Dr.B.B.

Gosai
Professor in Anatomy
Ojvensha e-learning resources
Learning Objectives
 At the end of the lecture student should be
able to:
 Describe the process of Neurulation-Neural
Tube & Neural Crest and derivatives of
them.
 Mention derivatives of Ectoderm
 Mention derivatives of Endoderm
 Mention derivatives of Mesoderm
References:
 Langman’s Medical Embryology by T.W.Sadler
 Tenth edition

 Other reference text book:

 Keith Moore’s Developing Human
Neurulation
 Neurulation: It is the process of the
formation of neural tube & neural crest cells
from the ectoderm.
 Neural tube: It is tube formed by the fusion
of neural folds developed from
neuroectoderm in the midline.
 Neural Crest Cells: These are the cells
forming the margin of the neural folds.
Neurulation
Formation of Neural tube & Crest
Derivatives of Neural Tube
 Brain formed by three brain vesicles:
 Forebrain Vesicle-Cerebrum & Diencephalon
 Midbrain Vesicle-Midbrain
 Hindbrain Vesicle-Pons, Medulla Oblongata &
Cerebellum
 Spinal Cord
Derivatives of Neural Crest
 Sensory Ganglia-Dorsal root Ganglia
 Autonomic ganglia-Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
 Cells of Adrenal medulla
 Schwann Cells
 Melonocytes
 Glial cells
 Odontoblast
 C cells of thyroid gland
 Some parts of craniofacial skeleton-Connective tissue,
bones of face and skull, Dermis in face & neck
 Arachnoid & Pia mater
Derivatives of Ectoderm
 Central Nervous system
 Peripheral Nervous system
 Sensory epithelium of the ear, nose and eye
 Epidermis of skin including the hair and nails
 Subcutaneous glands, mammary glands, Pituitary
gland
 Enamel of teeth
Derivatives of Mesoderm
 Mesoderm differentiate from medial to lateral in to
Three parts:
 Paraxial Mesoderm forms SOMITES
 Intermediate Mesoderm forms NEPHROGENIC
CORD
 Lateral Plate Mesoderm which is divided by
Intraembryonic cavity in to:
 Somatic/parietal mesoderm related to amniotic cavity.
 Splanchnic/Visceral mesoderm related to yolk sac.
Differentiation of Paraxial Mesoderm
Differentiation of Paraxial Mesoderm
 Paraxial Mesoderm forms block like strucuture known
as somite which differentiates in to:
 Sclerotome: Medial part of somite- surround spinal
cord and forms VERTEBRAL COLUMN.
 Myotome: Medial & Lateral part forms the segmental
MUSCLES- Epaxial Musculature (Muscles of Back) &
Hypaxial Musculature (Muscles of Limbs & body wall)
 Dermatome: Dorsal part of somite form the DERMIS
of the skin.
Differentiation of Intermediate Mesoderm
 Intermediate mesoderm forms the
nephrotomes and nephrogenic cord.
 It forms the excretory units of
URINARY SYSTEM and GONADS
Differentiation of Lateral Plate Mesoderm
Differentiation of Lateral Plate Mesoderm
 It splits into two parts by intraembryonic cavity into:
 Somatic/parietal mesoderm related to amniotic cavity.
This layer forms the inner lining of the body wall &
parietal layer of mesothelial membrane/serous
membrane.
 Splanchnic/Visceral mesoderm related to yolk sac. This
layer forms the lining over the viscera known as visceral
layer of serous membrane.
 Intraembryonic cavity forms the body cavities like
Pleural cavity, pericardial cavity & peritoneal cavity.
Formation of blood cells & blood vessels
 The blood vessels & blood cells form initially in
extraembryonic mesoderm of yolk sac. Later on in the
connecting stalk and the intraembryonic mesoderm in
the embryo.
 Formation by Vasculogenesis- blood vessel arise from
blood islands
 Formation by Angiogensis- arise by sprouting from the
existing blood vessels.
Derivatives of Mesoderm
 Vertebral column
 Muscles of back, limbs & body wall
 Dermis of the skin
 Urinary system
 Gonads
 Mesothelial/Serous membranes
 Body cavities
Derivatives of Endoderm
 Due to folding of embryo the yolk sac is incorporated
in to the body of embryo & forms the gut tube.
 Folding of embryo takes place at cranial end-Head
fold, caudal end-Tail fold and laterally- Lateral fold.
 Due to folding the plate like embryo becomes cylinder
like embryo.
 The gut tube incorporated is divided in to:
 Foregut
 Midgut
 Hindgut
Head & Tail folds of embryo
Lateral fold of embryo
Derivatives of the Endoderm
Derivatives of Endoderm
 Epithelial lining of Gastrointestinal tract
 Epithelial lining of Respiratory tract
 Parenchyma of thyroid, parathyroids, liver and
pancreas
 Reticular stroma of tonsils & thymus
 Epithelial lining of urinary bladder & urethra
 Epithelial lining of tympanic cavity & auditory tube
Clinical Importance
 Birth defects are common due to
exposure to harmful influences as
major organs & organ systems are
formed during this period. Hence this
period is also known as PERIOD OF
ORGANOGENESIS.
Problems to solve:
 What is neurulation?
 Which are the derivatives of neural tube?
 Which are the derivatives of neural crest cells?
 Which are the derivatives of ectoderm?
 Which are the derivatives of mesoderm?
 Which are the derivatives of endoderm?
 Why the development of third week is very important?
 Why developmental anomalies are common during
third week?
…THANK YOU…