GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND

TOLERANCING
MACHINE DRAWING

SOUTURU HONOCH
BT20MEC104
 CONTENTS
GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING
WHAT IS GD AND T
WHY GD AND T IS IMPORTANT
PURPOSE OF GD AND T
GUIDELINES FOR GD AND T
DATUMS
GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS AND ATTRIBUTES
GD AND T MODIFYING SYMBOLS
REFERENCES
 What is GD&T?
• GD&T is a way of dimensioning that takes into account
function and fit with related parts.
Why GD&T is important
• GD&T allow drawing to be more accurately dimensioned, with looser tolerances.
GD&T stands for Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing
• DIMENSION is a geometric characteristic the size of which is specified such as length, angle,
location, or center distance
• TOLERANCE on a dimension is the total permissible variation in its size, which is equal to the
difference between the limits of size.

PURPOSE OF GD AND T
•To learn how to effectively tolerance parts such that
–The Parts Function Correctly
–Fabrication Cost Is Kept To A Minimum

•Apply Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing (GD&T); in particuluar

–Position, Size
–Flatness, Circularity
–Perpendicularity, Parallelism
Geometric?
• The “G” in GD&T refers to Geometric Forms
– e.g., plane, circle, cylinder, sq, or hexagon
• Theoretically these forms are Perfect – but any REAL Form will be Imperfect
• In GD&T The Limits of Real Variation (tolerance) are Specified by the Diameter/Width of a Planer,
Cylindrical, Annular, or Spherical Zone
History of Tolerancing

•In the 1800’s, manufacturing used the “cut & try, file & fit” approach.

•The plus-minus (or coordinate) system of tolerancing was next developed.

•In the 1900’s, the first GD&T standards came out to improve the quality & utility of engineering drawings.

•In 1966, the united GD&T standard was published → ANSI - Y14.5M
GD&T Definitions - 1
Feature
– General term applied to a physical portion of a part, such as a surface, hole, or slot. • Feature of
Size (FOS)
– One cylindrical or spherical surface, or a set of parallel surfaces, associated with a size dimension.
(Can be external or internal)
Location Dimension
– Locates the centerline or centerplane of a part feature relative to: another part feature, centerline,
or datum.

GD&T Definitions - 2
Tolerance Zones ;
- all geometric tolerances have imaginary tolerance zones that are the basis for acceptance or
rejection of the product

- have specific shapes depending on the geometric tolerance and feature being controlled
Actual Local Size :
- the value of any individual distance at any cross section of a FOS

GD&T Definitions - 3
Actual Mating Envelope (AME)
– a similar perfect feature counterpart that can be circumscribed/inscribed about/within the feature so it just contacts
the surfaces at the highest & lowest points
– It is derived from an actual part
– Used When Calculating a “Bonus Tolerance”
Envelope Principle
Proper Tolerancing establishes the ENVELOPE of
the “perfect” part
Any deviation in FORM is acceptable, as long as it
remains within the limits of size SIZE DIMENSION
ENVELOPE PRINCIPLE

MMC
(2.007)

Envelope Principle defines the size

Limits of Size and form relationships between
A variation in form is allowed between the
LMC
(2.003) mating parts .
least material condition (LMC) ENVELOPE OF SIZE
GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND
TOLERANCING
DIMENSIONS OF A PART
GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND
TOLERANCING
TOLERANCE SIZES
GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND
TOLERANCING
TYPE OF TOLERANCE
GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND
TOLERANCING
GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING

AND TOLERANCING
 DEVIATIONS

GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND

TOLERANCING
 Datum
• A DATUM is a theoretical exact feature from which dimensions may be taken.

• A DATUM is generally chosen as an edge or feature which has the greatest influence in a
specific measurement.

Datums and the 3-plane concept

• Datum is a theoretical point, line, plane, or other geometric surface fromwhich dimensions
are measured when so specified or to which geometric tolerances are referenced

• Datum feature is a feature of a part, such as a surface, that forms the basis for a datum or is
used to establish its location

3-plane system

• The three planes constitue a datum system from which measurements can be taken. They will
appear on the drawing.
REFERENCES:
• https://www.academia.edu/13802384/GD_and_T_GENERAL_P
OINTS
• https://www.google.com/search?q=geometric+dimensioning+a
nd+tolerancing+pdf&rlz=1C1RXQR_enIN1002IN1002&sxsrf=ALi
CzsbWtzm0N58F9skeEGw1MJICQxXQGQ%3A1662393959069&
ei=Zx4WY7frA9Cf3LUPlLmqoAc&oq=geometrical+dimensioning
+and+tolerancing+p&gs_lcp=Cgdnd3Mtd2l6EAEYADIECAAQDTI
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• MACHINE DRAWING BY K.L. NARAYANA.