu thrtbwb ybeg tijbn shsubi
 l.  Ohegghrbnnbe lilir tbepb subrb.
k.  Thrghrbnbe obtb ybeg khpbt.
j.  \hspce vhrlbf ybeg fbolbt jinb shjbeg bsyin.
h.  Jibo jbe bsyin shejiri.

<.  Ibsh AA = Kcejhoeieg = Besihtbs Lhrbt = @bfusiebsi ohejbji ohejijinnbe.

Nbrbnthristin = Thegbfbobe shescri ohejijinnbe jbe ohebnutnbe.

Nfihe oufbi fhpbs nhejbfi jbe ouegnie ohekclb uetun ohegbolif

 jbrbn jirieyb jhegbe suolhr ybeg jiphrshpsinbe. Nfihe ouegnie
ohegbfboi jiphrobfunbe cfh` phegbfbobe shescri jbe ohebrin jiri
jbri crbeg fbie.
Thrifbnu Nfihe =
b.  Oheiegnbteyb tbejb-tbejb sistho sybrbi ctceco bnilbt
besihtbs ctceco bnilbt besihtbs shphrti pheiegnbtbe
jheyut jbetueg,
 phrebibsbe, jbe thnbebe jbrb`.
 l.  \hetbeg phr`btibe oheyhopit.
 k.  Bsyin jhegbe phegbfbobe shescri jbe nh`ifbegbe
nhobopubeoholhjbnbe `bfusiebsi jbe rhbfitb.

;.  Ibsh AAA = Kcetrcffieg = Besihtbs lhrbt = Thegbfbobe shescri ohejbji

 lhrnubsb
Nbrbnthristin = Nfihe lhr`heti oheg`hetinbe phrfbwbebe thr`bjbp
`bfusiebsi jbe oheyhrb` pbjb `bfusiebsi thrshlut. Asi `bfusiebsi ohejbji
ohebrin. Nfihe ouegnie ohegbfboi phegbfbobe nhshpibe jinb shescri
`bfusiebsi lhr`heti.
Thrifbnu Nfihe =
b.  Nhobube ybeg jinhejbfinbe `bfusiebsi bnbe fhli` jiinuti.
 l.  Nhsunbrbe lhr`uluegbe jhegbe crbeg fbie.

k.  \hetbeg phr`btibe `beyb lhlhrbpb jhtin btbu oheit.

j.  Bjbeyb tbejb-tbejb iisin besihtbs lhrbt = lhrnhriegbt, trhocr, tijbn
obopu ohobtu`i phrietb`.

:.  Ibsh AY = Kcequhrieg = Tbein = Xouoeyb ohejbji ohfhlur jbfbo

`bfusiebsi.
Nbrbnthristin = phegbfbobe shescri ohejbji ohegbekbo jinb nfihe
oheginuti phrietb` `bfusiebsi. @bfusiebsi lhrbn`ir jbri lhlhrbpb jbo btbu
`bri jinb tijbn bjb iethrvhesi thrbphutin.

Thrifbnu Nfihe =
b.  Thrifbnu thrcr bnilbt pbein.
 l.  Tcthesi nubt suikijh (lueu` jiri) btbu `coikijh (oholueu` crbeg
fbie)
k.  Bntivitbs iisin ohrhifhnsinbe isi `bfusiebsi shphrti phrifbnu
nhnhrbsbe, bgitbsi, ohebrin jiri, btbu nbtbtceib.
j.  Zijbn obopu lhrhspce thr`bjbp phrietb` ybeg ncopfhns.
h.  Zijbn obopu lhrhspce fhli` jbri sbtu crbeg 
 LBL AAA
OHZCJH THEHFAZABE

B.  Jhsbie Thehfitibe

Jhsbie phehfitibe ohrupbnbe subtu phrhekbebbe btbu strbthgi uetun
ohejbpbtnbe jbtb ybeg jilutu`nbe uetun uetun ohejbwbl phrtbeybbe
 phehfitibe btbu `ipcthsisshrtb shlbgbi bfbt uetun ohegcetrcf vbriblhf ybeg
 lhrphegbru` jbfbo phehfitibe ([ugiycec, <424).
Thehfitibe iei ohegguebnbe jhsbie phehfitibe jhsnriptii, ohegguebnbe
ohtcjh nubfitbtii wbwbekbrb jhegbe phejhnbtbe survhi ybitu phehfitibe ybeg
 lhrtujube uetun oholhrinbe gbolbrbe thr`bjbp subtu `bf, nhbjbbe, ncejisi,
situbsi, phristiwb, nhgibtbe jbe fbie-fbie (Brinuetc, <424). Thehfitibe

jhsnriptii iei lhrbrti shtibp suljhn phehfitibe `beyb ji wbwbekbrb shnbfi sbjb
thr`bjbp subtu nbrbnthr btbu vbriblhf suljhn pbjb sbbt phohrinsbbe jbe tijbn
 lhrbrti lb`wb shoub suljhn phehfitibe jibobti pbjb wbntu ybeg sbob ([iyctc
& [cjin, <428). Thehfitibe iei oheggbolbrnbe Hvbfubsi Zbejb jbe Ghjbfb,
Nhobopube Tbsihe pbjb Jibgecsb Nhphrbwbtbe @bfusiebsi ji \ubeg
@ujcwc \[MJ Jr. Boiec Gcejc`utcoc [hobrbeg.

L.  Tcpufbsi jbe [bophf

2.  Tcpufbsi

Tcpufbsi bjbfb` nuopufbe jbri iejiviju btbu cljhn btbu ihecoheb

ybeg shkbrb pcthesibf jbpbt jiunur shlbgbi lbgibe jbri phehfitibe
([wbrjbeb, <428). Tcpufbsi jbfbo phehfitibe iei bjbfb` pbsihe ybeg
ohegbfboi `bfusiebsi ybeg bjb ji rubeg [rinbeji jbe XTAT \[MJ
Jr. Boiec Gcejc`utcoc [hobrbeg.

<.  [bophf
[bophf bjbfb` lbgibe jbri juofb` nbrbnthristin ybeg jioifini cfh`
 pcpufbsi thrshlut([ugiycec, <424). [bophf jbfbo phehfitibe iei shlbeybn

24 rhspcejhe.
 K.  Jhiieisi Cphrbsicebf

Zblhf ;.2
Ybriblhf Thehfitibe jbe Jhiieisi Cphrbsicebf

Ybriblhf
(Zbejb jbe Ghjbfb
Jhiieisi cphrbsicebf Kbrb unur @bsif
`bfusiebsi)
Ncgeitii Ohejhegbr subrb Wbwbekbrb Jbtb
 ‛  subrb,
ohfi`bt lhrupb
 lbybegbe btbu siebr, jcnuohetbsi
oheg`irup lbu `bsif wbwbekbrb
 ‛ 
 lbube, oujb` fupb

Bihntii [hebeg, shji`, obrb` Wbwbekbrb Jbtb

 ‛  obrb`, nhtbnutbe,
kurigb lhrupb
jcnuohetbsi
Iisicfcgi [ufit tijur, `bsif
thnbebe jbrb` wbwbekbrb
oheiegnbt, Wbwbekbrb Jbtb
ounb thgbeg, pusieg
lhrupb
Thrifbnu Likbrb jbe thrtbwb jcnuohetbsi
shejiri, ohegghrbnnbe `bsif
 lilir, ohebrin jiri wbwbekbrb
Wbwbekbrb Jbtb

lhrupb
jcnuohetbsi
`bsif wbwbekbrb
[csibf Zijbn obobpu Wbwbekbrb Jbtb lhrupb
 lhrncoueinbsi jbe jcnuohetbsi
jhegbe spcetbe, ohfi`bt rhspce `bsif wbwbekbrb
tijbn jbpbt ohoufbi  pbsihe
pholikbrbbe, tijbn
jbpbt
ohohphrtb`benbencet
bn obtb
Nhobopube pbsihe Oheyhlutnbe jheis Wbwbekbrb Jbtb lhrupb
`bfusiebsi, `bsif jbri
oheyhlutnbe phrifbnu wbwbekbrb
sbbt `bfusiebsi
ouekuf, oheg`brjin
`bfusiebsi,
ohegguebnbe clbt
shkbrb thrbtur,
ohfbnunbe
lhrkbnbp  ‛  kbnbp,
ohfbnunbe
nhgibtbe ohegncetrcf
`bfusiebsi
J.  Zhopbt Thehfitibe
Thehfitibe iei jifbnunbe ji rubeg @ujcwc \[MJ jr. Boiec Gcejc`utcoc

[hobrbeg.
  
H.   Wbntu Thehfitibe
Thehfitibe iei jifbnunbe oufbi tbeggbf 2< [hptholhr ‛ 29 [hptholhr <421. 

I.   Htinb Thehfitibe
Ji jbfbo phehfitibe, thrjbpbt lbeybn `bf ybeg `brus jiphr`btinbe, sbfb`
sbtueyb ybitu htinb phehfitibe. Oheurut Tcfit jbe Lhkn ([wbrjbeb,
<42<) thrjbpbt priesip htinb phehfitibe ybeg `brus jipbtu`i ybitu= 
2.   Beceioity (tbepb ebob)
Obsbfb` htinb nhphrbwbtbe ohrupbnbe obsbfb` ybeg oholhrinbe
 jboiebe jbfbo phegguebbe suljhn phehfitibe jhegbe kbrb tijbn
oholhrinbe btbu ohekbetuonbe ebob rhspcejhe pbjb fholbr bfbt unur

jbe `beyb oheufisnbe ncjh pbjb fholbr pheguopufbe jbtb btbu `bsif
 phehfitibe ybeg bnbe jisbjinbe.
Ji phehfitibe iei, ebob rhspcejhe tijbn bnbe jitufis shkbrb fhegnbp
ohfbienbe `beyb bnbe lhrupb ncjh-ncjh. Zujubeeyb bjbfb`
supbyb ijhetitbs rhspcejhe tijbn jinhtb`ui cfh` crbeg fbie.
<.   Triekipfh ci lhehiikihekh (Triesip nhlbinbe)
Thehfitibe ybeg jifbnunbe `brus oholhrinbe obeibbt shrtb
tijbn oheiolufnbe lb`byb btbu nhtijbneybobebe lbgi pbrtisipbe.
;.   Triekipfh ci \hsphkt icr @uobe Jigeity  (Triesip oheg`crobti obrtblbt

obeusib)
Tbrtisipbe lhr`bn uetun inut btbu ohecfbn jbfbo phehfitibe,
ohecfbn oholhrinbe ieicrobsi, lhrtbeyb shrtb thrlhlbs jbri pbnsbbe.
Thehfiti jugb `brus ohejhfbsnbe shkbrb pheu` oheghebi siibt phehfitibe,
risinc jbe obeibbt jbri phehftibe. [houb `bf ybeg thrnbit jhegbe priesip
iei thrjbpbt jbfbo fholbr ieicrohj kceshet  ybeg jishjibnbe
cfh`
 phehfiti.
:.   Triekipfh ci Mustikh (Triesip Nhbjifbe)
[houb pbrtisipbe ohejbpbtnbe phrfbnube ybeg sbob shrtb

oheg`crobti lujbyb ybeg lhrfbnu, oheg`brgbi phrjbejibe ybeg thfb`

 jishpbnbti shrtb ohejbfbenbe phehfitibe shsubi prcshjur ybeg thfb`
jijhfbsnbe.
8.  Nhrb`bsibbe (kceiijhetibfity)

Thehfiti bnbe ohejbgb nhrb`bsibbe ieicrobsi jhegbe tijbn

ohekbeuonbe ebob pbrtisipbe, oholubt phecocrbe pbrtisipbe,
`beyb
jifi`bt cfh` crbeg-crbeg ybeg lhrnhphetiegbe, shrtb oheyiopbe jbtb
shkbrb bobe.

G.  Bfbt Theguopufbe Jbtb

Jbtb jbfbo phehfitibe iei jibolif ohegguebnbe iestruohe lhrupb
nuhsicehr Hvbfubsi Zbejb jbe Ghjbfb, Nhobopube pbsihe pbjb jibgecsb
nhphrbwbtbe `bfusiebsi ybeg lhrisi <9 lutir phreybtbbe.

@.  Trcshjur Theguopufbe Jbtb

Fbegnb`-fbegnb` pheguopufbe jbtb ybeg jifbnunbe ohfbfui tb`bp
shlbgbi lhrinut=
2.  Thehfiti ohegbolif jbtb jbri kbtbtbe ohjis pbsihe
<.  Thehfiti ohfbnunbe phegnbjibe nhpbjb pbsihe
;.  Thehfiti ohfbnunbe wbwbekbrb nhoujibe ohegisi shsubi tccf ybg
thfb` ji thtbpnbe
:.  Thehfiti ohfi`bt shkbrb fbegsueg hnsprhsi shrtb rhspce pbsihe nhtinb

`bfusiebsi ouekuf
8.  Thehfiti ohfbnunbe jcnuohetbsi `bsif wbwbekbrb jhegbe pbsihe
9.  Oheghetry jbtb jbe ohegcfb`eyb jhegbe ncoputhr

A.   Bebfisb Jbtb

2.  Thegcfb`be Jbtb

Theguopufbe jbtb iei jifbnunbe shthfb` nhgibtbe phehfitibe
shfhsbi.Bfbt unur pheguopufbe jbtb phrfu jiphr`btinbe nholbfi
bgbr jbpbt ohophrnubt `bsif phehfitibe (@ijbybt, <447). Jbtb
jbfbo

 phehitibe iei jicfb` ohfbfui tb`bp shlbgbi lhrinut =

 b.   Hjitieg
Thehfiti ohfbnunbe prcshs hjitieg ybeg lhrupb pheghkhnbe
 juofb` fholbr nuhsicehr, nhfhegnbpbe jbtb shphrti ijhetitbs btbu

jbtb ybeg obsi` rbekbu.

l.  Kcjieg
Thehfiti ohfbnunbe prcshs kcjieg ybeg ohrupbnbe
 pholhribe ncjh lhrupb begnb bgbr tijbn oheyhlblnbe nhrbekube
jbfbo ohegnfbriiinbsi jbtb.
k.   Trckhssieg
[hthfb` jifbnunbe hjitieg  jbe kcjieg  shfbejuteyb phehfiti
ohoprcshs jbtb ybeg jijbpbtnbe ohfbfui prcgbo ncoputhr.
j.  Kfhbesieg

[hthfb` phehfiti ohoprcshs jbtb ybeg jijbpbtnbe

shfbejuteyb phehfiti ohfbnunbe kfhbesieg  ybeg ohrupbnbe
nhgibtbe oheghkhn nholbfi jbtb ybeg jicfb` bpbnb` bjb
nhsbfb`be btbu tijbn.
<.  Bebfisb jbtb
Bebfisis jbtb ybeg jifbnunbe pbjb phehfitibe iei bjbfb` bebfisis
ueivbribt.Bebfisis ueivbribt lhrtujube uetun ohejhfbsnbe btbu
ohejhsnripsinbe hvbfubsi tbejb jbe ghjbfb, nhobopube pbsihe
pbjb jibgecsb nhphrbwbtbe `bfusiebsi. Tbjb uouoeyb bebfisis iei
`beyb

oheg`bsifnbe jistrilusi irhnuhesi jbe phrshetbsh jbri tibp

vbriblhf.Bebfisis ueivbribt jbfbo phehfitibe iei ohejhsnripsinbe
nbrbnthristin sbophf phehfitibe, ohejhsnripsinbe vbriblhf phehfitibe ybitu
ncgeitii, bihntii, iisicfcgis, phrifbnu, scsibf jbe nhobopube. Jhsnripsi
jbtb lhrlhetun euohrin bnbe jifbnunbe phr`ituegbe eifbi ohbe, ohjibe,
ocjus, oieiobf, obnsiobf, jbe stbejbr jhvibsi. Jbtb lhrlhetun nbthgcrin
jifbnunbe jhegbe phegujibe jistrilusi irhnuhesi (Ectcbtocjjc, <424).
 LBL AY

@B[AF THEHFAZABE JBE THOLB@B[BE

B.   Gbolbrbe Xouo Fcnbsi Thehfitibe

Thehfitibe iei jifbnunbe ji \uob` [bnit Miwb Jbhrb` (\[MJ) Trcviesi

Mbwb Zhegb` jr. Boiec Gcejc`utcoc [hobrbeg. \hspcejhe
ybeg jiguebnbe ohrupbnbe nfihe ybeg bjb ji rubeg @ujcwc \uob`
[bnit Miwb Jbhrb` (\[MJ) Trcviesi Mbwb Zhegb` jr. Boiec Gcejc`utcoc
[hobrbeg.

L.  @bsif Thehfitibe

2.  Ncgeitii

Jibgrbo :.2.Hvbfubsi tbejb jbe ghjbfb lhrjbsbrnbe bsphn ncgeitii pbsihe

`bfusiebsi ji rubeg @ujcwc \[MJ jr. Boiec Gcej`c`utcoc Mbwb Zhegb`
(e?24)

ouda` Iupa

oheg`idu lau

ohIi`at layaegae

Ohedhegar suara

4 < : 9 0 24 2<

Lhrjbsbrnbe jibgrbo lbtbeg :.2 jibtbs jbpbt jifi`bt lb`wb tbejb jbe
ghjbfb ybeg ouekuf pbjb bsphn ncgeitii pbsihe `bfusiebsi pbfieg lbeybn
bjbfb` ohejhegbr subrb-subrb ybeg jibfboi cfh` shfuru` rhspcejhe btbu
shlbeybn 24 rhspcejhe.
<.  Bihntii
Jibgrbo :.<. Hvbfubsi tbejb jbe ghjbfb lhrjbsbrnbe bsphn bihntii pbsihe
`bfusiebsi ji rubeg @ujcwc \[MJ jr. Boiec Gcej`c`utcoc Mbwb Zhegb`
(e?24) 

[hdi`Oara`NhtanutaeKurigasheaeg

shebeg [hji`
<<% <<%

Kurigb
4%
Obrb`
22%

Nhtbnutbe
:8%

Lhrjbsbrnbe jibgrbo jibtbs, jbpbt jinhtb`ui lb`wb tbejb jbe

ghjbfb ybeg ouekuf pbjb pbsihe `bfusiebsi jifi`bt jbri bsphn bihntii
 pbfieg lbeybn bjbfb` nhtbnutbe ybitu shlhsbr :8% btbu shlbeybn :
rhspcejhe.

;.  Iisicfcgis

Jibgrbo :.;. Hvbfubsi tbejb jbe ghjbfb lhrjbsbrnbe bsphn iisicfcgis pbsihe
`bfusiebsi ji rubeg @ujcwc \[MJ jr. Boiec Gcej`c`utcoc Mbwb Zhegb`
(e?24) 

[uIit Zidur ZJ oheiegnat Ouna thgaeg Tusieg

Tusieg
4%

Ounb thgbeg
;9% [ufit Zijur
:9%

ZJ oheiegnbt
20%
  

Lhrjbsbrnbe jibgrbo :.; jibtbs, jbpbt jinhtb`ui lb`wb tbejb jbe

ghjbfb ybeg ouekuf pbjb pbsihe `bfusiebsi jifi`bt jbri bsphn iisicfcgis
bjbfb` sufit tijur shlbeybn :9% btbushlbeybn 8 rhspcejhe.

:.  Thrifbnu

Jibgrbo :.:. Hvbfubsi tbejb jbe ghjbfb lhrjbsbrnbe bsphn phrifbnu pbsihe
`bfusiebsi ji rubeg @ujcwc \[MJ jr. Boiec Gcej`c`utcoc Mbwb Zhegb`
(e?24) 

<

Likara [hediri thrtawa shediri ncoat-naoitohearin diri

Lhrjbsbrnbe jibgrbo :.: jibtbs, jbpbt jinhtb`ui lb`wb tbejb jbe

ghjbfb ybeg pbfieg lbeybn ouekuf pbjb pbsihe `bfusiebsi jifi`bt jbri
bsphn phifbnu bjbfb` thrtbwb shejiri ybitu shlbeybn 7 rhspcejhe btbu
shlhsbr 74%.

8.   [csibf

Jibgrbo :.:. Hvbfubsi tbejb jbe ghjbfb lhrjbsbrnbe bsphn phrifbnu pbsihe
`bfusiebsi ji rubeg @ujcwc \[MJ jr. Boiec Gcej`c`utcoc Mbwb Zhegb`
(e?24) 

24

:
<4

tdn lhrncoueinasi tdn dpt ohouIaitdn

spcetaelikaraohophrta`aenae ncetan oata
 Lhrjbsbrnbe jibgrbo :.8 jibtbs, jbpbt jinhtb`ui lb`wb tbejb jbe
ghjbfb ybeg pbfieg lbeybn ouekuf pbjb pbsihe `bfusiebsi jifi`bt jbri
bsphn scsibf bjbfb` pbsihe tijbn jbpbt ohophrtb`benbe ncetbn obtb sbbt

 likbrb ybitu shlbeybn 1 rhspcejhe

9.   \hetbeg Zbejb jbe Ghjbfb @bfusiebsi

Zblhf :.2. Jistrilusi rhetbeg tbejb jbe ghjbfb pbsihe `bfusiebsi ji rubeg
@ujcwc \[MJ jr. Boiec Gcej`c`utcoc Mbwb Zhegb` (e?24) 
Ohbe Ohjibe Ocjus [tbejbrjhvibsi Oieiouo Obnsiouo
9,: 9,4 8 2,849 8 1

Lhrjbsbrbnbe tblfh jibtbs jbpbt jinhtbu`i lb`wb rbtb-rbtb ghjbfb ybeg

ouekuf pbjb pbsihe shlbeybn 9,:. Tbsihe fhli` shrieg ohegbfboi 8 ghjbfb
`bfusiebsi. Tbjb phehfitibe iei ghjbfb `bfusiebsi ybeg ouekuf oieiobf 8
tbejb jbe ghjbfb.

7.  Nhobopube Tbsihe

Zblhf :.2. Jistrilusi nhobopube pbsihe `bfusiebsi ji rubeg @ujcwc \[MJ

jr.
Boiec Gcej`c`utcoc Mbwb Zhegb` (e?24)

nhgiatae

lhrkanap clat thratur oheg`ardin

phriIanu saat `aIusieasi

 jheis `aIusieasi

4 < : 9 0 24

Lhrjbsbrnbe tblfh jibtbs, nfihe obopu oheguegnbpnbe phrifbnueyb sbbt

`bfusiebsi ouekuf shlbeybn 04% btbu 0 nfihe. Lhlhrbpb ohegbtbnbe

 ohrhnb bnbe ohejbwbl subrb-subrb ybeg ohrhnb jhegbr shphrti thrtbwb
btbu ohegbjbn likbrb.

K.  Tholb`bsbe
2.  Ncgeitii
Lhrjbsbrnbe `bsif phehfitibe iei, jbpbt jinhtb`ui lb`wb shfuru` nfihe
ybeg ohegbfboi `bfusiebsi ohejhegbr subrb-subrb ybeg tijbn eybtb.
[ubrb thrshlut ouekuf lhrupb lisinbe, subrb crbeg ohegbjbn likbrb btbu
iestrunsi ohfbnunbe shsubtu thtbpi tijbn jbfbo wujuj eybtb jbe `bf
thrshlut ohegiejinbsinbe `bfusiebsi phejhegbrbe. Obsbfb` thrshlut phrfu
jilhrinbe tiejbnbe kcetrcf `bfusiebsi supbyb tijbn ohegbrb` pbjb risinc
ohekijhrbi jiri, crbeg fbie jbe fiegnuegbe. [hlbeybn jub nfihe
shfbie

ohegbfboi `bfusiebsi phejhegbrbe, ohrhnb jugb ohfi`bt lbybegbe-

 lbybegbe ybeg tijbn eybtb shphrti lbybegbe `itbo btbu pue `hwbe
ji jbfbo rubegbe.

<.  Bihntii
Lhrjbsbrnbe phehfitibe iei, nfihe fhli` lbeybn ohrbsb tbnut thr`bjbp
subrb ybeg ohrhnb jhegbr ybitu shlbeybn :8%. @bf thrshlut nbrheb shfbie
subrb ybeg ouekuf lhrupb subrb bsieg btbu subrb ybeg oheyuru` uetun
ohfbnunbe shsubtu. [hlbeybn 22% ohrbsb shebeg jhegbe ibsh

`bfusiebsieyb jbe 22% fbieeyb tbopbn shji` sbbt ohejhegbr subrb-subrb

thrshlut.

;.  Iisicfcgis
Lhrjbsbrnbe phehfitibe iei, `bfusiebsi ybeg ouekuf oheyhlblnbe ghjbfb
sufit tijur. @bf iei nhouegniebe thrjbji nbrheb `bfusiebsi ouekuf
thrus ohehrus btbupue `beyb pbjb sbbt thrthetu thrutbob ohejhfbeg
obfbo
`bri. @bf iei jbpbt oheggbeggu pcfb tijur nfihe. [hlbeybn ;9% fbieeyb
oheuejunnbe wbjb` thgbeg jbe 20% fbieeyb ohegbfboi nhebinbe

thnbebe jbrb`.
  
:.  Thrifbnu
Lhrjbsbrnbe phehfitibe iei phrifbnu ybeg pbfieg lbeybn ouekuf bjbfb`

thrtbwb shejiri ybeg jibfboi cfh` 7 nfihe. @bf iei nhouegniebe thrjbji
nbrheb nhlbeybnbe jbri nfihe ohegbfboi `busiebsi phejhegbrbe jiobeb
ohrhnb nhouegniebe lhrbjb pbjb ibsh kcoicrtieg. Thrbwbt phrfu
ohegbjbrnbe Zhnein kcetrcf `bfusiebsi jbe pheghfcfbbe clbt
shkbrb thrbtur uetun ohegbtbsi `bfusiebsi.

8.   [csibf

Lhrjbsbrnbe phehfitibe iei nfihe sufit ohophrtb`benbe ncetbn obtb

shlbeybn 1 nfihe. Brtieyb `bopir shoub rhspcejhe tijbn obopu

ohophrtb`benbe ncetbn obtb sbbt likbrb jhegbe crbeg fbie. @bf thrshlut
nhouegniebe jishlblnbe nfihe lhricnus pbjb pinirbeeyb sh`ieggb
oheyhlblnbe sufit lhrnceshetrbsi jbe lhrscsibfisbsi jhegbe crbeg fbie.

9.   Nhobopube Nfihe

Lhrjbsbrnbe `bsif phehfitibe iei nhobopube ybeg pbfieg rhejb`

uetun ohegcetrcf `bfusiebsi bjbfb` ohfbnunbe nhgibtbe, lhrkbnbp-
kbnbp jbe oheg`brjin. Oheurut Nhfibt (<42<) thrjbpbt hopbt kbrb
ohegcetrcf
`bfusiebsi ybitu jhegbe oheg`brjin, lhrkbnbp-kbnbp jhegbe crbeg fbie,

ohfbnunbe bntivitbs `bribe ybeg thrjbjwbf jbe ohegcesuosi clbt shkbrb

thrbtur. Lhrjbsbrnbe `bsif phehfitibe iei obnb phetieg lbgi phrbwbt uetun
bntii ohejcrceg nfihe ohfbnunbe bntivitbs shrtb ohegbjbn nfihe
 lhrlikbrb. [hfbie itu, ohegbjbrnbe Zhnein oheg`brjin phrfu jifbnunbe
bgbr nfihe jbpbt ohegcetrcf `bfusiebsieyb.

J.   Nhthrlbtbsbe Thehfitibe
Thehfitibe iei `beyb jifbnunbe pbjb pbsihe ybeg nccphrbtii jbe jbpbt
jifbnunbe wbwbekbrb. @bf iei jishlblnbe lhlhrbpb pbsihe shphrti ji rubeg

XTAT ncejisieyb lhfuo jbpbt jifbnunbe beboehsb fhli` fbejut. 

 LBL Y
NH[AOTXFBE JBE [B\
BE

B.  Nhsiopufbe
Lhrjbsbrbnbe `bsif phehfitibe iei jbpbt jisiopufnbe tbejb ghjbfb ybeg ouekuf
 pbjb pbsihe `bfusiebsi bjbfb` shlbgbi lhrinut =
2.  Ncgeitii
[hfuru` rhspcejhe btbu shlbeybn 244% nfihe ohegbfboi `bfusiebsi
 phejhegbrbe
<.  Bihntii
[hlbeybn :8% rhspcejhe ohegbfboi rbsb tbnut sbbt ohejhegbr subrb-
subrb

;.  Iisicfcgis
[hlbgibe rhspcejhe btbu shlhsbr :8% ohegbfboi nhsufitbe tijur
:.  Thrifbnu
[hlbeybn 74% rhspcejhe btbu 7 nfihe thrtbwb shejiri
8.  [csibf
@bopir shfuru` rhspcejhe btbu shlbeybn 1 nfihe sufit ohophrtb`benbe
ncetbn obtb jhegbe fbwbe likbrbeyb.
9.  Nhobopube nfihe
Nhobopube pbfieg tieggi bjbfb` oheguegnbpnbe phrifbnu ybeg ohrhnb

fbnunbe sbbt `bfusiebsi ouekuf ybitu shlhsbr 04% rhspcejhe btbu

shlbeybn 0 nfihe.

L.  [brbe
2.  Lbgi Thrbwbt jbe Ob`bsiswb
[hlbineyb ohegbjbrnbe Zhnein ohegcetrcf `bfusiebsi jhegbe kbrb
oheg`brjin, ohegbjbn lhrkbnbp-kbnbp jbe ohfbnunbe bntivitbs thrjbjwbf
<.  Lbgi obsybrbnbt jbe nhfubrgb
[hlbineyb oholhrinbe junuegbe sckibf shphrti ohegbjbn
lhrkbnbp- kbnbp jbe ohejcrceg nfihe inut shrtb bntii jbfbo nhgibtbe
shjhr`beb ji fiegnuegbe nhfubrgb btbu obsybrbnbt
 JBIZB\ TX[ZBNB

Beggrbiei, Nbrieb. <42;.  Thegbru` Oheg`brjin thr`bjbp Theuruebe

Ziegnbt@bfusiebsi Jhegbr pbjb Tbsihe [nizcirheib ji \[MJ

Jr.
 Boiecgceju`utcoc [hobrbeg.
Brinuetc. <42;. Trcshjur Thehfitibe= [ubtu Thejhnbtbe Trbntin. Hjisi\hvisi 0.
Mbnbrtb= \iehnbKiptb.
Bristieb. <42;. Trcshs Bsu`be Nhphrbwbtbe Miwb. Lbejueg= \hiinb Bjitbob.
Bs`turnbr & Jixit. <42;. Trcshs Bsu`be Nhphrbwbtbe. Mbnbrtb= ohjibKiptb.
Jbobiybeti, O. Asnbejbr. <42<.  Bsu`be Nhphrbwbtbe Miwb. Lbejueg= \hiinb
Bjitbob.
Jbobybeti, \biieb. <42:.  Hihntiiitbs Zhrbpi Ousin Nfbsin thr`bjbp

 TheuruebeZiegnbt @bfusiebsi pbjb Tbsihe @bfusiebsi Jhegbr ji \[M

ZbopbeTrcviesi \ibu.
Jbebrji. <424.  Bsu`be Nhphrbwbtbe Lhroutu ji \uob` [bnit
 Miwb.`ttp=//phrsi.kc.ij/pbjb vhrsi/ehws/brtinhf.p`p.;.ij 
Jhrobwbe & \usji. <42;.  Nhphrbwbtbe Miwb= Nceshp jbe Nhrbegnb
 NhrjbBsu`be Nhphrbwbtbe Miwb. Qcgybnbrtb= Gcsyhe Tulfis`ieg.
J`brob. <422. Ohtcjhfcgi Thehfitibe Nhphrbwbtbe= Tbejube ohfbnsbebnbe
JbeOhehrbpbnbe @bsif Thehfitibe . Mbnbrtb. Zrbes Aeic Ohjib.
Jirhjb, B.@.[. <422.  Lunu Bjbr Bsu`be Nhphrbwbtbe Miwb. Qcgybnbrtb =

 Eu`bOhjinb.
Jjuebhji & Qitebourtri. <42<.  Tsincthrbpi Gbeggube Miwb. Mbnbrtb= TZ.
Lubeb. Afou Tcpufhr.
Hffieb, Bgustb Jibe. <42;.  Thegbru` Zhrbpi Bntiiitbs Nhfcopcn (ZBN)
[tioufbsiThrshpsi [hsi 2-; thr`bjbp Nhobopube Oheghejbfinbe
 @bfusiebsi pbjbTbsihe [nizcirheib ji \[M Oheur [urblbyb. 
@brybetc. <42;. Bebfisis Bsu`be Nhphrbwbtbe Miwb. Mbnbrtb= HGK.
@bwbri. <42:. Tsincpbt, Tbrbecji jbe Gbeggube Nhprilbjibe. Mbnbrtb= INXA.
@ijbybt. <440. \isht Nhphrbwbtbe jbe Zhnein Theufisbe Afoib`. Mbnbrtb= HGK.
@usbie. <440. Gbeggube Nhsh`btbe Miwb. Jiphrcfh` tbeggbf <4 Ohi <420
jbr i`ttp=//www.Fitlbeg.jhpnhs.gc.ij/Tulfinbsi-LTTN/Zriwufbe

</Gbeggube jiwb.`to 
[ZANhs Ou`boobjiyb` GcolcegNhfibt L.B, jnn. <429.  Ocjhf Trbntin
 Nhphrbwbtbe Trcihsicebf Miwb. Mbnbrtb=HGK.
Fhstbri. <42:.  @uluegbe Betbrb Thrshpsi jhegbe [inbp Nhfubrgb
jbfboOhebegbei Beggctb Nhfubrgb ybeg Ohegbfboi [nizcirheib ji
 \[MJ Btob@usbjb Ob`bnbo [bobriejb. Jiphrcfh` pbjb <4 Ohi
<420 pbjb`ttp=//7<.2:.<;8.24:./shbrk` 
Fifin. <422. Thegbru` Oheg`brjin pbjb Tbsihe @bfusiebsi Jhegbr.
Lbejueg=\hiinb Ohjib.
Obrbois. <441. Kbtbtbe Afou Nhjcnthrbe Miwb. HGK = Mbnbrtb.

 Ectcbtocjc. <42;. Ohtcjcfcgi Thehfitibe Nhsh`btbe. \iehnb Kiptb = Mbnbrtb

 Ecvibeji. <440. Jhsnripsi Thrulb`be Nhobopube Ohegcetrcf
@bfusiebsi TbjbNfihe Jhegbe Zhrbpi Aejiviju ji \ubeg OTNT \
[M Obghfbeg. Jiphrcfh`<4 Ohi <420
jbri= `ttp=//snripsistinhrs.wcrjprhss.kco. 
 Eursbfbo. <422.  Nceshp jbe phehrbpbe ohtcjcfcgi phehfitibe ifou
nhphrbwbtbe.Mbnbrtb= [bfholb Ohjinb.
\isnhsjbs. <42;.  Fbpcrbe Ebsicebf \isht Nhsh`btbe Jbsbr.  Jibnshs tbeggbf
<4Ohi <420.
[iyctc, [. & [cjin, B., <428.  Jbsbr Ohtcjcfcgi Thehfitibe. Qcgybnbrtb= Fithrbsi

Ohjib.
[tubrt, Gbif, W. <441. Lunu [bnu Nhphrbwbtbe Miwb. Hjisi 8. Khtbnbe A.
Mbnbrtb=HGK.
[ugiycec, <424.  Ohtcjh Thehfitibe Thejijinbe Thejhnbtbe Nubetitbtii,
 Nubfitbtii, Jbe \ & J. Lbejueg= Bfiblhtb.
[wbrjbeb, A. N., <428.  Ohtcjcfcgi Thehfitibe Nhsh`btbe. Qcgybnbrtb= Beji
beggctb ANBTA.
Zriohfib. <422.  Bsu`be Nhphrbwbtbe Nfihe @bfusiebsi Khtbnbe A . Mbnbrtb=
ZrbesAeic Ohjinb.

Zcweshej. <422. Nhphrbwbtbe Miwb. Mbnbrtb= HGK.

Yhjlhkn. <424. Lunu Bjbr Nhphrbwbtbe Miwb. Mbnbrtb = HGK
Wb`ij. <42;. Trcshs Nhphrbwbtbe Miwb. Mbnbrtb= HGK.
W@C. <427. Z`h Wcrfj @hbft`

 \hpcrt=ohetbf`hbft`.www.w`c.iet/ohetbfS`hbft`.Jiphrcfh` tbeggbf
<4 Ohi <420.
Wijbybeti, Ei Objh. <422. Zhrbpi Cnupbsi Bntiiitbs Wbntu Fubeg
thr`bjbpThrulb`be Ghjbfb @bfusiebsi Thejhegbrbe pbjb
Tbsihe [nizcirheib ji\[M Trcviesi Lbfi. 
Qcshp. <422. Nhphrbwbtbe Miwb Hjisi \hvisi. Lbejueg = \hiinb Bjitbob
Qusui. <424. Trcshs Nhphrbwbtbe Miwb. Mbnbrtb= HGK.