Flood- Great flow of water over the land
Non – Structural
Causes of Flooding
 Heavy Rainfall
 Overflowing Rivers
 Storm Surges and Tsunamis
 Channels with Steep Banks
 Lack of Vegetation
Negative socio-economic Impacts of Floods
 Loss of lives and properties
 Loss of Livelihood
 Decreased purchasing and production power
 Mass Migration
 Psychosocial Effects
 Hindering economic growth and development
 Political Implications
Categories of Flood Control
 to increase the river discharge capacity
 to protect flood prone areas from overflow
 to reduce and/or control the peak discharge of
flood
 to prevent inland flood
 to prevent bank collapse and harmful degradation
of riverbed
Flood Control Measures
A. Structural
a. Dike - also called levee, constructed along the
banks, protecting the landside from overflow,
confine the stream flow to its regular channel.
Slope – 2:1
b. Revetment - direct countermeasure against
collapse of riverbanks
c. Spur Dike - n indirect countermeasure against
riverbank collapse, reduces flow velocity near
the riverbank by directing it away.
d. Groundsill - structure which fix/stabilize the
riverbed, preventing further degradation
e. Dam -Multi-purpose Dam (Flood Control Dam),
Sediment Storage Dam (SABO Dam)
f. Sluiceway - connects the culvert through the
dike
g. Drainage Channel – RCPC, RCBC, Open Channel
B.
a. Flood Plain Management - community-based effort to
prevent or reduce the risk of flooding
Floodplain - area next to a river bed covered with water.
- Risk Analysis and Mapping
 Risk Analysis - comprehend the nature of risk,
determine the level of risk
 Risk Map - portrays levels of risk across a
geographical area
Land Use Planning - process of regulating the use of land
by a central authority
 Residential
 Transportation
 Commercial
 Agricultural
 Industrial
 Public Use
 Recreational
1. Zoning - areas of land are split into zones by
appropriate establishments
 Functional - according to their function
 Form – based - based upon characteristics or
urban identity
 Intensity - level of permitted intensity
 Incentive - developers are incentivized to build
new buildings and areas through tax abatements
or infrastructures
- Flood – Proofing of Buildings
Floodproofing – combination that reduce or eliminate
flood damage.
Approaches to floodproofing
 Building Relocation - move a building out of flood
hazard area
 Building Elevation - elevate the entire building
above the expected flood level.
 Building Floodwalls - building a wall around your
structure to hold back floodwaters.
 Dry Floodproofing - using resistant materials or
building materials with a low permeability
 Wet Floodproofing - making uninhabited portions
of structures resistant to flood damage by allowing
water to enter during flooding.
b. Watershed management - process of
implementing practices that protect the quality
of the water and natural resources
1. Hillside/Slope Protection - solidify and
stabilize the slopes against wave action or
erosion.
2. Reforestation - process of planting trees
c. Disaster Management
i. Pre – Disaster Phase
1. Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)
systematic analysis that the environment
will experience a specified level of harm
2. Environmental Management System
(EMS) - problem-identification and
problem-solving tool, based on the
concept of continual improvement
3. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)
ensure that significant environmental
effects are identified, assessed, mitigated,
DPWH SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT POLICY
communicated to decisionmakers
4. Environmental Vulnerability / Hazard
Mapping - simple visual tool that creates
an inventory of environmental assets of an
urban area, and the vulnerabilities and
risks it faces.
ii. Post – Disaster Phase
1. Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) of
damage
2. Criticality of appropriate environment
management and quick restoration
3. Criticality of appropriate environment
management and quick restoration
4. Assessing water contamination and
pollution
5. Handling hazardous and toxic materials
o Post – Disaster Tools
 REA - rapidly assessing and analyzing the
environmental context of a particular crisis
or disaster.
 EIA - formal process used to predict the
environmental consequences of a project
or an event.
 Mitigation - involves steps to reduce
vulnerability to disaster impacts
 Preparedness - understanding how a
disaster might impact the community
 Response - addresses immediate threats
presented by the disaster
 Recovery - restoration of all aspects of the
disaster’s impact on a community and
return of local economy
d. Solid – Waste Management
collection, treatment, and disposal of solid
waste that has served its purpose or is no
longer useful.
o Methods of Solid Waste Management
 Source Reduction
 Reuse of Materials
 Recycling
 Waste Segregation
e. Alleviation of Flooding
Flood Alleviation - undertaking of major works to
reduce the risk of flooding
o Flood Walls and Embankments
o Forests
o Woodland (canopy – highest layer of
foliage)
o Permanent and Temporary Solutions